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Public agencies in the criminal justice system (i.e., law enforcement agencies, the courts, and the corrections) need legitimacy for their survival. According to system theory, the functions performed by one system agency can exert significant influences on the others. Therefore, the effect of perceived legitimacy is supposed to intertwine with different agencies. Yet, the current literature on the impact of perceived legitimacy primarily focuses on one single agency - law enforcement in Western studies. Using longitudinal data collected in China from 514 juvenile offenders in a juvenile correctional facility for males, the present study employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the interconnections of perceived legitimacy across the three agencies. Findings derived from the current study suggest that the perceived legitimacy of one agency had a significant effect on the subsequent agencies. However, the influence was dynamic and temporary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, comprehensive lipid composition in the muscle tissue of four popularly consumed shrimp species was determined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC−Triple TOF−MS/MS). About 600 molecules from 14 types of lipids were characterized and quantified. Phospholipids (PLs) were the main component in all four shrimp species (51.4–71.0% of total lipids). Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were the major PL subclasses (49.3–53.2% and 42.3–48.4% of total PLs). Triacylglycerol (TAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG) contents were relatively low (8.6–32.5% and 11.5–14.1% of total lipids). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) were dominant in free fatty acids (76.5–85.2%) and PL. Sphingolipid (SL) was detected in low content (<5% of total lipids). Using high throughput analytical method, detailed lipid composition in shrimp muscle were obtained, which could help to assess shrimp nutrition value and identify their species. • A UPLC-Triple TOF-MS/MS method was used to analyze the lipid composition of shrimp. • About 600 lipid compounds from 14 classes were identified. • Phospholipids were the main lipid in all 4 shrimp species. • Alkenyl-phospholipids and alkyl-phospholipids were detected and compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining ecosystem services (ESs) and reducing ecosystem degradation are important goals for achieving sustainable development. However, under the influence of various anthropogenic factors, the total ecosystem service value (ESV) of China continues to decline, and the detailed processes involved in this decline are unclear. In this paper, a new long-term annual land cover dataset (the Climate Change Initiative Land Cover or CCI-LC dataset) with a spatial resolution of 300 m was employed to estimate the ESV of China, and Bayesian spatiotemporal hierarchy models were built to examine the detailed patterns and anthropogenic driving factors. From 1992 to 2018, the total ESV of China fluctuated and decreased from 3265.3 to 3253.29 billion US$ at an average rate of 0.55 billion US$ per year. Furthermore, the model revealed the spatiotemporal variations in the ESV pattern, and simultaneously detected the influences of 9 variables related to economic factors, population, infrastructure, energy, agriculture and ecological restoration, providing a convenient and effective method for ESV spatiotemporal analysis. The results enrich our understanding of the detailed spatiotemporal variation and anthropogenic driving factors underlying the declining ESV in China. These findings have substantial guiding implications for adjusting ecological regulation policies. • The annual ESVs of China from 1992 to 2018 was estimated. • China's total ESV showed a trend of decline and fluctuation. • The Bayesian spatiotemporal hierarchy model was constructed for ESV analysis. • The hot and cold provinces of ESV spatial distribution were identified. • The effects of 9 variables from anthropogenic driving factors on ESV were examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional dry sausage is highly appreciated in China because of its unique quality characteristics, but it contains high salt content. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) comprising Lactobacillus sakei (LS), Lactobacillus curvatus (LC), Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), and Weissella hellenica (WH) on the quality attributes of the reduced-salt dry fermented sausages. The results indicated that the LP sausage showed higher (P < 0.05) shear force value compared to the other sausages, while the LP, LC, and WH sausages had higher (P < 0.05) lightness values than the control sausages. Seventy-six volatile compounds were detected, and nine compounds were identified as the key differential volatile compounds among the sausages based on partial least squares discriminant analysis. Clustering analysis of electronic nose results corresponded well to the volatile compound results. The sensory evaluation confirmed that the inoculation with LC and LP had a positive impact on the aroma, color, and hardness attributes of the reduced-salt sausages. Besides, partial least squares regression analysis further indicated that L. curvatus and L. plantarum could be used as the potential starter cultures to manufacture reduced-salt dry fermented sausage having improved texture, color, and flavor. [Display omitted] • The LP sausage shows higher shear force value compared to the other sausages. • The LP, LC, and WH sausages have higher lightness values than the control sausages. • Seventy-six volatile compounds are detected in dry fermented sausage. • Sensory attributes correlate with the key volatile compounds using PLSR analysis. • L. curvatus and L. plantarum can improve the quality of reduced-salt dry sausage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urbanization in China has worsened the sustainable utilization of limited cultivated land resources, which seriously threatens food security and ecological security. To realize maximum benefits and minimize environmental pollution, the eco-efficiency of cultivated land utilization (ECLU) is becoming a vital indicator in weighing the rationality of regional land use. However, conceptualization of the ECLU remains lacking, while assessments of this indicator are still incomplete. This lack of information may inhibit planning guideline for the sustainable development of cultivated land resources. Thus, this study attempts to fill this gap by customizing a new conceptual index system for the ECLU and measuring it using the slack-based measure with undesirable output (SBM-Undesirable) model in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) during the period 2001–2018. Spatial econometric models were used to further analyze the influencing factors of the ECLU. The average ECLU value in the YREB declined from 2001 to 2004, and then rapidly trended upward in 2005–2018. The lower reaches had the highest efficiency, followed by the middle and upper reaches, with respective values of 0.494, 0.628, and 0.683. The spatial–temporal pattern of the ECLU reveals that the number of areas with low and medium-low efficiency decreased gradually, while the number of areas with medium-high and high efficiency increased continuously. The magnitude and direction of influencing factors indicates that socioeconomic development level, agricultural science and technology investments, carbon emission reducing, and agricultural pollution control could effectively improve the ECLU. These findings have important implications for promoting high-efficient, low-carbon utilization of cultivated land resources and sustainable regional development in China. [Display omitted] • A new conceptual index system for ECLU's measurement was customized. • The average ECLU value in the YREB declined from 2001 to 2004, and then rapidly trended upward in 2005–2018. • Spatial econometric models were adopted to investigate influencing factors of the ECLU. • Attentions should be paid to achieve highly efficient utilization of cultivated land and sustainable regional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]