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Oncorhynchus mykiss , a significant aquaculture species, possesses compounds with numerous biological and pharmacological functions, including antioxidant, anticancer, anti-microbial, and anti-obesity effects. However, possible anti-inflammatory effects of lipids extracted from O. mykiss eggs on RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS have not been elucidated yet. The current study identified 13 fatty acids in lipids extracted from O. mykiss eggs that contained high amounts (51.92% of total fatty acids) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially DHA (33.66%) and EPA (7.77%). These O. mykiss lipids (100–400 μg/mL) showed significant anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NO and iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. They also inhibited expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β , IL-6 , and TNF-α , while upregulating anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 , IL-11 , and TGF-β. These lipids from O. mykiss effectively inhibited LPS-induced expression CD86 as a surface biomarker on RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, O. mykiss lipids suppressed phosphorylation of p38, JNK, and ERK1/2 and the expression of phosphorylated NF-κB subunit p65. These findings indicate that O. mykiss lipids possess anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. • Anti-Inflammatory effects of lipids extracted from O. mykiss eggs were evaluated. • O. mykiss lipids decreased NO production, iNOS and CD86 expression in activated macrophages. • O. mykiss lipids activated the expression of IL-1β , IL-6 , TNF-α, IL-10 , IL-11 , and TGF-β. • O. mykiss lipids inhibited the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of highly polyunsaturated fatty acid rich (PUFA)-culinary oils is of growing concern, knowing that they are highly susceptible to thermo-oxidation, which renders them a richer source of mutagenic and cytotoxic epoxy-fatty acid and aldehydic lipid oxidation products (LOPs). To observe the effects on the resistance of PUFA-rich oils to thermo-oxidation, sunflower oil was blended with coconut and/or macadamia oils. These oil blends were continuously thermally stressed at 180 ℃, whilst undergoing stirring at 250 rpm. The chemical compositions of the thermo-oxidised culinary oils and oil blends were monitored for 300 min using high-field NMR. Analysis indicated macadamia-sunflower oil blends gave rise to a higher LOP suppressive activity than that observed with coconut-sunflower oil blends, despite coconut oil being highly saturated and therefore more highly resistant to thermo-oxidation than macadamia oil. Overall, this study highlights the practical importance in selecting the most suitable culinary oil, as well as correctly evaluating the volumetric proportional amount added for reducing the evolution of genotoxic and carcinogenic LOPs in an oil blend. It also suggests that the mechanisms by which LOP evolution can be retarded by blending requires further investigation. • LOPs form from thermo-oxidation of rice bran, cold press rapeseed, grape seed, and hemp seed oils. • Lowering the thermo-oxidative susceptibility of a PUFA-rich oil possible in an oil blend • Macadamia-sunflower oil more effective than coconut-sunflower oil suppressing aldehydic LOPs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Emperor Moths edible caterpillars were collected at the Yaoundé market place. • Imbrasia truncata and I. epimethea were identified by DNA bar coding. • The caterpillars were source of proteins and all indispensable amino acids. • Their lipids were mainly composed of neutral lipids, rich in α-linolenic acid. • Their tocopherol isomer distributions differed according to the species. Abstract Imbrasia truncata and I. epimethea caterpillars were evaluated as dietary protein and lipid sources. They contained approximately 7.0 g/100 g fresh weight (FW) of lipids and 20.0 g/100 g FW of proteins calculed with determined nitrogen to protein conversion factors: 6.01 ± 0.21 and 6.27 ± 0.15 for I. truncata and I. epimethea , respectively. Unsaturated fatty acids represented about 2.63 ± 0.21 g/100 g FW for I. truncata and 3.24 ± 0.21 g/100 g FW for I. epimethea, with α-linolenic acid as major fatty acid (around 1.88 ± 0.15 g/100 g FW for I. truncata 2.17 ± 0.13 g/100 g FW for I. epimethea) and very low n-6/n-3 ratios: 0.15 (I. truncata) and 0.27 (I. epimethea). Polar lipids (phospholipids and glycolipids + sulfolipids), representing between 4 and 6% of lipids, contained little amounts of arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6). The major tocopherol isomer was α−tocopherol in I. truncata (0.52 ± 0.08 g/100 g FW) and γ−tocopherol in I. epimethea (1.00 ± 0.08 g/100 g FW). The proteins of both insect included all indispensable amino acids at amounts (mg/g protein) higher than the indispensable amino acid requirement patterns recommended by WHO/FAO/UNU (2007). In conclusion, Imbrasia caterpillars exhibit a great nutritional potential due to the presence of good quality proteins and healthy fat [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capelin (Mallotus villosus) is a significant fish species with high nutritional value. This study comprehensively investigated the fingerprinting of the lipidome of its head, meat, roe, and viscera, based on an untargeted lipidomic strategy. Results showed that unsaturated fatty acids accounted for more than 55 % of the total fatty acids in the capelin, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 7.65 −19.83 % of total fatty acids) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 7.79 −16.91 %). Additionally, 1206 lipid molecules involving 30 major classes were detected. Among these molecules, phosphatidylcholine (PC) (12:1/26:1), PC (5:0/22:5), PC (13:0/24:4), PC (16:0/16:0), PC (19:0/20:3), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (39:0/15:1) were the characteristic lipids in roe, then ceramides (Cer) (t19:1/24:4), Cer (t20:0/18:2), Cer (t22:1/18:2), Cer (t19:1/18:2), Cer (t16:1/26:1), and Cer (d16:0/24:4) were the characteristic lipid in viscera. Overall, this study provided the first interpretation of the lipidome of capelin, which could serve as a reference for future studies on nutritional value, ecology, and traceability of geographic origin. [Display omitted] • Determination of lipid profiles in different parts of capelin. • EPA and DHA content in the roe was greater than 33.50 % of total fatty acid. • LC–MS-based lipidomics showed a total of 1206 lipids. • Characteristic lipid of fish roe was phosphatidylcholine，viscera was Ceramides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The profile and distribution of fatty acids in neutral lipids, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine of appreciated crustaceans species caught in the Adriatic Sea during the autumn months, namely caramote prawn ( Penaeus kerathurus ), mantis shrimp ( Squilla mantis ) and crab ( Liocarcinus vernalis ), were investigated. The crab’s total fatty acid profile significantly differed from that of caramote prawn and mantis shrimp. Crab was the most valuable dietary source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n –3 PUFA), with approximately 2-fold higher eicosapentaenoic acid content (131.6 ± 31.6 mg/100 g of edible part) than caramote prawn and mantis shrimp. The caramote prawn presented the highest furan fatty acids (F-acids) level (2.5 ± 0.5 mg/100 g). All crustaceans preferentially accumulated the n –3 PUFA in phosphatidylethanolamine fraction. The F-acid distribution among the lipid classes changed according to the crustacean species. Crab presented F-acids mainly in the neutral lipid whereas caramote prawn contained them predominantly in the phospholipids. On the contrary, F-acids were not detected in the phosphatidylcholine of mantis shrimp. These differences in the distribution suggest different nutritional and health properties given by the consumption of the crustaceans investigated. Moreover, the F-acid profile of the different lipid classes could be used to discriminate these crustaceans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new gelled carrageenan containing emulsion developed as ingredient was used as fat replacer in burger patties. Increasing amounts (25, 50, 75 and 100%) of this gelled emulsion were added into the product in order to reduce the fat content while improving its fatty acid profile. A 41% reduction of the total fat content with an increment of the 74.5% of the unsaturated fatty acids, and a significant decrease in cholesterol (47%) and saturated fat (62%) were achieved in the product with the highest level of substitution. These products showed significantly lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) compared to control. Additionally, when samples were subjected to thermal treatment (180 °C, 15 min, oven conditions) higher lipid oxidation rates were found when increasing amounts of the gelled emulsion were incorporated into the new formulations, without impairment of their final sensory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to determine the major bioactive lipid components of the seed oils of nine pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) cultivars grown in Spain, namely fatty acids, vitamin E and sterol compositions. The seeds yielded oil contents ranging from 4.44% to 13.70% of dry matter and showed high contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (86.7.2–90.3%). The predominant fatty acid was 9,11,13-octadeca-trienoic acid (punicic acid), a conjugated linolenic acid characteristic from pomegranate seeds, with contents between 3523 and 10,586 mg/100 g of seeds. Total tocopherol contents ranged from 135 to 525 mg/100 g of oil, with γ-tocopherol as the main component, and with different compositional ratios between varieties. Concerning sterols in the oil, total amounts ranged from 364 to 553 mg/100 g, with a predominance of β-sitosterol. After performing principal component analysis, intercultivar differences were found, a potential tool for cultivar authenticity purposes. Moreover, the ingestion of pomegranate arils, with their seeds, increases their beneficial health properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Lipid, fatty acid, cholesterol content of Greek buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) studied. [•] The lipid content steadily increased from 3 to 8 months after parturition. [•] During the winter months, unsaturated fatty acids at higher concentrations. [•] Cholesterol content detected at lower levels in buffalo than in cow, goat milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Dietary supplementation with ω-3 long chain fatty acids including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has increased in popularity in recent years and adequate DHA supplementation during pregnancy and early childhood is of clinical importance. Some evidence has been built for the neuro-cognitive benefits of supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) such as DHA during pregnancy; however, recent data indicate that the anti-inflammatory properties may be of at least equal significance. Adequate DHA availability in the fetus/infant optimizes brain and retinal maturation in part by influencing neurotransmitter pathways. The anti-inflammatory properties of LCPUFA are largely mediated through modulation of signaling either directly through binding to receptors or through changes in lipid raft formation and receptor presentation. Our goal is to review the current findings on DHA supplementation, specifically in pregnancy and infant neurodevelopment, as a pharmacologic agent with both preventative and therapeutic value. Given the overall benefits of DHA, maternal and infant supplementation may improve neurological outcomes especially in vulernable populations. However, optimal composition of the supplement and dosing and treatment strategies still need to be determined to lend support for routine supplementation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The influence of nitrogen (N) fertilisation on the content of lipids and phenolic compounds in walnut kernels (cv. Chandler) has studied for three consecutive growing years. Moreover, a new technique (OXITEST) was set up to analyse the oxidative stability of the kernel directly from the whole sample. Significant differences in the fatty acid composition were observed, and linoleic acid was the main fatty acid present. N fertilisation reduced the oleic acid content relative to the control. High amounts of N increased the linoleic acid content and reduced the linolenic acid content. On the other hand, the control and the lower N fertilised samples had the highest levels of n-3 fatty acids. Comparing control and fertilised samples, there were no statistical differences in the sterol and tocopherol compositions (with the exception of α-tocopherol). With regard to phenolic content, N fertilisation had a significant negative effect on the phenolic compounds in walnut kernel samples. The OXITEST technique confirmed that the oxidative stability of kernels was related to the fatty acid composition and the PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid) content. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Laccase enzymes were investigated for their potential to catalyze the oxidation of trilinolein and methyl linoleate. This study demonstrates that laccase enzymes can oxidize unsaturated fatty acid esters and their associated lipids. The reaction products resulting from laccase-catalyzed reactions with trilinolein were analyzed using combined reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry via an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source. The dominant oxidation products detected were monohydroperoxides, bishydroperoxides, and epoxides. This paper presents the first detailed investigation into the interaction between laccase enzymes and lipids containing unsaturated fatty acids. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The fat profile of 615 industrialized foods in Brazil (2005 & 2018) was analyzed. • Brazil adopted TFA limit in foods of 2 g/100 g fat to be implemented by 2023. • About 30 % of food samples presented TFA higher than 2 g/100 g of fat. • TFA mean content was the highest in biscuits: cassava (21 %) and salty (7.1 %). • Monitoring industrialized food is essential to meet WHO target of TFA restriction. Trans -fatty acid (TFA) elimination from global food supply is a 2023 World Health Organization target. Brazil adopted the limit for TFA at 2 g/100 g fat to be implemented by 2023. This work aimed to evaluate the fat profile of about 600 industrialized products from São Paulo state, Brazil, between 2005 and 2018. The total fat (TF) was determined by gravimetric methods and the fatty acids by gas chromatography. The mean contents of TFA were higher than 2 g/100 g fat in 30% of samples (bakery products, potato chips, snacks, hamburgers, margarine, and spread). The highest mean content was verified in biscuits: cassava and salty (20.5 and 7.1 g/100 g fat). TFA mean contents evaluated over time decrease in sweet biscuit (4.9 to 1.2), potato chips (4.2 to 1.8), soybean oil (2.1 to 1.2), and canola oil (3.5 to 0.7) (g/100 g fat), whereas saturated and mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids in sweet biscuits and potato chips increased. Palm and polyunsaturated oils and interesterified fat have been used to avoid partially hydrogenated oils. Continuous monitoring of foods is essential to help in both government and corporate actions in adapting their products and meeting current regulatory restrictions on the content of TFA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A low cholesterol level in turtle eggs. • Turtle egg lipids had a nutritionally favorable n-6/n-3 ratio (1.27). • Low AI and TI (0.27 and 0.37) were beneficial for cardiovascular disease. • Common unsaturated fatty acids were esterified at triacylglycerol sn-2 position. Studies have shown potential beneficial functions of turtle eggs, but the mechanism is not clear. The species and content of lipids have a significant impact on human health. The major lipid classes and fatty acids composition of dried Chinese soft-shell turtle eggs were characterized with the aim of clarifying the potential beneficial functions of turtle eggs from the perspective of lipid nutrition. 100 g dried turtle eggs power contained an average of 24.7 g of triacylglycerol (TAG), 1.24 g of phospholipid (PL) and 0.72 g of cholesterol. The striking feature of the lipid composition was the abundant n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, resulting in an excellent n-6/n-3 ratio (1.27) and low atherogenic index (AI) and thrombogenic index (TI) values, which were considered to be a healthier option for the human diet. A total of 85 TAG molecular species and 95 PL molecular species were obtained by lipidomics. ΣcisC18:1, C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 were preferentially esterified at sn-2 position of TAG. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) accounted for more than 90 % of the PL, while no sphingomyelin (SM) was detected. C22:6n-3 and C20:5n-3 were preferentially bound to PE and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]