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Background: Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD)‐assisted transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) has emerged as a promising complementary tool to white light (WL) cystoscopy, potentially improving cancer detection and replacing conventional mapping biopsies. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of PDD by anatomical locations in mapping biopsies through lesion‐based analysis. Methods: PDD and WL findings were prospectively recorded in 102 patients undergoing mapping biopsies and PDD‐assisted TURBT using oral 5‐aminolevulinic acid. We evaluated 673 specimens collected from flat tumor or normal‐looking lesions on WL cystoscopy, after excluding 98 specimens collected from papillary or nodular tumors. Results: Among the 673 lesions, cancer was detected in 110 (16%) by lesion‐based analysis. PDD demonstrated significantly higher sensitivity (65.5% vs. 46.4%, p < 0.001) and negative predictive value (92.5% vs. 89.5%, p < 0.001) compared to WL. The sensitivity of PDD findings varied by location: posterior (100%), right (78.6%), dome (73.3%), left (70.6%), trigone (58.8%), bladder neck (41.7%), anterior (40.0%), and prostatic urethra (25.0%). Incorporating targeted biopsies of specific locations (bladder neck, anterior, and prostatic urethra) into the PDD‐guided biopsies, regardless of PDD findings, significantly increased the overall sensitivity from 65.5% to 82.7% (p = 0.001). Conclusions: This study first demonstrated the detection rate of location‐specific mapping biopsies using PDD, revealing difficulties in accuracy assessment in areas susceptible to tangential fluorescence. While PDD‐guided biopsy improves cancer detection compared to WL cystoscopy even for flat tumors or normal‐looking lesions, more careful decisions, including mapping biopsies, may be beneficial for an assessment in these tangential areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Male stress urinary incontinence (SUI) after surgical treatment of benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) is an infrequent but dreadful complication and constitutes a therapeutic challenge. The efficacy and safety of the adjustable trans-obturator male system (ATOMS®) in these patients is rather unknown, mainly due to the rarity of this condition. We aimed to assess the results of ATOMS to treat SUI after transurethral resection (TURP) or holmium laser enucleation (HoLEP) of the prostate. Methods: Retrospective multicenter study evaluating patients with SUI after TURP or HoLEP for BPE primarily treated with silicone-covered scrotal port (SSP) ATOMS implants in ten different institutions in Europe and Canada between 2018 and 2022. Inclusion criteria were pure SUI for >1 year after endoscopic treatment for BPE and informed consent to receive an ATOMS. The primary endpoint of the study was a dry rate (pad test ≤ 20 mL/day after adjustment). The secondary endpoints were: the total continence rate (no pads and no leakage), complication rate (Clavien–Dindo classification) and self-perceived satisfaction (Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) scale 1 to 3). Descriptive analytics, Wilcoxon's rank sum test and Fisher's exact test were performed. Results: A total of 40 consecutive patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria, 23 following TURP and 17 HoLEP. After ATOMS adjustment, 32 (80%) patients were dry (78.3% TURP and 82.4% HoLEP; p = 1) and total continence was achieved in 18 (45%) patients (43.5% TURP and 47% HoLEP; p = 0.82). The median pad test was at a 500 (IQR 300) mL baseline (648 (IQR 650) TURP and 500 (IQR 340) HoLEP; p = 0.62) and 20 (IQR 89) mL (40 (IQR 90) RTUP and 10 (IQR 89) HoLEP; p = 0.56) after adjustment. Satisfaction (PGI-I ≤ 3) was reported in 37 (92.5%) patients (95.6% TURP and 88.2% HoLEP; p = 0.5). There were no significant differences between patients treated with TURP or HoLEP regarding the patient age, radiotherapy and number of adjustments needed. After 32.5 (IQR 30.5) months, median follow-up postoperative complications occurred in seven (17.5%) cases (two grade I and five grade II; three after TURP and four HoLEP) and two devices were removed (5%, both HoLEP). Conclusions: ATOMS is an efficacious and safe alternative to treat SUI due to sphincteric damage produced by endoscopic surgery for BPE, both TURP and HoLEP. Future studies with a larger number of patients may identify predictive factors that would allow better patient selection for ATOMS in this scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyse the impact of histological discordance of subtypes (subtypes or divergent differentiation [DD]) in specimens from transurethral resection (TUR) and radical cystectomy (RC) on the outcome of the patients with bladder cancer receiving RC. Patients and methods: We analysed data for 2570 patients from a Japanese nationwide cohort with bladder cancer treated with RC between January 2013 and December 2019 at 36 institutions. The non‐urinary tract recurrence‐free survival (NUTR‐FS) and overall survival (OS) stratified by TUR or RC specimen histology were determined. We also elucidated the predictive factors for OS in patients with subtype/DD bladder cancer. Results: At median follow‐up of 36.9 months, 835 (32.4%) patients had NUTR, and 691 (26.9%) died. No statistically significant disparities in OS or NUTR‐FS were observed when TUR specimens were classified as pure‐urothelial carcinoma (UC), subtypes, DD, or non‐UC. Among 2449 patients diagnosed with pure‐UC or subtype/DD in their TUR specimens, there was discordance between the pathological diagnosis in TUR and RC specimens. Histological subtypes in RC specimens had a significant prognostic impact. When we focused on 345 patients with subtype/DD in TUR specimens, a multivariate Cox regression analysis identified pre‐RC neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and pathological stage as independent prognostic factors for OS (P = 0.016 and P = 0.001, respectively). The presence of sarcomatoid subtype in TUR specimens and lymphovascular invasion in RC specimens had a marginal effect (P = 0.069 and P = 0.056, respectively). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the presence of subtype/DD in RC specimens but not in TUR specimens indicated a poor prognosis. In patients with subtype/DD in TUR specimens, pre‐RC neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and pathological stage were independent prognostic factors for OS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Urinary bladder cancer is the 10th most common cancer worldwide. Cystoscopy and biopsy/Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumour (TURBT) are the best techniques for diagnosing and staging urinary bladder cancers. Urothelial Carcinomas (UC), particularly in transurethral resection biopsies, can pose diagnostic difficulties due to limited material. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) plays a valuable role in these settings, and many immunostains are being utilised for diagnostic evaluation. However, the relationship of these immunomarkers with histological grade and their prognostic utility has not been adequately explored. Aim: To analyse expression of Her2Neu, E-cadherin, p63, and GATA3 in UC and its relation with histological grading and prognosis. Materials and Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study conducted in the Pathology Department of IPGMER and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India over two years (November 2020-October 2022). Samples of 100 bladder carcinoma patients with predominant TURBT specimens were included in the study. The histopathological reports and tumour grading were done according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of urinary bladder tumours. The Formalin Fixed Paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections of the tumour blocks were subjected to IHC staining, and the results were interpreted accordingly. Statistical analysis was performed with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), IBM (version 25.0). Unpaired t-test and Z-test (Standard Normal Deviate) were used to test the significant difference between two proportions. Results: The mean age of the study population was 59.69±14.53 years, and there was a male preponderance (male: female=3.54:1). Histopathological examination revealed 55% to be of low-grade morphology. Overall, 53% of cases were in T1 stage, and the rest were in T2 stage. On IHC analysis, E-cadherin showed a statistically significant decrease in intensity with increasing grade (p-value

Abstract Background Bladder leiomyomas are rare benign growths in the bladder, comprising less than 0.5% of bladder tumors with only 250 cases reported globally. They are more common in women. This case involves a 70-year-old woman with recurrent leiomyoma, presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms and painless hematuria. A recurrent bladder leiomyoma is rarely reported, making its presence exceptionally rare. Case presentation A 70-year-old Pakistani woman with hypertension and diabetes presented with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and painless hematuria. She had a history of similar symptoms in 2010, leading to a diagnosis of bladder leiomyoma via cystoscopy and biopsy. Imaging studies revealed a substantial 3.7 × 4 × 4.0 cm isodense mass with calcifications at the bladder base, along with bladder wall thickening and diverticula. Pathological examination during Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor (TURBT) confirmed the presence of bladder tissue with smooth muscle, ruling out malignancy. Immunohistochemical studies supported the diagnosis. A successful TURBT was performed, and the patient recovered well. Discussion Recurrent bladder leiomyoma is a rarely-discussed topic in medical literature. This article primarily aims to review existing studies and present a detailed case study, shedding light on this rare phenomenon.

Introduction. Research on the treatment of patients with a combination of anterior urethral stricture and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is basically absent in the worldwide literature.Objective. To analyse the primary experience results with simultaneous treatment of anterior urethral stricture and BPH.Materials & methods. The study included four patients with anterior urethral stricture and BPH, who underwent simultaneous surgical treatment including perineal / penile urethrostomy and thulium laser enucleation of the prostate. The success criterion for treatment was considered to be the absence of obstructive lower urinary tract symptoms requiring the use of endoscopic or open surgery, regardless of whether urethrostomy was considered as the first step or the final option for urinary diversion.Results. The age of the patients ranged from 54 to 69 years (mean 63.0 ± 6.5 years). In one (25%) patient the stricture was localised in the penile urethra and in three (75%) patients it was localised in the bulbous urethra. The stricture length ranged from 1.0 to 3.0 cm (mean 2.1 ± 0.9 cm). The prostate volume varied from 45 to 77 cc (mean 63.8 ± 13.5 cc). One patient had cystostomy drainage. The post-void residual volume among 3 patients with preserved urination ranged from 90 to 130 ml (mean 113.3 ± 20.8 ml). Postoperative follow-up periods ranged from 3 to 18 months (mean 11.3 ± 7.4 months). At these follow-up periods, treatment was successful in all four (100%) patients. No intra- or postoperative complications were observed.Conclusions. The proposed method can be successfully applied in patients with a combination of anterior urethral stricture and BPH. However, the final guidelines for the management of such patients can be developed after further research.

Simple Summary: Superficial bladder cancer is a common disease. The standard method for treatment is a transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT). This is a surgery under general anaesthesia with a complication rate of up to 26%, and it is potentially associated with severe side effects. A newer method, transurethral laser ablation (TULA), is a less invasive procedure performed under local anaesthesia and with a lower risk of complications. We aimed to compare these different transurethral procedures in the treatment of bladder tumours to evaluate any clinically relevant differences in symptoms and side effects. We used questionnaires regarding urinary symptoms, postoperative side effects, and quality of life. We showed that patients undergoing TURBT reported a more extensive early symptom burden and had a higher need for contacting the healthcare system compared to TULA-treated patients. If some TURBTs can be replaced with TULA, it will be beneficial for both future patients and the healthcare system. The standard procedure for diagnosis and treatment of bladder tumours, transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT), is associated with a complication rate of up to 26% and potentially has severe influence on patient-reported outcomes (PRO). Outpatient transurethral laser ablation (TULA) is an emerging new modality that is less invasive with a lower risk of complications and, thereby, possibly enhanced PRO. We collected PRO following transurethral procedures in treatment of bladder tumours to evaluate any clinically relevant differences in symptoms and side effects. This prospective observational study recruited consecutive patients undergoing different bladder tumour-related transurethral procedures. Patients filled out questionnaires regarding urinary symptoms (ICIQ-LUTS), postoperative side effects, and quality of life (EQ-5D-3L) at days 1 and 14 postoperatively. In total, 108 patients participated. The most frequently reported outcomes were postoperative haematuria and pain. Patients undergoing TURBT reported longer lasting haematuria, a higher perception of pain, and a more negative impact on quality of life compared to patients undergoing TULA. TURBT-treated patients had more cases of acute urinary retention and a higher need for contacting the healthcare system. Side effects following transurethral procedures were common but generally not severe. The early symptom burden following TURBT was more extensive than that following TULA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To describe the health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients in a prospective 12‐month observational cohort study of new bladder cancer diagnoses and compare with national cancer and general population surveys. Patients and Methods: A prospective UK study in patients with new bladder cancer diagnoses at 13 NHS Trusts. The HRQoL data were collected at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Questionnaires used included: the EuroQoL five Dimensions (EQ‐5D), European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer quality of life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ)‐30‐item core, EORTC QLQ‐24‐item non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer, and EORTC QLQ‐30‐item muscle‐invasive bladder cancer. Results were compared with the Cancer Quality of Life Survey and Health Survey for England. Results: A total of 349 patients were recruited, 296 (85%) completed the first (baseline) and 233 (67%) the final survey. The patients underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) ± intravesical therapy (238 patients, 80%), radical cystectomy/radiotherapy (51, 17%) or palliation (seven, 2%). At baseline, patients needing radical treatment reported worse HRQoL including lower social function (74.2 vs 83.8, P = 0.002), increased fatigue (31.5 vs 26.1, P = 0.03) and more future worries (39.2 vs 29.4, P = 0.005) than patients who underwent TURBT. Post‐treatment surveys showed no change/improvements for patients who underwent TURBT but deterioration for the radically treated cohort. At final survey, reports were similar to baseline, regardless of treatment. Radically treated patients continued to report poorer HRQoL including issues with body image (23.4 vs 12.5, P = 0.007) and male sexual function (75.8 vs 40.4, P < 0.001) compared to those who underwent TURBT. Radically treated patients reported lower EQ‐5D utility scores and more problems with usual activities than the general population. Discussion: Patients undergoing TURBT can be reassured regarding HRQoL following treatment. However, those requiring radical treatment report greater changes in HRQoL with the need for appropriate clinical and supportive care to minimise the impact of treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Urinary bladder cancer is the 10th most common cancer worldwide. Cystoscopy and biopsy/Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumour (TURBT) are the best techniques for diagnosing and staging urinary bladder cancers. Urothelial Carcinomas (UC), particularly in transurethral resection biopsies, can pose diagnostic difficulties due to limited material. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) plays a valuable role in these settings, and many immunostains are being utilised for diagnostic evaluation. However, the relationship of these immunomarkers with histological grade and their prognostic utility has not been adequately explored. Aim: To analyse expression of Her2Neu, E-cadherin, p63, and GATA3 in UC and its relation with histological grading and prognosis. Materials and Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study conducted in the Pathology Department of IPGMER and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India over two years (November 2020-October 2022). Samples of 100 bladder carcinoma patients with predominant TURBT specimens were included in the study. The histopathological reports and tumour grading were done according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of urinary bladder tumours. The Formalin Fixed Paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections of the tumour blocks were subjected to IHC staining, and the results were interpreted accordingly. Statistical analysis was performed with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), IBM (version 25.0). Unpaired t-test and Z-test (Standard Normal Deviate) were used to test the significant difference between two proportions. Results: The mean age of the study population was 59.69±14.53 years, and there was a male preponderance (male: female=3.54:1). Histopathological examination revealed 55% to be of low-grade morphology. Overall, 53% of cases were in T1 stage, and the rest were in T2 stage. On IHC analysis, E-cadherin showed a statistically significant decrease in intensity with increasing grade (p-value <0.001) and T stage of UC (p-value <0.001), but there was no statistically significant relationship between Her2Neu expression and tumour grade/stage (p-value 0.5764 and 0.5663, respectively). A statistically significant relationship was observed between GATA3 and p63 scores with the grade and T stage of the tumour, i.e., GATA3 positivity increased with increasing grade and T stage of the tumour (p-value <0.001 in both), and there was a loss of p63 with advancing grade and stage of the tumour (p-value <0.001 in both). Conclusion: GATA3, p63, and E-cadherin can be used as prognostic markers in UCs. No significant relationship was found between Her2Neu expression and tumour grade in UC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bladder leiomyomas are rare benign growths in the bladder, comprising less than 0.5% of bladder tumors with only 250 cases reported globally. They are more common in women. This case involves a 70-year-old woman with recurrent leiomyoma, presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms and painless hematuria. A recurrent bladder leiomyoma is rarely reported, making its presence exceptionally rare. Case presentation: A 70-year-old Pakistani woman with hypertension and diabetes presented with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and painless hematuria. She had a history of similar symptoms in 2010, leading to a diagnosis of bladder leiomyoma via cystoscopy and biopsy. Imaging studies revealed a substantial 3.7 × 4 × 4.0 cm isodense mass with calcifications at the bladder base, along with bladder wall thickening and diverticula. Pathological examination during Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor (TURBT) confirmed the presence of bladder tissue with smooth muscle, ruling out malignancy. Immunohistochemical studies supported the diagnosis. A successful TURBT was performed, and the patient recovered well. Discussion: Recurrent bladder leiomyoma is a rarely-discussed topic in medical literature. This article primarily aims to review existing studies and present a detailed case study, shedding light on this rare phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Transurethral resection of bladder tumour has been the mainstay of bladder cancer staging for > 60 years. Staging inaccuracies are commonplace, leading to delayed treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging offers rapid, accurate and non-invasive staging of muscle-invasive bladder cancer, potentially reducing delays to radical treatment. Objectives To assess the feasibility and efficacy of the introducing multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging ahead of transurethral resection of bladder tumour in the staging of suspected muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Design Open-label, multistage randomised controlled study in three parts: feasibility, intermediate and final clinical stages. The COVID pandemic prevented completion of the final stage. Setting Fifteen UK hospitals. Participants Newly diagnosed bladder cancer patients of age ≥ 18 years. Interventions Participants were randomised to Pathway 1 or 2 following visual assessment of the suspicion of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer or muscle-invasive bladder cancer at the time of outpatient cystoscopy, based upon a 5-point Likert scale: Likert 1–2 tumours considered probable non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer; Likert 3–5 possible muscle-invasive bladder cancer. In Pathway 1, all participants underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumour. In Pathway 2, probable non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer participants underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumour, and possible muscle-invasive bladder cancer participants underwent initial multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. Subsequent therapy was determined by the treating team and could include transurethral resection of bladder tumour. Main outcome measures Feasibility stage: proportion with possible muscle-invasive bladder cancer randomised to Pathway 2 which correctly followed the protocol. Intermediate stage: time to correct treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Results Between 31 May 2018 and 31 December 2021, of 638 patients approached, 143 participants were randomised; 52.1% were deemed as possible muscle-invasive bladder cancer and 47.9% probable non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Feasibility stage: 36/39 [92% (95% confidence interval 79 to 98%)] muscle-invasive bladder cancer participants followed the correct treatment by pathway. Intermediate stage: median time to correct treatment was 98 (95% confidence interval 72 to 125) days for Pathway 1 versus 53 (95% confidence interval 20 to 89) days for Pathway 2 [hazard ratio 2.9 (95% confidence interval 1.0 to 8.1)], p = 0.040. Median time to correct treatment for all participants was 37 days for Pathway 1 and 25 days for Pathway 2 [hazard ratio 1.4 (95% confidence interval 0.9 to 2.0)]. Limitations For participants who underwent chemotherapy, radiotherapy or palliation for multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging-diagnosed stage T2 or higher disease, it was impossible to conclusively know whether these were correct treatments due to the absence of histopathologically confirmed muscle invasion, this being confirmed radiologically in these cases. All patients had histological confirmation of their cancers. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we were unable to realise the final stage. Conclusion The multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging-directed pathway led to a substantial 45-day reduction in time to correct treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, without detriment to non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer participants. Consideration should be given to the incorporation of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging ahead of transurethral resection of bladder tumour into the standard pathway for all patients with suspected muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The improved decision-making accelerated time to treatment, even though many patients subsequently needed transurethral resection of bladder tumour. A proportion of patients can avoid transurethral resection of bladder tumour completely, reducing costs and morbidity, given the much lower cost of magnetic resonance imaging and biopsy compared to transurethral resection of bladder tumour. Future work Further work to cross-correlate with the recently developed Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System will improve accuracy and aid dissemination. Longer follow-up to examine the effect of the pathway on outcomes is also required. Incorporation of liquid deoxyribonucleic acid-based biomarkers may further improve the quality of decision-making and should also be investigated further. Study registration This study is registered as ISRCTN 35296862. Funding This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (NIHR award ref: 14/08/60) and is published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 28, No. 42. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information. Plain language summary The BladderPath trial explored how to accelerate diagnosis and avoid unnecessary surgery for patients with bladder cancer which had grown into the muscle wall of the bladder, referred to as muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Following initial outpatient diagnosis, bladder cancer patients currently undergo inpatient or day-case surgical tumour removal using a telescope (transurethral resection of bladder tumour). This surgery is fundamental to the treatment of early bladder cancer (non-muscle-invasive). However, for muscle-invasive disease, the main role of transurethral resection of bladder tumour is to confirm that the tumour has grown into the bladder muscle, and this is often inaccurate; the actual correct treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients should include chemotherapy, radiotherapy and/or bladder removal. For these patients, having transurethral resection of bladder tumour may delay this correct treatment and impact survival. Additionally, for patients determined to need palliative care due to advanced disease, the transurethral resection of bladder tumour may represent over-treatment. A magnetic resonance imaging scan with contrast agent (called multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging) gives a clearer picture of the bladder than normal scans, allowing distinction between invasive and non-invasive tumours. The BladderPath trial investigated adding multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging for patients with suspected muscle-invasive bladder cancer and the effect on treatment times. Subsequent therapy could include transurethral resection of bladder tumour if clinically determined as necessary by the treating team. Trial participants were randomly allocated either to the standard pathway (Pathway 1: all underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumour) or to a new pathway (Pathway 2). In Pathway 2, urologists conducting the initial outpatient diagnostic bladder inspections used a scale to assess whether tumours appeared to be either probably non-muscle-invasive or possibly muscle-invasive. Participants whose tumours appeared possibly muscle-invasive had initial multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging as their next investigation instead of transurethral resection of bladder tumour. We then compared the duration of time from initial diagnosis to receiving the correct treatment for participants in each pathway. Of the 143 participants, 75 (52.1%) were diagnosed as possibly muscle invasive. In Pathway 1, the duration for half of the participants in the group to have received their correct treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer was 98 days, which reduced to 53 days in Pathway 2. Furthermore, the duration for half of all the participants in the two groups to have received their correct treatment was 37 days for Pathway 1 and 31 days for Pathway 2. In summary, use of initial multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in suspected muscle-invasive bladder cancer participants substantially reduced the time to correct treatment (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or instigation of palliative care) and avoided unnecessary surgery. There was no negative impact on participants with non-invasive disease. Adopting multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging into the pathway ahead of transurethral resection of bladder tumour for patients with suspected muscle-invasive bladder cancer is recommended. Scientific summary Background Bladder cancer (BC) is the fifth most common cancer in Western society. Standard management follows a pathway established > 60 years ago with the first description of transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT), and prognosis has not improved for 30 years. Following visual diagnosis by outpatient flexible cystoscopy, TURBT is the subsequent diagnostic and staging tool for all patients. While TURBT is mostly well-tolerated and therapeutic for non-muscle-invasive BC (NMIBC), its role in muscle-invasive BC (MIBC) is predominantly diagnostic. Furthermore, for MIBC patients, initial TURBT often under-stages invasion (up to 30% of MIBCs are initially staged as high-grade NMIBC at first TURBT) and may contribute to extravesical tumour dissemination as a result of the piecemeal resection process. Subsequently, accurate staging by cross-sectional pelvic imaging post TURBT is impaired by post-surgical artefacts. Moreover, internationally, TURBT followed by histopathological review and multidisciplinary team (MDT) decision-making typically adds a number of weeks to the pathway, creating a delay in commencing correct radical treatment for MIBC patients and potentially worse outcomes. Thus, an ideal pathway would separate NMIBC patients from MIBC patients at the time of diagnosis by the faster and more accurate application of established technologies to expedite therapy, potentially improving outcomes. Imaging advances suggesting multiparametric (mp) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may allow the accurate discrimination of NMIBC from MIBC, theoretically offering a safer and faster route to radical treatment than TURBT. To test the hypothesis whether MIBC patients can be safely expedited to radical treatment by using initial mpMRI for local staging rather than TURBT, we undertook the BladderPath randomised controlled trial [NHS Research Ethics Committee (REC) approval 17/LO/1819, ISRCTN 35296862]. Objectives To assess the feasibility and efficacy of the substitution of TURBT with mpMRI in the staging of patients with suspected MIBC, hypothesising that image-directed (mpMRI) staging would shorten the time period to correct treatment for MIBC patients compared to the standard TURBT-based pathway. Methods BladderPath is a randomised trial comparing risk-stratified image-directed (mpMRI) care with TURBT for patients with newly diagnosed BC. Patients with symptoms suspicious of a new diagnosis of BC were identified via haematuria clinics, and they provided written informed consent for study participation. Ineligible patients were those unable or unwilling to undergo MRI, those with a previous BC diagnosis and those who had previously entered the study. Participants with possible MIBC (Likert 3–5 as visually assessed on a 5-point Likert scale at flexible cystoscopy) were randomised to standard TURBT assessment (Pathway 1) or mpMRI-based assessment (Pathway 2) with flexible cystoscopy tumour biopsy Pathway 2 probable NMIBC (Likert 1–2) participants underwent TURBT. Primary outcomes: Feasibility phase – proportion of Pathway 2 possible MIBC participants who correctly followed protocol (target: 80%); intermediate stage – time to first correct treatment (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, decision for palliative care) for participants with confirmed MIBC (target: 30-day improvement) and as time to TURBT or palliative care for NMIBC. Randomisation was achieved by using a computerised allocation program; stratification variables included participants’ sex, age and clinician’s initial visual assessment of muscle invasiveness of the tumour. Blinding of participants, caregivers and outcome assessors was not possible. Results Between 31 May 2018 and 31 December 2021, recruitment took place in 15 UK urology centres; 638 patients were screened as potentially eligible, of which 309 were registered and 143 were randomised (72 to Pathway 1, 71 to Pathway 2). The 166 registered patients not randomised were not found to have BC during initial cystoscopy. Three participants were subsequently found to be ineligible post randomisation (one in Pathway 1, two in Pathway 2). Seven participants withdrew from the study (three in Pathway 1, four in Pathway 2), including three participants who were confirmed as not having cancer. Nine protocol deviations were reported by nine participants (five in Pathway 1, four in Pathway 2). The primary outcome for the feasibility stage was the proportion of possible MIBC participants randomised to Pathway 2 who correctly followed the pathway protocol. In total, 36 of the 39 [92%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 79% to 98%] possible MIBC participants in Pathway 2 underwent mpMRI as per protocol. Three Pathway 2 possible MIBC participants did not undergo mpMRI post randomisation: one participant had metal in their eye, one patient withdrew (29 days post randomisation) and one underwent MRI prior to trial entry (scan was requested independently of the study). Of the 36 participants who underwent mpMRI, 17 were diagnosed as MIBC, 16 as NMIBC and 3 were inconclusive. The secondary outcome for the feasibility stage was the overall proportion of randomised participants who correctly followed the protocol in each pathway. For Pathway 1, this was defined as the number of probable NMIBC and possible MIBC participants randomly accrued who underwent TURBT at an appropriate stage, as a proportion of all participants randomised to that pathway. For Pathway 2, it was defined as the number of probable NMIBC participants who underwent TURBT plus the number of possible MIBC participants who underwent mpMRI, divided by all randomised to Pathway 2. The overall proportion of participants who correctly followed their respective protocol pathway was 96% (95% CI 88% to 99%) in each pathway. There was no statistical difference between the pathways. For the Intermediate stage, the primary outcome was time to correct treatment (TTCT) for participants who were initially classified as possible MIBC and were then confirmed to have MIBC (by TURBT or mpMRI). For the 25 participants who were initially classified as possible MIBC and were then confirmed as MIBC (14 in Pathway 1; 11 in Pathway 2), 24 participants received a correct treatment (the remaining patients died 81 days post randomisation, before a correct treatment; date last seen is used in the time-to-event analysis). Median TTCT for all participants who were initially classified as possible MIBC and were then confirmed to have MIBC (N = 25) was 77 days (95% CI 54 to 98). Median TTCT for Pathway 1 (N = 14) was 98 days (95% CI 72 to 125). Median TTCT for Pathway 2 (N = 11) was 53 days (95% CI 20 to 81). The p-value of 0.0201 suggests a statistical difference in TTCT between the pathways. A Cox model adjusting for the stratification factors of sex and age, with study centre included as a random effect, showed that the hazard ratio (HR) of an event for Pathway 2 versus Pathway 1 was 2.9 (95% CI 1.0 to 8.1, p = 0.04). An event in this model indicates a patient receiving a correct treatment; therefore, the HR of 2.9 indicates that participants in Pathway 2 received correct treatment 2.9 times quicker than those in Pathway 1. To assess the secondary outcome of TTCT for probable NMIBC participants confirmed as NMIBC, there were 58 participants initially classified as probable NMIBC and then confirmed as NMIBC (28 in Pathway 1 and 30 in Pathway 2), all of whom received correct treatment of TURBT. Median TTCT for probable NMIBC participants confirmed as NMIBC (N = 58) was 16 days (95% CI 11 to 23); median TTCT for Pathway 1 (N = 28) was 14 days (95% CI 10 to 29) and 17 days (95% CI 8 to 25) for Pathway 2 (N = 25), log-rank p = 0.6677. A Cox model adjusting for the stratification factors of sex and age showed that the HR for Pathway 2 versus Pathway 1 was 0.8 (95% CI 0.5 to 1.5). For the secondary outcome of TTCT for all randomised participants, 131 of 143 randomised participants had received a correct treatment (72 in Pathway 1 and 71 in Pathway 2); participants who had not received a correct treatment were censored at their date last seen and included in the time-to-treatment analysis. Median TTCT for all randomised participants (N = 143) was 31 days (95% CI 22 to 37); median TTCT for Pathway 1 (N = 72) was 37 days (95% CI 23 to 47) and 25 days (95% CI 18 to 35) for Pathway 2 (N = 71), log-rank p = 0.0295. A Cox model adjusting for the stratification factors of sex and age showed that the HR for Pathway 2 versus Pathway 1 was 1.4 (95% CI 0.9 to 2.0). To assess the secondary outcome of time to definitive treatment (TTDT) for all randomised participants, 137 randomised participants had received definitive treatment (6 participants did not receive definitive treatment and their date last seen was used in the time-to-event analysis). Median TTDT for all randomised participants (N = 143) was 23 days (95% CI 20 to 29); median TTDT for Pathway 1 (N = 72) was 23 days (95% CI 17 to 29) and for Pathway 2 (N = 71) was 22 days (95% CI 17 to 32), log-rank p-value of 0.9619. A Cox model adjusting for the stratification factors of sex and age showed that the HR for Pathway 2 versus Pathway 1 was 0.9 (95% CI 0.6 to 1.2). Clinical analysis Delays in administering the correct treatment for MIBC patients after initial urological consultation and disease diagnosis are internationally widespread [Russell B, Liedberg F, Khan MS, Nair R, Thurairaja R, Malde S, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of delay in radical cystectomy and the effect on survival in bladder cancer patients. Eur Urol Oncol 2020;3(2):239–49]. Prolonged delays contribute to poor prognosis, and so attempts to improve and refine the diagnostic and treatment pathways for BC patients are of international importance and a priority for patients and healthcare professionals alike [Russell et al. 2020; Bessa A, Maclennan S, Enting D, Bryan R, Josephs D, Hughes S, et al. Consensus in bladder cancer research priorities between patients and healthcare professionals using a four-stage modified Delphi method. Eur Urol 2019;76(2):258–9]. Although first described over 60 years ago, the piecemeal resection of bladder tumour(s), TURBT, remains the initial diagnostic and staging tool for all patients. The shortcomings of TURBT are well-reported [Bessa et al. 2019; Del Giudice F, Flammia RS, Pecoraro M, Moschini M, D’Andrea D, Messina E, et al. The accuracy of Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS): an updated comprehensive multi-institutional, multi-readers systematic review and meta-analysis from diagnostic evidence into future clinical recommendations. World J Urol 2022;40(7):1617–28; Wallace DM, Bryan RT, Dunn JA, Begum G, Bathers S; West Midlands Urological Research Group. Delay and survival in bladder cancer. BJU Int 2002;89(9):868–78; Bryan RT, Collins SI, Daykin MC, Zeegers MP, Cheng KK, Wallace DMA, et al. Mechanisms of recurrence of Ta/T1 bladder cancer. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2010;92(6):519–24], all of which may delay the correct radical treatment for MIBC patients or lead to incorrect therapy choices. Over the course of the last decade, data suggest that mpMRI may allow the accurate discrimination of NMIBC and MIBC, and so potentially offering a safer and faster route to radical treatment than TURBT (Panebianco et al. 2018; Del Giudice et al. 2022). We have shown that it is feasible to introduce mpMRI for initial staging into the pathway for those patients visually diagnosed with possible MIBC at outpatient diagnostic flexible cystoscopy. Moreover, we have demonstrated that by doing so, possible MIBC patients receive their correct therapy significantly quicker – 45 days quicker, even if some of these MIBC patients still require TURBT either to resolve diagnostic uncertainty or as part of their planned care (e.g. to debulk tumour prior to radiotherapy). Although the relationship between delay and survival in BC is complex (Wallace et al. 2002), it is reasonable to contemplate that administering correct treatment to MIBC patients more than 6 weeks earlier than the current standard of care can only be beneficial. Several studies report adverse outcomes associated with delays of over 3 months between bladder cancer diagnosis and radical cystectomy (Russell et al. 2020); the mpMRI-guided BladderPath pathway (Pathway 2) undercut this TTCT by a considerable margin (median TTCT 53 days), whereas the standard pathway did not (median TTCT 98 days). Unfortunately, with substantial interruptions to recruitment due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we have been unable to recruit sufficient patients to evaluate our a priori survival outcomes. Further limitations to the study are that, for patients who underwent systemic chemotherapy, radiotherapy or palliation for mpMRI-diagnosed MIBC, it is impossible to conclusively know whether these were ‘correct’ treatments in the sense that staging was radiological not pathological, that is by histological confirmation of muscle invasion. This is however the norm for staging of most cancers. All patients had histological confirmation of their cancers and all treatments were approved via the relevant MDT. An important component of this new pathway is the ability of urologists to accurately triage patients as probable NMIBC or possible MIBC at the time of outpatient diagnostic flexible cystoscopy based upon the macroscopic appearances of suspicious bladder lesions. Building upon previous evidence (Bryan et al. 2010), we have shown that 89% of visually diagnosed probable NMIBCs were pathologically confirmed as NMIBCs, demonstrating that urologists can reliably identify such tumours. Hence, the simple patient pathway change suggested by the BladderPath data described here is universally applicable and is easy to implement. Conclusions The mpMRI-directed pathway led to a substantial reduction in TTCT for MIBC participants without detriment to the TTCT for NMIBC participants. Consideration should be given to the incorporation of mpMRI ahead of TURBT in the standard pathway for all patients with suspected MIBC. A proportion of patients were able to avoid TURBT completely and the improved decision-making accelerated time to treatment, even though many patients subsequently needed TURBT as part of their treatment plan. Trial registration This trial is registered as ISRCTN 35296862. Funding This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (NIHR award ref: 14/08/60) and is published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 28, No. 42. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.

Abstract Background The development of endoscopic systems that include bipolar electrocautery has enabled the use of normal saline irrigation in transurethral or transcervical endoscopic surgery. However, excessive saline absorption can cause hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Case presentation Patient 1: A 76-year-old man was scheduled for transurethral resection of the prostate with saline irrigation. Approximately 140 min after the surgery, abdominal distension and cervical edema were observed. Abdominal ultrasound examination indicated a subhepatic hypoechoic lesion, which suggested extravasation of saline. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. The patient was extubated 2 h after the operation with no subsequent airway problems, and the electrolyte imbalance was gradually corrected. Patient 2: A 43-year-old woman was scheduled for transcervical resection of a uterine fibroid with saline irrigation. When the drape was removed after the operation was finished, notable upper extremity edema was observed. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. The patient’s acidemia, electrolyte imbalance, and neck edema gradually resolved, and the patient was extubated 16 h after the operation without subsequent airway problems. Conclusions Anesthesiologists should be aware of acidemia, cardiopulmonary complications, and airway obstruction caused by excessive saline absorption after saline irrigation in endoscopic surgery.

Objective: Transurethral resection of bladder tumor is one of the most common everyday urological procedures. This kind of surgery demands a set of skills that need training and experience. In this review, we aimed to investigate the current literature to find out if simulators, phantoms, and other training models could be used as a tool for teaching urologists. Methods: A systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses statement and the recommendations of the European Association of Urology guidelines for conducting systematic reviews. Fifteen out of 932 studies met our inclusion criteria and are presented in the current review. Results: The UroTrainer (Karl Storz GmbH, Tuttlingen, Germany), a virtual reality training simulator, achieved positive feedback and an excellent face and construct validity by the participants. The inspection of bladder mucosa, blood loss, tumor resection, and procedural time was improved after the training, especially for inexperienced urologists and medical students. The construct validity of UroSim® (VirtaMed, Zurich, Switzerland) was established. SIMBLA simulator (Samed GmbH, Dresden, Germany) was found to be a realistic and useful tool by experts and urologists with intermediate experience. The test objective competency model based on SIMBLA simulator could be used for evaluating urologists. The porcine model of the Asian Urological Surgery Training and Education Group also received positive feedback by the participants that tried it. The Simulation and Technology Enhanced Learning Initiative Project had an extraordinary face and content validity, and 60% of participants would like to use the simulators in the future. The 5-day multimodal training curriculum “Boot Camp” in the United Kingdom achieved an increase of the level of confidence of the participants that lasted months after the project. Conclusion: Simulators and courses or curricula based on a simulator training could be a valuable learning tool for any surgeon, and there is no doubt that they should be a part of every urologist's technical education.

Introduction. High recurrence rate of bladder neck stenosis after application of existing endoscopic and reconstructive surgeries determines the relevance of studying new methods of treatment. In this respect, it is promising to study the possibilities of thulium laser.Objective. To study the efficacy and safety of a thulium laser for the treatment of benign bladder neck stenosis.Materials & methods. The study included 24 men with bladder neck stenosis of benign aetiology who underwent surgical treatment using the «Urolaz» (“IRE-Polus”, Fryasino, Russian Federation) thulium fibre laser. The treatment results were evaluated 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months (mo) after surgery, and then annually.Results. Postoperative follow-up time ranged from 3 to 50 mo (mean 21.1 ± 7.1 mo). With these follow-up periods, treatment was successful in 21 (87.5%) patients. The average period of recurrence was 2.8 ± 1.1 mo after surgery. A significant improvement in the following parameters was found in all periods of postoperative follow-up relative to preoperative data: maximum urination rate, average urination rate, residual urine volume, IPSS scores, and quality of life (p < 0.05). Early and late postoperative complications occurred in 8 (33.3%) and 2 (8.3%) patients, respectively, and all of them were mild and corresponded to the Clavien-Dindo I.Conclusions. The use of a thulium fibre laser for benign bladder neck stenosis makes it possible to achieve sufficiently high rates of efficiency and safety of treatment. This method can be considered among the main treatment options for this disease.

Background: The development of endoscopic systems that include bipolar electrocautery has enabled the use of normal saline irrigation in transurethral or transcervical endoscopic surgery. However, excessive saline absorption can cause hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Case presentation: Patient 1: A 76-year-old man was scheduled for transurethral resection of the prostate with saline irrigation. Approximately 140 min after the surgery, abdominal distension and cervical edema were observed. Abdominal ultrasound examination indicated a subhepatic hypoechoic lesion, which suggested extravasation of saline. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. The patient was extubated 2 h after the operation with no subsequent airway problems, and the electrolyte imbalance was gradually corrected. Patient 2: A 43-year-old woman was scheduled for transcervical resection of a uterine fibroid with saline irrigation. When the drape was removed after the operation was finished, notable upper extremity edema was observed. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. The patient's acidemia, electrolyte imbalance, and neck edema gradually resolved, and the patient was extubated 16 h after the operation without subsequent airway problems. Conclusions: Anesthesiologists should be aware of acidemia, cardiopulmonary complications, and airway obstruction caused by excessive saline absorption after saline irrigation in endoscopic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the efficacy of Rezūm with a matched cohort of patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for catheter-dependent urine retention secondary to benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). Methods: A retrospective review was performed for consecutive catheter-dependent patients who underwent Rezūm for BPH. Patients were matched and compared with a similar cohort undergoing TURP, using non-inferiority analysis on propensity score-matched patient pairs. Patients were followed up at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months by international prostate symptoms score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL) index, peak flow rate (Qmax) and postvoid residual urine (PVR). Results: Eighty-one patients undergoing Rezūm were compared with equal number of matched patients who undergoing TURP. Patients undergoing Rezūm experienced significantly shorter operation time (25.5 ± 8.7 vs. 103.4 ± 12.6 min; p < 0.001), lower intraoperative bleeding (2.4% vs. 20.7%, p < 0.001), shorter hospital stay (1.2 ± 0.9 vs. 2.4 ± 1.3 d, p < 0.001) and longer catheter time (12.6 ± 6.0 vs. 2.3 ± 1.2 d, p < 0.001), with no need for transfusion. Successful postoperative voiding was comparable between both arms (90.2% vs. 92.7%, p = 0.78), respectively. Despite patients undergoing TURP had significantly better voiding outcomes after 1 and 3 months, both groups were comparable after six and 12 months in terms of mean IPSS (11.1 ± 6.4 vs. 10.8 ± 3.4, p = 0.71), QoL indices (2.4 ± 1.6 vs. 2.1 ± 2.3, p = 0.33) and Qmax (22.0 ± 7.7 v. 19.8 ± 6.9 ml/sec, p = 0.06). Conclusion: This study supports the safety and efficacy of Rezūm in the management of catheter-dependent patients secondary to BPH, with comparable functional outcomes to TURP. Until a randomized clinical comparison is available, long-term data are crucially recommended to compare the recurrence and reoperation rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Bladder neck contracture (BNC) is a rare but intolerant complication after transurethral surgery of prostate. The present study aims to investigate the incidence and risk factors of BNC in patients diagnosed benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and following transurethral resection or enucleation of the prostate (TURP/TUEP). Methods: This retrospective study included 1008 BPH individuals who underwent transurethral surgery of the prostate between January 2017 and January 2022. Patients’ demographics, medical comorbidities, urologic characteristics, perioperative parameters, and the presence of BNC were documented. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify the risk factors. Results: A total of 2% (20/1008) BPH patients developed BNC postoperatively and the median occurring time was 5.8 months. Particularly, the incidences of BNC were 4.7% and 1.3% in patients underwent Bipolar-TURP and TUEP respectively. Preoperative urinary tract infection (UTI), elevated PSA, smaller prostate volume (PV), bladder diverticulum (BD), and B-TURP were significantly associated with BNC in the univariate analysis. Further multivariate logistic regression demonstrated preoperative UTI (OR 4.04, 95% CI 2.25 to 17.42, p < 0.001), BD (OR 7.40, 95% CI 1.83 to 31.66, p < 0.001), and B-TURP (OR 3.97, 95% CI 1.55 to 10.18, p = 0.004) as independent risk factors. All BNC patients were treated with transurethral incision of the bladder neck (TUIBN) combined with local multisite injection of betamethasone. During a median follow-up of 35.8 months, 35% (7/20) of BNC patients recurred at a median time of 1.8 months. Conclusion: BNC was a low-frequency complication following transurethral surgery of prostate. Preoperative UTI, BD, and B-TURP were likely independent risk factors of BNC. TUIBN combined with local multisite injection of betamethasone may be promising choice for BNC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has emerged as a valid treatment option for patients with localized prostate cancer. Despite the promising results of ultra-hypofractionation in terms of tolerance and disease control, the toxicity profile of SBRT for prostate cancer patients with a history of surgical treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia is still underreported. Here we present an overview of the available data on urinary morbidity for prostate cancer patients treated with SBRT after prior surgical treatments for benign prostate hyperplasia. Technical improvements useful to minimize toxicity and possible treatments for radiation-induced urethritis are discussed.

This retrospective study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics, changes in semen parameters, and outcomes of adult patients with ejaculatory duct obstruction (EDO) who underwent transurethral resection of ejaculatory ducts (TURED). The study included 25 patients diagnosed with EDO who underwent TURED at King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center in Saudi Arabia between January 2015 and December 2021. The results showed that 68% of the patients had complete ED obstruction, while 32% had partial obstruction. Primary infertility was reported in 68% of the patients, with 4% experiencing secondary infertility. The analysis revealed a significant increase in semen volume greater than 0.6 after TURED, while there was a significant decrease in volumes ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 and from 0.4 to 0.6. Patients with partial ED obstruction demonstrated a significant improvement in semen parameters compared to those with complete ED obstruction. The findings suggest that TURED is a safe and effective treatment option for EDO, leading to significant improvements in semen parameters and potentially resulting in spontaneous pregnancy. However, further research is needed to identify specific patient subgroups that may benefit the most from TURED. While magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with an endorectal coil has been proposed for more detailed evaluation, transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) has been suggested as the standard examination technique.

The current diagnostic pathway for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), which involves with computed tomography urography, cystoscopy, and transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) to histologically confirm MIBC, delays definitive treatment. The Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) has been suggested for MIBC identification using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but a recent randomized trial reported misclassification in one-third of patients. We investigated a new endoscopic biopsy device (Urodrill) for histological confirmation of MIBC and assessment of molecular subtype by gene expression in patients with VI-RADS 4 and 5 lesions on MRI. In ten patients, Urodrill biopsies were guided by MR images to the muscle-invasive portion of the tumor via a flexible cystoscope under general anesthesia. During the same session, conventional TURB was subsequently performed. A Urodrill sample was successfully obtained in nine of ten patients. MIBC was verified in six of nine patients, and seven of nine samples contained detrusor muscle. In seven of eight patients for whom a Urodrill biopsy sample was subjected to RNA sequencing, single-sample molecular classification according to the Lund taxonomy was feasible. No complications related to the biopsy device occurred. A randomized trial comparing this new diagnostic pathway for patients with VI-RADS 4 and 5 lesions and the current standard (TURB) is warranted. Patient summary: We report on a novel biopsy device for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer that facilitates histology analysis and molecular characterization of tumor samples.

Background: Muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) comprises 25% of bladder cancers reported in the published literature. It is associated with poor survival, difficult management, and high healthcare costs. Objectives: Our primary objective was to describe the prevalence of MIBC amongst transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) patients diagnosed with bladder cancer attending a South African regional hospital. Our secondary objective was to describe the characteristics of these MIBC cases. Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of TURBT patients who attended a regional hospital in Durban, South Africa (1 January 2015-31 December 2019).Bladder cancer patients were identified from histopathology reports following TURBT. T-stage classification (T2-T4) was used to identify MIBC cases.We calculated the prevalence of MIBC in bladder cancer patients attending the hospital. Data for patient sociodemographic, clinical, and epidemiological characteristics were also collected and summarized using descriptive statistics. Results: The prevalence of MIBC was 42.7% (44/103 bladder cancer patients). T2 was the most common T-stage in MIBC cases (56.8%). Important features identified in this case series included advanced age, male gender, haematuria, abdominal pain, tobacco smoking, recurrent urinary infection, schistosomiasis, hypertension, bladder mass or hydronephrosis on computed tomography, and palpable bladder mass. Conclusions: The prevalence of MIBC in our study was almost twice that reported elsewhere. Some characteristics reported in our study could be addressed in primary care to reduce MIBC risk or should be investigated for fast-tracking patient referrals to our urology center.

In the management of non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), disease progression and long‐term control are determined by the intensity of delivered treatment and surveillance and the cancer cells' biological nature. This requires risk stratification–based postoperative management, such as intravesical instillation of chemotherapy drugs, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), and radical cystectomy. Advancements in mechanical engineering, molecular biology, and surgical skills have evolved the clinical management of NMIBC. In this review, we describe the updated evidence and perspectives regarding the following aspects: (1) advancements in surgical concepts, techniques, and devices for transurethral resection of the bladder tumor; (2) advancements in risk stratification tools for NMIBC; and (3) advancements in treatment strategies for BCG‐treated NMIBC. Repeat transurethral resection, en‐bloc transurethral resection, and enhanced tumor visualization, including photodynamic diagnosis and narrow‐band imaging, help reduce residual cancer cells, provide accurate diagnosis and staging, and sensitive detection, which are the first essential steps for cancer cure. Risk stratification should always be updated and improved because the treatment strategy changes over time. The BCG‐treated disease concept has recently diversified to include BCG failure, resistance, refractory, unresponsiveness, exposure, and intolerance. A BCG‐unresponsive disease is an extremely aggressive subset unlikely to respond to a rechallenge with BCG. Numerous ongoing clinical trials aim to develop a future bladder‐sparing approach for very high‐risk BCG‐naïve NMIBC and BCG‐unresponsive NMIBC. The key to improving the quality of patient care lies in the continuous efforts to overcome the clinical limitations of bedside management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To find out the frequency of Electrolytes derangement (increase or decrease in serum sodium, potassium and chloride level) in patients who underwent TURP for enlarged prostate. Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional descriptive study from 11-02-2020 to 11-08-2020 on 142 patients. After taking approval from ethical committee of the hospital. Informed consent was taken from the patients by explaining the patients. Detail physical examinations were performed and all necessary investigation was done. Preoperatively serum electrolyte levels were noted. Results: In this study, 142 patients with patient's benign prostate enlargement undergoing TURP had observed, in which 83(58.5%) patients have prostate volume have less than or equal to 15gm and 59(41.5%) patients have more than 15gm. Electrolyte derangement among patients presenting with benign prostatic enlargement after TURP was 69(48.59%). Conclusion: Electrolyte serum levels were decreased after TURP procedure. Pre and post-surgery electrolyte should be fully monitored to prevent TURP complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To learn about the history and development of en bloc resection of bladder tumour (ERBT), and to discuss its future directions in managing bladder cancer. Methods: In this narrative review, we summarised the history and early development of ERBT, previous attempts in overcoming the tumour size limitation, consolidative effort in standardising the ERBT procedure, emerging evidence in ERBT, evolving concepts in treating large bladder tumours, and the future directions of ERBT. Results: Since the first report on ERBT in 1980, there has been tremendous advancement in terms of its technique, energy modalities and tumour retrieval methods. In 2020, the international consensus statement on ERBT has been developed and it serves as a standard reference for urologists to practise ERBT. Recently, high-quality evidence on ERBT has been emerging. Of note, the EB-StaR study showed that ERBT led to a reduction in 1-year recurrence rate from 38.1 to 28.5%. An individual patient data meta-analysis is currently underway, and it will be instrumental in defining the true value of ERBT in treating non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. For large bladder tumours, modified approaches of ERBT should be accepted, as the quality of resection is more important than a mere removal of tumour in one piece. The global ERBT registry has been launched to study the value of ERBT in a real-world setting. Conclusion: ERBT is a promising surgical technique in treating bladder cancer and it has gained increasing interest globally. It is about time for us to embrace this technique in our clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prognosis and safety of continuous saline bladder irrigation (CSBI) after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURB) as an alternative method needs to be explored. A literature review and meta-analysis were performed by searching PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library databases and original references of the included articles. PRISMA checklists were followed. We used the GRADEpro GDT to assess the certainty of evidence from the results of our meta-analysis. A total of eight articles including 1600 patients were studied. The results indicated that patients received CSBI after TURB had no statistical differences compared to the control group in the recurrence-free survival and progression-free survival. However, the CSBI group showed significant improvements compared to the control group in terms of the number of recurrences during follow-up and the period to first recurrence except for the number of tumor progression during follow-up. Furthermore, patients treated with CSBI did not show an inferior effect than those treated with immediate intravesical chemotherapy (IC) in respects of recurrence-free survival, progression-free survival, the number of recurrences during follow-up, the number of tumor progression during follow-up and the period to first recurrence. But the immediate IC group had a higher incidence than the CSBI group in terms of macrohematuria, micturition pain, frequency of urination, dysuria, retention and local toxicities. Patients treated with CSBI after TURB showed a significant improvement compared to the control group in terms of the number of recurrences during follow-up and the period to first recurrence. However, compared to immediate IC, CSBI did not show an inferior effect except for lower incidence of adverse reactions. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021247088. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Ureterocele is a cystic dilatation of the distal ureter. Orthotopic ureterocele is relatively rare form of this disease, and it is commonly diagnosed in female children. The clinical picture of orthotopic ureterocele is usually not significant, and the management variants are unclear. Clinical case description. Ultrasound has revealed dilatation in the distal part of the left ureter (up to 6.5 mm) and cyst formation (diameter of 8 mm, thick walls) in the bladder in 8-months-old boy. The retrograde voiding cystourethrogram has shown no signs of vesicoureteral reflux. The evaluation of the voiding rhythm was performed: the volume of residual urine was > 30%, it indicates the infravesical obstruction. The child underwent diagnostic cystourethroscopy, transurethral resection of the ureterocele, intubation ureteral catheter in the left ureter (all procedures was performed under general anesthesia). There were no enlargements of calices-pelvis system and ureters 12 months after surgery according to urinary system ultrasound. Clinical urine test with no inflammatory changes. Voiding rhythm was without pathology.Conclusion. The widespread implementation of high-tech and minimally invasive methods of diagnosis and management allow us to achieve timely detection and provide effective treatment for children with ureterocele.

Introduction: Body status, categorized as sarcopenia or obesity and assessed using body mass index and body composition, affects the outcome of bladder cancer patients. However, studies comparing disease progression, recurrence, or overall survival in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) with different body compositions are lacking. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective study to identify the impact of body composition, sarcopenia, and obesity on the oncological prognosis of patients with NMIBC who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) intravesical instillation (IVI). Methods: Patients with NMIBC who had undergone TURBT with adjuvant IVI with BCG from March 2005 to April 2021 were included. Body composition parameters were evaluated using computed tomography images of the third lumbar vertebrae and further categorized by sarcopenia and obesity. Oncological outcomes including recurrence-free survival (RFS), progressionfree survival, and overall survival (OS) after treatment were analyzed. Results: A total of 269 patients were enrolled. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) density was a significant predictor of RFS, whereas psoas muscle density was a significant predictor of OS in the multivariate analysis. Patients with sarcopenia but without obesity tolerated significantly fewer BCG IVIs than patients without sarcopenia or obesity. Patients with sarcopenia had poorer RFS and OS than those without sarcopenia. In contrast, patients with obesity had better OS than those without obesity. Discussion: Body composition parameters, including SAT density and psoas muscle density, emerged as significant predictors of OS and RFS, respectively. Hence, our findings indicate that body composition is a helpful measurement to assess the oncological outcomes of patients with NMIBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The technique of laser en bloc resection of bladder tumor (ERBT) has been a valuable alternative technique to transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). However, the combination of laser ERBT and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) technique has not been well studied. Here, a novel technique integrating a high-power green-light laser with ESD was presented. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of high-power green-light laser endoscopic submucosal dissection (HPL-ESD) for the treatment of primary non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Materials and Methods: From January 2015 to December 2018, a total of 56 patients with NMIBC underwent HPL-ESD. All tumors were transurethral en bloc resected in the ESD technique. Perioperative clinical data were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Results: All operations were safely performed by the technique of HPL-ESD without blood transfusion. The mean tumor diameter was 2.04 ± 0.65 cm, ranging from 0.5 to 3.5 cm. The mean operative time was 28.39 ± 16.04 min. The average serum hemoglobin decrease was 0.88 ± 0.54 g/dL. The mean postoperative catheterization time was 2.88 ± 0.94 days. The pathologic stages included pTa (32 cases), and pT1 (24 cases). Double-J stent indwelling was not performed for four patients whose tumors were adjacent to the ureteral orifice and no postoperative hydronephrosis was observed. Only one case of ectopic bladder tumor recurred due to irregular bladder irrigation during the 36-month follow-up. Conclusion: HPL-ESD is a safe and effective alternative for the treatment of primary NMIBCs, especially for tumors adjacent to the ureteral orifice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) is the gold standard treatment for patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, the high recurrence rate after TURBT makes necessary not only regular following to reveal recurrence disease timely, but it also talks about a necessity of adjuvant antitumor therapy in some cases, that allows to prevent disease recurrence and progression. In this regard, patients belonging to high- and sometimes intermediate- risk progression groups are shown to undergo postoperative adjuvant intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) therapy. Despite the long experience of using BCG therapy for NMIBC treatment the question of the existence of possible prognostic markers and response predictors to intravesical BCG therapy remains open.Objective. To review cutting-edge data on different markers that can be used as predictive response markers to ongoing intravesical BCG therapy in NMIBC-patients.Materials and methods. A literature search was conducted using PubMed/ Medline and Google Scholar databases. We used terms 'bladder cancer', 'non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer' in conjunction with 'recurrence', 'progression', 'BCG', 'intravesical therapy', 'immune response', 'molecular markers' to choose relevant articles published between 2000 and 2022.Results. Clinical and pathological characteristics of the tumor and the patient himself remain leading in predicting the response to intravesical BCG therapy in NMIBC-patients. However, to improve the effectiveness of assessing the risk of developing adverse BC outcomes and choosing the most appropriate strategy for monitoring and treatment in each case, it is necessary to introduce additional assessment parameters. Molecular and genetic markers could be considered as such parameters, make it possible to reveal differences between tumors at a deeper level.Conclusion. Currently, there are no markers that have high-evidence in predicting response to intravesical BCG therapy in NMIBC-patients compared with the cliniсal and pathological characteristics of the tumor and the patient himself. The clearer awareness of molecular genetic pathways of BC pathogenesis, the mechanism of BCG antitumor effect will make it possible to competently select markers that have the highest specificity for BC, which will increase the predictive ability of currently existing tools to assess the risks of BC recurrence and progression.

The stone formation could occur due to urine stasis in the bladder diverticulum. However, the stones are usually smaller in size and can pass spontaneously. However, a giant stone inside vesical diverticulum is considered a rare entity. We report a 69-year-old male, with a two-year history of lower urinary tract symptoms along with a recurrence of urinary tract infection. An abdominal computed tomography scan revealed the presence of a giant bladder diverticulum and a large bladder stone. The patient underwent a transurethral bladder neck incision followed by diverticulectomy with stone extraction. The diverticulum size measures 6x4x3.8 cm and diverticulum stone size of 4x3x3 cm. Fortunately, the patient recovered well after the operation. In conclusion, giant stones inside large vesical diverticulum are a rare occurrence and should be considered in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms. Early diagnosis and optimal management of the obstruction are the principles to prevent long-term complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In this study, we aimed to compare the perioperative outcomes and complications of Olympus and Karl Storz bipolar transurethral bladder resection in the treatment of bladder tumors in non-invasive bladder cancer patients. Materials and Methods: After obtaining approval from the Ethics Committee (Decision No. 2023/5-17), all patients who underwent transurethral bladder tumor resection using Olympus and Karl Storz bipolar systems between January 01, 2019 and February 28, 2023 were evaluated. The demographic data of the patients, transfusion requirement, tumor size, and perioperative complications were compared. Results: It was observed that out of the 75 patients included in the study, 45 were operated on with Olympus, and 30 were operated on with Karl Storz. In the Olympus group, the change in hemoglobin (hgb) was found to be 1.11±0.61 gr/dl, while in the Karl Storz group, it was 1.35±0.82 gr/dl, and no statistically significant difference was observed (p= 0.180). Tumor size was 3.20±1.55 cm in the Olympus group and 4.20±2.79 cm in the Karl Storz group. Similarly, no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of obturator reflex, presence of bladder perforation, blood transfusion, and postoperative clot retention. Conclusions: The use of both bipolar systems' technology is safe and effective in the transurethral resection of non-invasive bladder cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transurethral resection (TUR) followed by adjuvant therapy is still the treatment of choice of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma (NMIBUC). However, recurrence is one of the most troublesome features of these lesions. Early second resection and adjuvant BCG therapy has been shown to improve the outcome. Objective: To evaluate the prognostic value of C-erbB-2 (HER2/neu) expression status in Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma cases, before and after intravesical Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG immunotherapy). Materials and methods: HER2/neu expression was studied in 120 (Ta-T1) Non-Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma cases. The expression was evaluated and compared to the expression after Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy. Results: HER2/neu expression in low and high grade of the Non-Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma was (38%) and (83%) respectively. The difference of the expression rates by tumor grade was statistically significant. In recurring lesions post BCG therapy, C-erbB-2 expression was markedly decreased (31.6%) when compared to its expression before therapy (65%). Conclusions: The HER2/neu expression increased as the tumor grade rose. The reduction in expression following BCG treatment in Non-Invasive transitional cell carcinoma cases could reflect a reduction of the potential malignancy of the tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Accurately predicting of progression is important for patients with non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). We previously reported that bladder neck involvement (BNI) was significantly associated with progression of NMIBC. In this study, we evaluated the prognostic significance of the detailed BNI location in NMIBC patients. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 651 patients diagnosed with primary NMIBC at a single center between 2000 and 2018. Using the detailed BNI location, patients were divided into the following three groups: dorsal BNI (BNId; 4 to 8 o'clock position), ventral BNI (BNIv; 8 to 4 o'clock but not 4 to 8 o'clock position), and non‐BNI group. Both time to progression to muscle‐invasive disease and distant metastasis was compared among the three groups. A prognostic model was developed and its discriminative ability was evaluated. Results: Dorsal bladder neck involvement and BNIv were observed in 43 (6.6%) and 36 (5.5%) patients, respectively. During a median follow‐up of 61 months, 35 (5.4%) patients progressed. The cumulative incidence at 5 years was 12%, 0%, and 5.0% in BNId, BNIv, and non‐BNI groups, respectively. On multivariate analysis, BNId was a significant and independent risk factor for progression, tumor stage pT1, and histologic grade G3. One point was assigned to each factor, and patients were classified into four well‐stratified prognostic groups based on the total score. Conclusion: Dorsal bladder neck involvement was an independent and significant risk factor for progression in primary NMIBC. Our simple and practical prognostic model including BNId is easy to use and may help selecting the optimal treatment and its timing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) therapy for nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer rarely leads to the development of granulomatous renal masses (renal BCGosis). The management includes nephroureterectomy, antitubercular therapy (ATT), or both. Here, we present a case of a 62-year-old male who was treated with ATT alone for renal masses. Six months after intravesical BCG therapy for transitional cell carcinoma, he developed high-grade fever and night sweat and had multiple renal parenchymal hypodensities on computed tomography (CT) scan. Repeat CT scan 6 months after ATT revealed full resolution of renal hypodensities. This case report highlights the importance of follow-up for early detection of adverse effects of BCG treatment.

Abstract Background Transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P) could incidentally cause hyponatremia, known as TUR syndrome due to intravascular absorption of non-electrolytic irrigation fluid. Recently, normal saline has been used as an irrigation fluid in a new system named TURis (TUR in saline) to prevent TUR syndrome. However, rapid massive absorption of normal saline can also cause other systemic adverse events. Case presentation A 71-year-old man underwent TURis for benign prostatic hyperplasia under spinal anesthesia. The patient lost consciousness which led upper airway obstruction and hypoxia 30 min after the surgery began. Blood gas test indicated hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. While vasoactive agents were ineffective, the administration of bicarbonate significantly improved the symptoms and restored blood pressure. Conclusion We experienced a case of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis with decreased level of consciousness and hypotension during TURis. Administration of bicarbonate, but not phenylephrine, was effective for recovering blood pressure.

Introduction. Inflammation and fibrosis may have a significant role in pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia and associated lower urinary tract symptoms. Moreover, those factors may compromise the outcomes of surgical interventions for bladder outlet obstructions, such as transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Additional measures, such as administration of anti-fibrotic agents, may decrease the incidence of certain complications (e.g. bladder neck stenosis, urethral stricture) and improve overall outcomes of TURP. Bovhyaluronidase azoximer is an enzyme combined with high molecular mass copolymer which may inhibit surgery-related tissue remodeling and prevent excessive fibrosis.Materials and methods. Sixty-five patients undergoing monopolar TURP were enrolled in this prospective randomized open-label study. Patients in Group 1 (n = 34) received 5 intramuscular injections of bovhyaluronidase azoximer (3000 IU) on days 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 after TURP in addition to standard therapy. Patients in Group 2 (n = 31) received conventional peri-operative therapy. All patients routinely underwent uroflowmetry and post-void residual volume measurement on follow-up 3 months after TURP. Incidence of fibrosis-associated complications was compared using Fisher’s exact test. Uroflowmetric parameters were compared using Mann-Whitney U-test.Results. One patient in Group 1 was excluded from the study due to mild allergic reaction after second injection of bovhyaluronidase azoximer. There were three cases of clinically significant fibrosis-associated complications in Group 2 which were confirmed on imaging (9.7 %). One case of stricture in bulbar urethra was later successfully managed with anastomotic urethroplasty, and two cases of bladder neck stenosis were managed with transurethral incision. No such complications were observed in Group 1 (0 %). However, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.1079). Otherwise, there were no adverse events in both groups. Median Qmax in Groups 1 and 2 was 24 ml/s and 22 ml/s, respectively (p = 0.08). Median Qave in Groups 1 and 2 was 15 ml/s and 9 ml/s, respectively (p

Objective: To evaluate the role of prostatic ultrasonography in predicting the clinical outcomes of bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate. Method: The prospective study was conducted at the Urology Department, Kafrelsheikh University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt from December 2018 to June 2019, and comprised male patients complaining of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. The patients were subjected to pelvi-abdominal and transrectal ultrasonography and values were noted for the international prostate symptom score, uroflowmetry, post-void residual urine volume, ejaculatory domain, and the erectile function domain of the international index of erectile function. The safety of the procedure was assessed using the modified Clavien classification of complications. This was followed by cystourethroscopy under spinal anaesthesia, and then by bipolar resection of the prostate by a single experienced urologist. Operating time, length of hospitalisation, intraoperative and postoperative complications, catheterization time, and changes in haemoglobin levels were recorded. All evaluations were done at baseline and postoperatively at 1, 3 and 6 months. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. Results: There were 109 male patients with mean age 65.53±6.27 years, mean body mass index 24.6±1.7kg/m2. Mean total prostate volume at baseline was 86.32±43.61gm (range: 30-195m). There was a significant decrease postoperatively (p0.05). Conclusion: Prostate ultrasonography can be used as a single investigating tool to evaluate the clinical outcomes after bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate. Keywords: Transurethral resection, Prostate, Prostatic hyperplasia, Erectile, Urinary tract, Ultrasonography, Pelvis.

Background: Transurethral resection (TUR) followed by adjuvant therapy is still the treatment of choice of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma (NMIBUC). However, recurrence is one of the most troublesome features of these lesions. Early second resection and adjuvant BCG therapy has been shown to improve the outcome. Objective: To evaluate the prognostic value of C-erbB-2 (HER2/neu) expression status in Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma cases, before and after intravesical Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG immunotherapy). Materials and methods: HER2/neu expression was studied in 120 (Ta-T1) Non-Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma cases. The expression was evaluated and compared to the expression after Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy. Results: HER2/neu expression in low and high grade of the Non- Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma was (38%) and (83%) respectively. The difference of the expression rates by tumor grade was statistically significant. In recurring lesions post BCG therapy, C-erbB-2 expression was markedly decreased (31.6%) when compared to its expression before therapy (65%). Conclusions: The HER2/neu expression increased as the tumor grade rose. The reduction in expression following BCG treatment in Non-Invasive transitional cell carcinoma cases could reflect a reduction of the potential malignancy of the tumor.

Background: Approximately 75%-80% of the cases with bladder cancers are discovered when the tumor is located on the lamina mucosa (Ta, Tis), or on the lamina propria (T1). Whilst 15%-25 % of bladder cancers are discovered when the tumour has invasive evolution and has evolved also the muscle extent and on, or has given metastases on the lymphatic glands. Objective: Is it effective Mitomycin in the treatment of non-invasive bladder tumours Ta-T1 after transurethral resection. Material and Methods: The research was conducted with patients of the Urology Clinic, University Clinical Centre of Kosovo, in Prishtina. The study included 108 patients with non-invasive bladder tumours Ta T1. After TURBT, we applied intravesical instillation Mitomycin C 40 mg within the first 6 hours of the transurethral resection. After the histopathological result, a week after the TURBT, we instilled Mitomycin C once a week for 6 weeks, then once a month for 2 months. The follow up was 36 months. From the statistical parameters, the structure index, arithmetic mean, and standard deviation were calculated. Qualitative data testing was done with X2 test. Results: The study included 108 patients with bladder tumours of which 72.2% were male and 27.8% were female. X2-test showed statistically significant difference of cases by gender (X2=11.2, P=0.001). The age (meant SD) was 63.1 years ±11.3 years. Current smokers were 63% of cases. Tumours grade were: PUNLMP 19.4%, low grade 58.3%, high grade 22.2% of cases. X2- test showed statistically significant difference (X2=11.2, P=0.001). Multifocality with tumours were 76.9% of solitary and 23.1% of multiple tumours. The tumours recurred in 41 patients (37.9%). Morphologically, of which 75% were defined with tumour size <3 cm and 25% with tumour size >3 cm. The tumour stage was as Ta 43.5% and T1 56.5% of cases. Conclusion: The effective therapy for non-invasive bladder tumours (Ta-T1) is TURBT with intravesical instillation of Mitomycin C. Diagnosing these tumours at their early stages is the key for the best treatment and prognoses. Intravesical chemotherapy is safe and tolerable for non-invasive bladder tumours and has reduced tumour recurrence rates, especially when the grade is low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the College of American Pathologists’ recommendation against diagnosing “fat invasion” in urinary bladder biopsies and transurethral resection of bladder tumor specimens (TURBT), some pathologists still consider this scenario as pathologic stage T3. However, a formal evaluation of fat in biopsies/TURBT has not been performed. Material obtained from TURBT is considered as clinical staging (cT) and that obtained from cystectomy is true pathologic staging (pT). Herein, we analyze adipose tissue incidence/distribution, cancer involving fat, staging ramifications, and clinical outcomes in a large series of biopsies/TURBT. Among 366 biopsies/TURBT specimens, data on adipose tissue presence, location, and quantity were analyzed. An initial analysis of 200 consecutive biopsies/TURBT specimens (including benign/cancer), adipose tissue was identified in 37% of 200 specimens (22% biopsies, 78% TURBT), primarily in the lamina propria (57%) or both lamina propria/muscularis propria (32%). A subsequent analysis of 183 invasive cancer (cT1/cT2) biopsies/TURBT revealed adipose tissue in 40% of specimens, predominantly within both the lamina propria and muscularis propria. Among all cT1/cT2 specimens, 26% (23/88) had cancer involving fat. Clinical follow-up on these putative “cT3” specimens revealed 10 patients who underwent radical cystectomy of which only 1 of 10 remained pT3/pT4 (although 8 patients had neoadjuvant chemotherapy). Adipose tissue is commonly found in biopsies/TURBT, predominantly localized in the lamina propria and sometimes extending into the muscularis propria. Importantly, the presence of tumor “invading” fat on biopsies/TURBT does not necessarily indicate pT3 disease. This underscores the need for standardized reporting practices, emphasizing the importance of reserving pathologic staging for cystectomy specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction/Objective. Urothelial carcinoma is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy of urinary bladder in clinical and pathohistological practice where various prognostic factors play a significant role. One of the most important pathohistological prognostic factors is the intensity of immunohistochemical staining. Among various immunohistochemical markers that have been proven to influence disease progression and the patient’s survival, role of Ki-67 and GATA3 in prediction of disease prognosis has not been completely clarified yet. The aim of this study was to determine the predictive value of GATA3 and Ki-67 mutual expression in urothelial carcinoma. Methods. Eighty patients were included in this study, out of which four groups were formed based on the pathological stage of urothelial carcinoma. After using preferred antibodies, their staining intensity was analyzed semiquantitatively. Results. Results showed that there was statistically significant correlation between the type of urothelial carcinoma, the pathological stage, and invasiveness and different grades of GATA3 expression, as well as statistically significant correlation between the type of urothelial carcinoma and the pathological stage and different grades of Ki-67 expression. The regression model showed low value of GATA3 and Ki-67 mutual expression. There was also statistical significance regarding the pathological stage and invasiveness of the tumor in survival analysis. Conclusion. Predictive value of GATA3 and Ki-67 mutual expression resulted as low from this study, but to our knowledge this was the first study to examine their predictive capability on biopsy and transurethral resection specimens.

Background: Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) incidence rates are high in Taiwan. Our patients with MIBC are commonly managed with a radical cystectomy (RC); however, recurrence rates remain high. Aim: We aimed to establish a protocol regarding neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) followed by RC or transurethral resection (TUR) alone from 2008 to 2013. We outline the efficacy and prognosis of NAC followed by RC. Methods: This was a retrospective study. The clinical data of 38 patients who underwent NAC from 2008 to 2013 at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into Group 1 (NAC with RC) and Group 2 (NAC with TUR alone). Age, sex, tumor size, prechemotherapy characteristics, and oncological outcomes were analyzed. Results: Group 1 had worse chemotherapy responses than Group 2 (48% vs. 71%, P = 0.0002). There were no significant differences in the 3-year progression-free survival and overall survival (OS) between the groups. High-risk patients were defined as having a tumor size >5 cm, concurrent hydronephrosis, and adverse pathological features. High-risk Group 1 patients had a better 3-year OS than high-risk Group 2 patients (13/17, 76%; and 3/5, 63%; respectively). Conclusion: In high-risk patients or patients with poor chemotherapy responses, NAC followed by RC with pelvic lymph node dissection resulted in a significantly increased 3-year OS. NAC with TUR alone was suitable only for low-risk patients with good chemotherapy responses.

The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of erectile dysfunction (ED) in nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients before and after transurethral resection (TUR) in China. Clinical data from 165 male patients with NMIBC who received adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy after TUR in Neijiang First People's Hospital (Neijiang, China) between January 2010 and June 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. The sexual function of these patients was evaluated before and 1.5 years after initial TUR by the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5). An age-specific subanalysis was performed among the patients:

Bladder neck contracture (BNC) is one of the most common complications of surgical treatment of prostate diseases. The rate of postoperative BNC varies depending on the type of surgical treatment used. The options for treatment techniques for BNC can vary from endoscopic interventions to complex (abdominal) surgical interventions. This review evaluates various alternative surgical methods of BNC treatment. The search and analysis of publications in the databases PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, Cochrane Library, according to the keywords, “bladder neck sclerosis,” “benign prostatic hyperplasia,” “BNC,” “bladder neck stenosis,” “balloon dilation,” “treatment.” As a result, 71 publications were selected and included in this review. In addition to the standard treatment methods in the form of transurethral resection and incision of the bladder neck using electricity and laser energy, the urologist also has alternative methods of treatment, such as balloon dilation, placement of urethral stents, instillation of the bladder or intraoperative injection of cytostatic drugs, hormones, hyaluronic acid derivatives, and biomedical cell products into the bladder neck area. Although transurethral resection is currently the main treatment option for BNC, the recurrence rate after this procedure can reach up to 38%. According to the literature, balloon dilation can be a promising and minimally invasive method of treatment for recurrent BNC. This method can be used as the first stage in the treatment of recurrent contracture deformity. Furthermore, intravesical instillation of various anti-inflammatory drugs and cytostatics can be promising directions in the treatment and prevention of BNC.