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Objectives: The prehospital emergency triage rapid algorithm (PETRA) method was designed to overcome the deficiencies of the earlier described simple triage and rapid treatment (START) method. This study has compared the START and PETRA triage methods regarding the appropriateness of triaging victims following a simulated mass casualty incident in terms of accuracy and time efficiency. The two triage systems were compared. Methods: This was a prospective study using a convenience sample of randomly distributed paramedic students between September 2022 and December 2022 at the Civil Defense College in Amman. Sample 102 students of the paramedic diploma program at the College. Total time of prehospital triage, accuracy of prehospital triage, level of under triage, and level of over triage were measured for both study groups. Results: Independent t-test revealed that there was no significant difference between the PETRA and START methods in terms of the prehospital triage accuracy, time spent in prehospital triage, and level of over triage. However, the level of under triage in the PETRA group was lower compared to the START group. Conclusion: The study proposes that the paramedic should adopt the PETRA method as an improved alternative to the START method during a massive causality incident. In the same way, this research encourages the incorporation of the PETRA method in the curricula of paramedics and nurses. More research is required to support the existing findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodic transcriptional waves along the cell cycle ensure the accurate progression of the different cell cycle phases through the timely regulated expression of cell cycle proteins. The G1/S transition (Start) consists in the activation of a transcriptional program by G1 CDKs through the inactivation of Start transcriptional repressors, Whi5 and Whi7 in yeast or Rb in mammals. Here, we provide a comprehensive characterization of the transcriptional regulation of the Start repressor Whi7 in budding yeast. We found that WHI7 is a cell cycle regulated gene that shows periodic expression peaking in G1. Our results demonstrate that the three cell cycle transcriptional programs related to G1 and their corresponding transcription factors are involved in the transcriptional control of WHI7. Specifically, we identified that the transcriptional regulators Swi5 and Mcm1-Yox1, which are involved in late M and early G1 expression, and the transcription factors MBF and SBF, which are responsible for G1/S expression, are able to associate and regulate the WHI7 gene. In summary, in this work, we provide new mechanisms for the regulation of the Start repressor Whi7, which highlights the precise and complex control of the cell cycle machinery governing the G1/S transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computational approaches for movement onset detection can standardize and automate analyses to improve repeatability, accessibility, and time efficiency. With the increasing interest in assessing time-varying biomechanical signals such as force–time recordings, there remains a need to investigate the recently adopted 5 times the standard deviation (5 × SD) threshold method. In addition, other employed methods and their variations such as the reverse scanning and first derivative methods have been scarcely evaluated. The aim of this study was to compare the 5 × SD threshold method, 3 variations of the reverse scanning method, and 5 variations of the first derivative method against manually selected onsets, in the countermovement jump and squat. Limits of agreement with respect to onsets, manually selected from unfiltered data, were best for the first derivative method using a 10-Hz low-pass filter (limits of agreement: −0.02 to 0.05 s and −0.07 to 0.11 s for the countermovement jump and squat, respectively). Thus, even when the onset of unfiltered data is of primary interest, filtering before calculating the first derivative is necessary as it reduces the amplification of high frequencies. The first derivative approach is also less susceptible to inherent variation during the quiet phase prior to the onset compared to the other approaches investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein synthesis underpins cell growth and controls when cells commit to a new round of cell division at a point in late G1 of the cell cycle called Start. Passage through Start also coincides with the duplication of the microtubule-organizing centers, the yeast spindle pole bodies, which will form the 2 poles of the mitotic spindle that segregates the chromosomes in mitosis. The conserved Mps1p kinase governs the duplication of the spindle pole body (SPB) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we show that the MPS1 transcript has a short upstream open reading frame (uORF) that represses the synthesis of Mps1p. Mutating the MPS1 uORF makes the cells smaller, accelerates the appearance of Mps1p in late G1, and promotes completion of Start. Monitoring the SPB in the cell cycle using structured illumination microscopy revealed that mutating the MPS1 uORF enabled cells to duplicate their SPB earlier at a smaller cell size. The accelerated Start of MPS1 uORF mutants depends on the G1 cyclin Cln3p and the transcriptional repressor Whi5p but not on the Cln1 ,2p G1 cyclins. These results identify growth inputs in mechanisms that control duplication of the microtubule-organizing center and implicate these processes in the coupling of cell growth with division. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To establish the impact of a 3-minute computerized cognitive training program (START) on cognition in older adults with and without genetic risk of Alzheimer's disease. Two-arm randomized controlled trial of the START program. Remote online trial in adults older than 50 taking part from home. The trial compared the START program with placebo in 6544 people older than 50. Primary outcome was executive function measured through Trailmaking B, with other secondary cognitive measures. Genetic risk profile and ApoE4 status were determined by Illumina Array. START conferred benefit to executive function, attention, memory, and a composite measure, including in people with the ApoE4 genotype. The 3-minute START task offers a means of supporting cognitive health in older adults and could be used at scale and within a precision medicine approach to reduce risk of cognitive decline in a targeted way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are more than 400 000 Australians living with dementia and an estimated 200 000 carers who provide unpaid or informal care for a person with dementia. Around a third of those live in regional and rural Australia. The objective of this study was to test the feasibility and acceptability of the adapted telehealth STrAtegies for RelaTives (START) program within the Australian healthcare context. Methods: A two-armed, randomised controlled pilot trial was conducted. Twenty-eight family carers were assigned to the START 8-week manualised coping program or cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) delivered in a university psychology clinic. Carers completed pre- and post-intervention questionnaires to determine the acceptability of the program. Standardised measures of mood and perceived carer burden were also administered to explore evidence for limited efficacy using Reliable Change Indices. Results: Eighteen carers were allocated to the START program and 10 to the CBT program. At completion, 10 of 13 commencers in START completed, whereas four of eight eligible CBT carers completed. START carers reported higher overall satisfaction and acceptance of the intervention compared to carers who underwent CBT. Furthermore, the telehealth modality was shown to be a practical and acceptable method of intervention delivery, and satisfaction was rated highly (8.5/10). Referral to and demand for the program proved the largest challenge. Improvement in mood was indicated for some carers who completed START. Conclusions: These findings indicate preliminary evidence for aspects of feasibility of the START intervention for supporting carers in their caring roles via telehealth delivery. Further investigation is needed to determine intervention efficacy for the treatment of mental health symptomology via telehealth. Any future trial examining dementia carers should first establish strong referral pathways and linkages with primary healthcare and diagnostic services. Clinical Trial Registration: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12617000413325). There are more than 400 000 Australians living with dementia and an estimated 200 000 family or friends providing care to them. While the carer's experience can be a positive one, it can also be very stressful. This study shows that an online carer support program was received well and can be helpful in improving mood. Support should be offered to all carers of people living with dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pho85 is a multifunctional CDK that signals to the cell when environmental conditions are favorable. It has been connected to cell cycle control, mainly in Start where it promotes the G1/S transition. Here we describe that the Start repressor Whi7 is a key target of Pho85 in the regulation of cell cycle entry. The phosphorylation of Whi7 by Pho85 inhibits the repressor and explains most of the contribution of the CDK in the activation of Start. Mechanistically, Pho85 downregulates Whi7 protein levels through the control of Whi7 protein stability and WHI7 gene transcription. Whi7 phosphorylation by Pho85 also restrains the intrinsic ability of Whi7 to associate with promoters. Furthermore, although Whi5 is the main Start repressor in normal cycling cells, in the absence of Pho85, Whi7 becomes the major repressor leading to G1 arrest. Overall, our results reveal a novel mechanism by which Pho85 promotes Start through the regulation of the Whi7 repressor at multiple levels, which may confer to Whi7 a functional specialization to connect the response to adverse conditions with the cell cycle control. Synopsis: Pho85 is a CDK involved in metabolism, stress response and cell cycle control. Pho85 promotes the G1/S transition through the phosphorylation and inhibition of the G1/S transcriptional repressor Whi7. The Start transcriptional repressor Whi7 is a highly phosphorylated protein. The multifunctional CDK Pho85 phosphorylates Whi7 in several CDK sites, including Ser27 and Thr100. Pho85 downregulates Whi7 protein levels through the repression of WHI7 transcription and the induction of Whi7 protein degradation. The Pho85-dependent phosphorylation of Whi7 intrinsically inhibits Whi7 association to Start genes promoters. Pho85 promotes the G1/S transition mainly through the specific inhibition of Whi7. Pho85 is a CDK involved in metabolism, stress response and cell cycle control. Pho85 promotes the G1/S transition through the phosphorylation and inhibition of the G1/S transcriptional repressor Whi7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The start in swimming is a crucial phase of a race, where improvements in performance can be made. Twenty-four elite swimmers race pace starts were recorded from five above and below water 50 Hz video cameras. Body position at toe off was calculated from the recordings and consisted of the two-dimensional mass centre position at toe off, and the arm, trunk, front leg and rear leg angles.Horizontal, vertical and resultant velocity of the mass centre at toe off, time to 5 m, 10 m and 15 m were also determined. Whilst time to 5 m (starting performance) differed by 0.17 s between genders, body position at toe off showed no significant differences. The difference in start performance was mainly due to a difference in horizontal velocity at toe off. The relationship between arm angle and start performance warrants further investigation as there was a range of techniques adopted but no clear link to performance. The trunk angle at toe off was correlated to starting performance for both males and females. This study demonstrates that the body position at toe off is no different between genders but is a critical determinant of starting performance for both males and females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ahmad Al-Azayzih,1 Enas Bani-Ahmad,1 Anan S Jarab,1,2 Zelal Kharaba,2,3 Khalid Al-Kubaisi4 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan; 2College of Pharmacy, AL Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; 3Honorary Associate Lecturer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; 4Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab EmiratesCorrespondence: Ahmad Al-Azayzih, Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy-Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan, Email aaazayzih@just.edu.joAims of the Study: This study aimed to identify the prevalence and significant predictors of both potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) and potentially omitted medications (POMs) events among geriatric patients with advanced cancer using the STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Prescriptions) and START (Screening Tool to Alert to Right Treatment) criteria.Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included patients aged ≥ 65 years who were diagnosed and treated for advanced stage of cancer. Patients’ medical charts were evaluated to identify polypharmacy (≥ 5 medications) prevalence as well as potential PIMs and POMs incidents and their associated predictors. SPSS software was used to perform the analysis. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with dependent variables including PIMs use and POMs.Results: Electronic medication charts of 510 patients were evaluated. The average age of the patients was 73.25 years, and 264 (51.8%) patients were males. The average number of medications prescribed per patient was 10.3 (range– 2– 26). Polypharmacy was present in 85.9% of patients, while excessive polypharmacy prevalence was 52.2%. At least one PIM was encountered in 253 patients (49.6%), while at least one POM was encountered in all patients owing to the omission of pneumococcal vaccines. The most common PIMs were opioid analgesics, followed by benzodiazepines, and hypnotics. Additionally, the most omitted medications, excluding vaccinations, were cardiovascular agents and laxatives in patients on regular opioid analgesics. Polypharmacy and diagnosis with solid cancer compared to hematological cancer were associated with increased odds for PIMs occurrence (ORs = 1.293 (p < 0.001) and 3.022 (p = 0.03), respectively), while coexistence of hypertension diagnosis in cancer patients was associated with increased the odds for POMs events (OR = 2.286 (p = 0.007)).Conclusion: Polypharmacy, PIMs, and POMs were highly prevalent among older cancer patients based on the polypharmacy definition and STOPP/START Criteria.Keywords: START, STOPP, geriatrics, inappropriate medications, omitted medications, cancer

Copyright of PODIUM- Revista de Ciencia y Tecnologia en la Cultura Física is the property of Universidad de Pinar del Rio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The contribution to total race distances of underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) is increasing at the elite level. However, little is known about the technical modifications during underwater swimming. In the present research, the aim was to compare the kinematic characteristics of competitive swimmers between the first and last kick of UUS. Fifty-four national level swimmers (26 males and 28 females) performed 25 m maximal efforts from a push start, and two sequential video cameras captured the underwater segment. Kicking parameters and segmental kinematics were calculated by means of two-dimensional direct linear transformation algorithms. Dolphin kick performance showed a clear impairment in velocity (η2 : 0.65), but changes on kicking parameters depended on the swimmer’s gender, with males decreasing kicking amplitude (η2 : 0.25) and females decreasing kicking frequency (η2 : 0.18) in the last kick. Decline in kicking performance seemed to be more related to the swimmers’ body configuration when approaching the water surface (greater trunk inclination and maximal body amplitude in sagittal plane) than to technical modifications in the dolphin kick movement (no changes in the joints range of movement except the hip). Swimmers should control their vertical body amplitude at the end of underwater sections to minimise the decrease in kicking performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basis for commitment to cell division in late G1 phase, called Start in yeast, is a critical but still poorly understood aspect of eukaryotic cell proliferation. Most dividing cells accumulate mass and grow to a critical cell size before traversing the cell cycle. This size threshold couples cell growth to division and thereby establishes long-term size homeostasis. At present, mechanisms involved in cell size homeostasis in fungal pathogens are not well described. Our previous survey of the size phenome in Candida albicans focused on 279 unique mutants enriched mainly in kinases and transcription factors (Sellam et al. PLoS Genet 15:e1008052, 2019). To uncover novel size regulators in C. albicans and highlight potential innovation within cell size control in pathogenic fungi, we expanded our genetic survey of cell size to include 1301 strains from the GRACE (Gene Replacement and Conditional Expression) collection. The current investigation uncovered both known and novel biological processes required for cell size homeostasis in C. albicans. We also confirmed the plasticity of the size control network as few C. albicans size genes overlapped with those of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Many new size genes of C. albicans were associated with biological processes that were not previously linked to cell size control and offer an opportunity for future investigation. Additional work is needed to understand if mitochondrial activity is a critical element of the metric that dictates cell size in C. albicans and whether modulation of the onset of actomyosin ring constriction is an additional size checkpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulsating heat pipe (PHP) is an efficient heat transfer technology applied in the fields of heat dissipation and energy utilization. There are many factors affecting the heat transfer of PHP, including working fluid, filling ratio, inclination angle, etc. The cooling capacity of the cooling water system at the condensing section to the working fluid is also an important factor affecting the starting and operating of PHP. The research on PHP at different cooling water flow rates is of great significance for enhancing the operating performance. An experimental investigation of starting and running performance is carried out on a closed loop PHP with ultrapure water under different inclination angles of 90°, 60° and 30°. The starting and heat transfer performance of PHP with a filling ratio of 50% is obtained by adjusting the heat input in the range of 30–210 W at different cooling water flow rates of 6.7 g/s, 9.7 g/s and 13.9 g/s. The temperature and heat transfer resistance are used for analyzing the heat transfer performance. The results show that the starting mode, initial pulsating temperature and different heat transfer effects are brought about by different cooling water flow rates. It is observed that the cooling water flow rate has no obvious influence on the starting mode of PHP and that the starting mode of PHP is temperature progressive, starting with the increase in cooling water flow rates at a heating input of about 30 W. The influence of cooling water flow rates on the heat transfer performance of PHP is affected in a different way by inclination angles. The heat transfer performance of PHP with an inclination angle of 90° is similar at 6.7 g/s, 9.7 g/s and 13.9 g/s but, under the condition of 60° and 30°, the heat transfer resistance drops within a certain range effectively with an increasing cooling water flow rate from 6.7 g/s to 9.7 g/s and the heat transfer performance does not change significantly with the cooling water flow rate increasing to 13.9 g/s. Thus, there is an optimal value for the cooling water flow rate during the operating of PHP. The inclination angle also has an important effect on the temperature pulsating, and the temperature of PHP affected by gravity is stable with an inclination angle of 90°. However, the reduced influence of gravity on the backflow of the working fluid drops when the inclination angle decreases from 90° to 30°, and the wall temperature increases due to local overheating when the high heat input occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for long-term care is expected to increase due to the rising life expectancy and the increased prevalence of long-term illnesses. Nursing home residents are at an increased risk of suffering adverse drug events due to inadequate prescriptions. The main objective of this systematic review is to collect and analyze the prevalence of potentially inadequate prescriptions based on the new version of STOPP/START criteria in this specific population. Databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane) were searched for inappropriate prescription use in nursing homes according to the second version of STOPP/START criteria. The risk of bias was assessed with the STROBE checklist. A total of 35 articles were assessed for eligibility. One hundred and forty nursing homes and more than 6900 residents were evaluated through the analysis of 13 studies of the last eight years. The reviewed literature returned prevalence ranges between 67.8% and 87.7% according to the STOPP criteria, according to START criteria prevalence ranged from 39.5% to 99.7%. The main factors associated with the presence of inappropriate prescriptions were age, comorbidities, and polypharmacy. These data highlight that, although the STOPP/START criteria were initially developed for community-dwelling older adults, its use in nursing homes may be a starting point to help detect more efficiently inappropriate prescriptions in institutionalized patients. We hope that this review will help to draw attention to the need for medication monitoring systems in this vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Short distance running is part of the maximum intensity cycling exercises, consisting of combined efforts, each step being performed as a result of a complete impulse, characterized by covering a distance in a shorter time. Objective: This study aims to follow the development of power for the start in short distance speed trials. Material and method: A 26-year-old male athlete, who has been practicing athletics for 14 years, participated in the study, based on the 100-meter flat sprint. The pre-test was performed before the preparation period, the intermediate test after one, two and three mesocycles (months) and the final test after the fourth mesocycle (after 4 months). The evaluations followed the strength with which 4 exercises were performed (deadlift, clean, power clean and squat) of 6 repetitions each. At the same time, the length of the distance covered in the first three steps from the start was followed. During the four mesocycles, the athlete participated in specific strength development training. Results: Following the training program for the development of lower limb power, execution speed and lower limb strength, statistically significant results were observed in 2 of the 4 exercises performed in the evaluations. Regarding the jumped step starting from the two different positions, an evolution was observed reaching from the length of 5.24m to 6.44m in the first variant, and from 5.31m to 5.93m in the second variant. In both cases the execution time of the three steps increased, reaching the value of 1.85s, respectively 1.49s. Conclusions: Following the results obtained in the five evaluations, we notice that the training program was developed efficiently and that the results improved in most of the evaluation tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers’ expectations may affect the academic performance of their pupils, leading to the effect of “self-fulfilling prophecies”. Teachers form their expectations about the academic performance of their pupils based on the information they possess about the latter. The present study tested a hypothesis about a correlation between the teacher’s disposal of information about the pupil’s ranking on an initial diagnostic test at the beginning of the first grade and the pupil’s academic performance at the end of the first grade. It also tested the hypothesis that the teacher’s disposal of information about the pupil’s ranking can affect his or her expectations about the level of the pupil’s cognitive skills. In this large-scale cluster randomized controlled experimental study, the participants included 4,460 first-grade students from 188 schools in a Russian region. We divided the schools into the experimental and control groups randomly. The teachers in the control group received information about the basic skills of their pupils. In contrast, experimental group teachers additionally received information about their pupils’ ranking based on a combination of indicators of their cognitive (basic reading and math) and non-cognitive (personal and socio-emotional) skills. The study did not confirm the hypotheses.

Abstract Background Environmental exposures in utero which modify DNA methylation may have a long-lasting impact on health and disease in offspring. We aimed to identify and replicate previously published genomic loci where DNA methylation changes are attributable to in utero exposures in the NutriGen birth cohort studies Alliance. Methods We reviewed the literature to identify differentially methylated sites of newborn DNA which are associated with the following five traits of interest maternal diabetes, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), diet during pregnancy, smoking, and gestational age. We then attempted to replicate these published associations in the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) and the South Asian birth cohort (START) cord blood epigenome-wide data. Results We screened 68 full-text articles and identified a total of 17 cord blood epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) of the traits of interest. Out of the 290 CpG sites reported, 19 were identified in more than one study; all of them associated with maternal smoking. In CHILD and START EWAS, thousands of sites associated with gestational age were identified and maintained significance after correction for multiple testing. In CHILD, there was differential methylation observed for 8 of the published maternal smoking sites. No other traits tested (i.e., folate levels, gestational diabetes, birthweight) replicated in the CHILD or START cohorts. Conclusions Maternal smoking during pregnancy and gestational age are strongly associated with differential methylation in offspring cord blood, as assessed in the EWAS literature and our birth cohorts. There are a limited number of reported methylation sites associated in more than two independent studies related to pregnancy. Additional large studies of diverse populations with fine phenotyping are needed to produce robust epigenome-wide data in order to further elucidate the effect of intrauterine exposures on the infants’ methylome.

Background: The analysis of kinematic characteristics in the glide phase after the start of swimming is significantly valuable for the technical optimization of competition. However, in the traditional analysis of kinematic parameters in time series are generally similar in the time axis, but their corresponding relationship is unknown. Objective: The objective of this study is to identify the difference in kinematic parameters in underwater phases of hands-free start and hands-together start by using a case of an Olympic champion in men’s 200 m individual medley competition, through the dynamic time warp (DTW) pattern-matching approach. Methods: An Olympic gold medal winner in the men’s 200 m individual medley competition is the subject of this study. The start techniques of hands-together and hands-free were included in the comparison. A Marker-Free Subaqueous Motion Recognition System was used to capture the motion, and nonlinear regressions between each kinematic parameter were made according to their theoretical physical relationships. And the DTW was applied to conduct the pattern matching. Results: The majority of the resistance loads on the swimmer’s body in the subaqueous glide phase is the pressure drag of the water, and the swimmer will have a higher instantaneous and average velocity at the end of the start when the swimmer keeps his or her hands together and arms straight forward in the subaqueous glide phase due to the dynamic benefit prepared during the whole glide phase. Conclusion: A start technique with hands-together and arms straight forwards could create mechanical and kinematical advantages for the swimmer, and the advantages might come from the optimal preload for the muscle activation at the end of the glide phase.

This study explored in the 50m races of the four swimming strokes the performance parameters and/or technical variables that determined the differences between swimmers who reach the finals and those who do not. A total of 322 performances retrieved from the 2021 Budapest European championships were the focus of this study. The results of the performances achieved during the finals compared to the heats showed that the best swimmers did not excel during the heats, as a significant progression of performance was observed in most of the strokes as the competition progressed. Specifically, combining men and women, the swimmers had in freestyle a mean coefficient of variation (CV) of ~0.6%, with a mean range of performance improvement (Δ%) of Δ = ~0.7%; in breaststroke a mean CV of ~0.5% and Δ = −0.2%; in backstroke a mean CV of ~0.5% and Δ = −0.6%, and; in butterfly a mean CV of ~0.7% and Δ = −0.9%. For all strokes, it was a reduction of the underwater phase with the aim of increasing its speed. However, this result was not always transferred to the final performance. In any case, most of the swimmers tried to make improvements from the start of the race up to 15 m. Furthermore, the swimmers generated an overall increase in stroke rate as the rounds progressed. However, a decrease in stroke length resulted and, this balance appeared to be of little benefit to performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the rule change permitting the inclusion of one dolphin kick during the underwater breaststroke pullout phase following a swim start or turn, there has been an emergence of several different pullout techniques adopted by elite swimmers. The aim of this study was to characterize the underwater breaststroke pullout technique trends and to assess the effectiveness of each technique as utilized by elite male and female swimmers. The sample included 60 swimmers (n = 26 male, n = 34 female) competing across the 50, 100, and 200 m long-course breaststroke final races from the World Championships 2015, 2017, 2019 and Olympic Games 2016. An above-water camera was used to identify and measure the different phases of the underwater pullout techniques, which was found to be a highly accurate methodological approach (ICC = 0.97). From the 150 trials analyzed, three different pullout techniques were identified: the Fly-Kick First technique, the Combined technique and the Pull-Down First technique. Although the most common underwater pullout technique utilized by elite competitive breaststroke swimmers was the Combined technique (n = 71), followed by the Fly-Kick First technique (n = 65) and the Pull-Down First technique (n = 14), it was observed that technical selection deviates according to gender. This indicates that male and female swimmers should not be coached adhering to the same technical model. This study found no significant difference in terms of performance outcome with respect to each of these techniques, indicating that technique selection should be guided by one's individual preference. It was concluded that the results of this study will serve as an up-to-date resource for coaches and swimmers working with elite breaststroke swimmers and as a useful insight to current underwater pullout trends.

This study explored in the 50 m races of the four swimming strokes the performance parameters and/or technical variables that determined the differences between swimmers who reach the finals and those who do not. A total of 322 performances retrieved from the 2021 Budapest European championships were the focus of this study. The results of the performances achieved during the finals compared to the heats showed that the best swimmers did not excel during the heats, as a significant progression of performance was observed in most of the strokes as the competition progressed. Specifically, combining men and women, the swimmers had in freestyle a mean coefficient of variation (CV) of ∼0.6%, with a mean range of performance improvement (∆%) of ∆ = ∼0.7%; in breaststroke a mean CV of ∼0.5% and ∆ = −0.2%; in backstroke a mean CV of ∼0.5% and ∆ = −0.6%, and; in butterfly a mean CV of ∼0.7% and ∆ = −0.9%. For all strokes, it was a reduction of the underwater phase with the aim of increasing its speed. However, this result was not always transferred to the final performance. In any case, most of the swimmers tried to make improvements from the start of the race up to 15 m. Furthermore, the swimmers generated an overall increase in stroke rate as the rounds progressed. However, a decrease in stroke length resulted and, this balance appeared to be of little benefit to performance.

Copyright of Timisoara Physical Education & Rehabilitation Journal is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: This study aims to report the results of a pioneering clinical study using the single-port transaxillary robotic thyroidectomy (START) for 200 patients with thyroid tumor and to introduce our novel two-step retraction method. Methods: START was performed on consecutive 200 patients using the da Vinci Single-Port (SP) robot system from January 2019 to September 2020 at the Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea. The novel two-step retraction technique, in which a 3.5 cm long incision is made along the natural skin crease, was used for the latter 164 patients. The surgical outcome and invasiveness of the SP two-step retraction method were analyzed. Results: Among the 200 cases who underwent START, 198 were female and 2 were male, with a mean age of 34.7 (range: 13–58 years). Thyroid lobectomy was performed for 177 patients and total thyroidectomy was performed for 23 patients. Ten patients had benign thyroid nodules, whereas the other 190 had thyroid malignancy. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 22.2 ± 3.7 kg/m2 (range: 15.9–37.0 kg/m2). All of the operations were performed successfully without any open conversions, and patients were discharged on postoperative day 3 or 4 without significant complication. The mean operative time for thyroid lobectomy with the two-step retraction method was 116.69 ± 23.23 min, which was similar to that in the conventional robotic skin flap method (115.33 ± 17.29 min). We could minimize the extent of the robotic skin flap dissection with the two-step retraction method. Conclusions: START is a practical surgical method. By employing the new two-step retraction method, we can maximize the cosmetic and functional benefits for patients and reduce the workload fatigue of surgeons by increasing robotic dependency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START) is a 20-item structured professional judgment instrument for assessing dynamic risk in mental health services. Much of the START research literature examines the relationship between Strengths and Vulnerabilities sub-scale total scores and various adverse outcomes including violence. This assumes that the two sub-scales have the psychometric property of unidimensionality i.e. all the items cluster together as a measure of a single construct. Such assumed unidimensionality is a necessary condition for any analyses based on scale "total score" and the widespread use of scores summated in this way in research studies may obscure more specific clusters of items within each sub-scale. This multinational study examined START assessments (n = 685) conducted in four forensic services in Scandinavia and the UK using principal component analysis. It was found that all but three Strengths items (Substance Use, Social Support and Material Resources) and all but four Vulnerabilities items (Substance Use, Social Support, Material Resources and Self care) loaded >0.5 on the expected component. This indicates a unidimensional structure underlying the START and provides empirical support from a large multinational sample for the widespread use of summated Strengths and Vulnerabilities scores in forensic psychiatric risk research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sprawy Miedzynarodowe / International Affairs is the property of Instytut Studiow Politycznych PAN and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Environmental exposures in utero which modify DNA methylation may have a long-lasting impact on health and disease in offspring. We aimed to identify and replicate previously published genomic loci where DNA methylation changes are attributable to in utero exposures in the NutriGen birth cohort studies Alliance. Methods: We reviewed the literature to identify differentially methylated sites of newborn DNA which are associated with the following five traits of interest maternal diabetes, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), diet during pregnancy, smoking, and gestational age. We then attempted to replicate these published associations in the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) and the South Asian birth cohort (START) cord blood epigenome-wide data. Results: We screened 68 full-text articles and identified a total of 17 cord blood epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) of the traits of interest. Out of the 290 CpG sites reported, 19 were identified in more than one study; all of them associated with maternal smoking. In CHILD and START EWAS, thousands of sites associated with gestational age were identified and maintained significance after correction for multiple testing. In CHILD, there was differential methylation observed for 8 of the published maternal smoking sites. No other traits tested (i.e., folate levels, gestational diabetes, birthweight) replicated in the CHILD or START cohorts. Conclusions: Maternal smoking during pregnancy and gestational age are strongly associated with differential methylation in offspring cord blood, as assessed in the EWAS literature and our birth cohorts. There are a limited number of reported methylation sites associated in more than two independent studies related to pregnancy. Additional large studies of diverse populations with fine phenotyping are needed to produce robust epigenome-wide data in order to further elucidate the effect of intrauterine exposures on the infants' methylome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The goal of disaster triage at both the prehospital and in-hospital level is to maximize resources and optimize patient outcomes. Of the disaster-specific triage methods developed to guide health care providers, the Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) algorithm has become the most popular system world-wide. Despite its appeal and global application, the accuracy and effectiveness of the START protocol is not well-known. Objectives: The purpose of this meta-analysis was two-fold: (1) to estimate overall accuracy, under-triage, and over-triage of the START method when used by providers across a variety of backgrounds; and (2) to obtain specific accuracy for each of the four START categories: red, yellow, green, and black. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted that searched Medline (OVID), Embase (OVID), Global Health (OVID), CINAHL (EBSCO), Compendex (Engineering Village), SCOPUS, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, Cochrane Library, and PROSPERO. The results were expanded by hand searching of journals, reference lists, and the grey literature. The search was executed in March 2020. The review considered the participants, interventions, context, and outcome (PICO) framework and followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Accuracy outcomes are presented as means with 95% confidence intervals (CI) as calculated using the binomial method. Pooled meta-analyses of accuracy outcomes using fixed and random effects models were calculated and the heterogeneity was assessed using the Q statistic. Results: Thirty-two studies were included in the review, most of which utilized a non-randomized study design (84%). Proportion of victims correctly triaged using START ranged from 0.27 to 0.99 with an overall triage accuracy of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.67 to 0.78). Proportion of over-triage was 0.14 (95% CI, 0.11 to 0.17) while the proportion of under-triage was 0.10 (95% CI, 0.072 to 0.14). There was significant heterogeneity of the studies for all outcomes (P <.0001). Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests that START is not accurate enough to serve as a reliable disaster triage tool. Although the accuracy of START may be similar to other models of disaster triage, development of a more accurate triage method should be urgently pursued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Physical Culture / Tělesná Kultura is the property of Palacky University in Olomouc and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In fission yeast, MBF-dependent transcription is required for cells to complete S phase. The MBF transcription factor is regulated through a complex feedback mechanism that involves the co-repressors Yox1 and Nrm1 that are loaded onto MBF at the end of S phase, while positive transactivation is achieved through the constitutive binding of the co-activator Rep2. Here we show that Rep2 is required to fully recruit the chromatin remodelers SWI/SNF and RSC to MBF-regulated promoters. On the contrary, Nrm1 and Yox1, when bound to the MBF complex, block the approximation of these chromatin remodelers to MBF-regulated promoters. We propose that SWI/SNF and RSC are recruited to MBF-regulated genes, and RSC together with SAGA complex are important to regulate the G1-to-S transcriptional wave. Mutants of these remodeler complexes are highly sensitive when cells are exposed to insults that challenge DNA synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundMass casualty incidents (MCIs) can occur as a consequence of a wide variety of events and often require overwhelming prehospital and emergency support and coordinated emergency response. A variety of disaster triage systems have been developed to assist health care providers in making difficult choices with regards to prioritization of victim treatment. The simple triage and rapid treatment (START) triage system is one of the most widely used triage algorithms; however, the research literature addressing real-world or simulation studies documenting the classification accuracy of personnel using START is lacking.Aims and ObjectivesTo explore the existing literature related to the current state of knowledge about studies assessing the classification accuracy of the START triage system.DesignScoping review based on Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework and narrative synthesis based on methods described by Popay and colleagues were performed.ResultsThe literature search identified 1,820 citations, of which 32 studies met the inclusion criteria. Thirty were peer-reviewed articles and 28 published in the last 10 years (i.e., 2010 and onward). Primary research studies originated in 13 countries and included 3,706 participants conducting triaging assessments involving 2,950 victims. Included studies consisted of five randomized controlled trials, 17 non-randomized controlled studies, eight descriptive studies, and two mixed-method studies. Simulation techniques, mode of delivery, contextual features, and participants' required skills varied among studies. Overall, there was no consistent reporting of outcomes across studies and results were heterogeneous. Data were extracted from the included studies and categorized into two themes: (1) typology of simulations and (2) START system in MCIs simulations. Each theme contains sub-themes regarding the development of simulation employing START as a system for improving individuals' preparedness. These include types of simulation training, settings, and technologies. Other sub-themes include outcome measures and reference standards.ConclusionThis review demonstrates a variety of factors impacting the development and implementation of simulation to assess characteristics of the START system. To further improve simulation-based assessment of triage systems, we recommend the use of reporting guidelines specifically designed for health care simulation research. In particular, reporting of reference standards and test characteristics need to improve in future studies.

The demand for long-term care is expected to increase due to the rising life expectancy and the increased prevalence of long-term illnesses. Nursing home residents are at an increased risk of suffering adverse drug events due to inadequate prescriptions. The main objective of this systematic review is to collect and analyze the prevalence of potentially inadequate prescriptions based on the new version of STOPP/START criteria in this specific population. Databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane) were searched for inappropriate prescription use in nursing homes according to the second version of STOPP/START criteria. The risk of bias was assessed with the STROBE checklist. A total of 35 articles were assessed for eligibility. One hundred and forty nursing homes and more than 6900 residents were evaluated through the analysis of 13 studies of the last eight years. The reviewed literature returned prevalence ranges between 67.8% and 87.7% according to the STOPP criteria, according to START criteria prevalence ranged from 39.5% to 99.7%. The main factors associated with the presence of inappropriate prescriptions were age, comorbidities, and polypharmacy. These data highlight that, although the STOPP/START criteria were initially developed for community-dwelling older adults, its use in nursing homes may be a starting point to help detect more efficiently inappropriate prescriptions in institutionalized patients. We hope that this review will help to draw attention to the need for medication monitoring systems in this vulnerable population.

Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study is to underscore the changing discourse of Washington's approach towards global arms control and disarmament regime. United States in October 2018 announced its willingness to come out of 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force Treaty (INF). This not only invoked a new debate on the future of arms control treaties but also sent waves of insecurity in the global order that had been observing a positive discourse of disarmament between the two Cold War arch rivals. With ups and downs in the subsequent ultimatums at-last the fate of the treaty faced termination from the US in February 2019 just like the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) that was ended in 2002 by the then US President George W. Bush. The key question confronted in the study is about, why subsequent U.S. administrations are deviating from international commitments that the Washington made to ensure international peace and security? Methodology: The study is descriptive in nature and follows deductive method with that of mixed method approach to highlight the challenges surrounding regime failure of global security system. Main Findings: This study makes the point that the result of US withdrawals from her international arms control commitments would accelerate development and deployment elements of its Global ABM system in South Korea, Japan and number of European countries. That is why Washington's decision to abandon INF treaty can be openly considered as a multistep strategy for denial of global security system. At the same time the final goal of this strategy is clearly visible, which is to weaken the reciprocal abilities of presumed rogue and revisionist enemy-countries. Additionally, the White House is interested in strengthening ties with allies such as India to contain Chinese rise. Applications of the study: In this study an attempt has been made to underscore the US security anxiety which revolves around the pretext of Russian and Chinese evolving missile modernization. Washington believes that to ensure her national security it has to neutralize both the Chinese and Russian factor in an adequate manner. This aspires and requires US missile deployments in Asia Pacific Region with that of additional air and sea delivery means in allies territories. In fact, the INF treaty was putting bar on the US options to mitigate the evolving security theatre. Somehow, Washington's viewpoint to walk away from the INF treaty is the same as of ABM treaty. Novelty/Originality of this study: The study has looked into the new but rapidly increasing securitization of strategic stability with that of confronting the very notion of global security order. The study has generated the information about the impact of United States trend of deviating from arms control treaties and its impact on global security system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During mass casualty incidents (MCIs), the accuracy and timing of the triage of patients by the emergency department (ED) triage officers are essential. The primary triage is performed at the event's location by paramedics and intends a quick evaluation of the victims. Secondary triage may be used when the transfer of the victim is delayed. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of two-point triage in a simulated environment of an MCI in the hospital setting. In this case-control study, we used an online test module to assess single triage points (Group 1, n = 41) and two triage points (Group 2, n = 40). 60 vignettes for Group 1 and 55 vignettes (5 deceased cases removed) for Group 2 were used. The assessment utilized clinical MCI scenarios in a scheduled online meeting by using the Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) system. Triage time and accuracy of the triage, along with the experience, and previous training of the participants, were assessed. A total of 81 triage officers participated in this study. The participants were divided into two independent groups homogenously according to their profession and experience. Groups were comparable primarily without any statistically significant difference in terms of the profession (p = 0.101), sex (p = 0.923), and MCI experience (p = 0.785). The difference between the two groups was not significant with regard to having received practical or theoretical triage training (p = 0.099). The mean time of a single vignette triage was 19.2 (SD 6.5) seconds and mean percentage of correct triage score was 65.0 (SD 12.6). The participants had a statistically significantly better performance in the single-point triage group regarding the median triage time (p < 0.001) and median percentages of under triage (p = 0.001), but a worse median percentage of over triage (p < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the percentage of accurate triage. Emergency residents performed better in accuracy and triage time than their non-physician colleagues (p = 0.019). Two-point triage does not demonstrate better outcomes in terms of accuracy and timing. Triage officers should be trained frequently with the preferred training methodology to prevent improper triage accuracy and timing. Well-defined medical disaster planning should include frequent training of the triage officers with case scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Direct coupling of whole-core pin-by-pin neutronics and thermal-hydraulics codes. • The deterministic pin-by-pin neutronics code performs the master role. • The subchannel pin-by-pin thermal-hydraulics code performs the slave role. • Unified domain decomposition is designed for the parallelization of the two codes. • Block-wise ghost region is designed as a buffer between neighboring processors. In reactor design and safety analysis, the interaction between neutronics and thermal-hydraulics is of significant importance. As an alternative and improved two-step method, the pin-by-pin scheme requires pin-wise thermal-hydraulics feedback to improve the resolution of 3D whole-core analysis. In this work, we implement an embedded coupling of the subchannel code START with the whole-core pin-by-pin calculation system NECP-Bamboo2.0 following the master–slave approach. The 2D lattice code Bamboo-Lattice2.0 in NECP-Bamboo2.0 provides the pin-wise homogenized few-group constants for the coupling system, and the 3D whole-core pin-by-pin code Bamboo-Core2.0 is coupled as the master code with a modified MPI-based START. Bamboo-Core2.0 retains its neutronics module and multi-physics coupling strategy. In contrast, START is only embedded as a slave module into the master. Both of them share the same MPI-based parallelism strategy with a block-based domain decomposition approach. Therefore, the coupling code developed in this paper has a high-level global coupling efficiency on a multi-process platform. The data exchange between neutronics and thermal-hydraulics adopts a direct block-to-block model, thus requiring no additional data interface. The coupling code is verified using the VERA#6 3D single-assembly benchmark problem and the mini-core problem based on the VERA#4 benchmark. The numerical results demonstrate that the coupling code possesses good parallel efficiency and computational precision. Compared with the single-channel model, the subchannel model can simulate the mass/momentum/energy exchange between channels accurately, and thus a more continuous coolant temperature distribution can be obtained. Meanwhile, the subchannel model is also able to reduce the maximum pin-wise coolant temperature, fuel temperature, and power peak, while the eigenvalue can be increased by about 10 pcm for the steady-state problems used for verification in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Our findings show general support for the expansion of the National START model to serve eligible families with children of all ages. • Fidelity to timely access to services did not differ between families with older children and those with young children 0–5. • Successful completion of the Ohio START model did not differ between the two groups. • No regional or cohort effects on timely access to services nor for successful completion of the model. • Increasing availability of the START model to families with children of all ages may have wider reaching impacts on youth's own substance misuse. The Sobriety Treatment and Recovery Teams (START) model is an evidence-supported intervention for families with at least one child under age 6 involved in the child welfare system due to substance misuse. The hallmark of the START model is early identification and linkage to addiction treatment services. To address the dual problem of heightened need for addiction treatment services and limited treatment availability in the wake of the opioid epidemic, Ohio's adaptation extended the model to serve all eligible families regardless of the age of children in the household. To investigate the delivery of the START model for parents and caregivers of older youth (age 6–18) only as compared to the population for which it was originally intended. We used data from 40 counties and with parents as the unit of analysis (N = 714). We used multilevel models to estimate the relationship between the age of children in the home and 1) meeting fidelity for timely access to treatment services and 2) successful completion of the model. There was no statistically significant difference in the likelihood of meeting fidelity requirement for timely access to treatment services, nor in successful completion for families with older children as compared to those with at least one child aged 0–5. These results lend support to the use of the START model for all eligible families, regardless of the children's ages. Future studies can examine more nuanced relationships to include the role of specific substances, child placement, and the role of family peer mentors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-occurring parental substance use and child maltreatment is a serious concern in the U.S child welfare system. The aim of the study was to examine parenting attitudes and practices among parents who participated in Ohio START (Sobriety, Treatment, And Reducing Trauma), a statewide initiative that provides support to families affected by co-occurring parental substance use and child maltreatment. Study 1 involved quantitative data collected from 73 enrolled parents through pre-test and post-test telephone surveys. Study 2 (parent interviews) involved qualitative data collected through in-depth interviews with 34 enrolled parents. The paired-sample t -test and the McNemar test were conducted in Study 1 and thematic analysis was conducted in Study 2. Quantitative analysis indicated significant improvements in parental expectations of children (t = −3.42, p =.001, Cohen's d = −0.40), parent-child family roles (t = −5.74, p <.001, Cohen's d = −0.67), and children's power and independence (t = −3.42, p =.001, Cohen's d = −0.40). Qualitative analysis revealed six themes related to changes in parenting after participation in Ohio START: (1) Being present for children, (2) Engaging in activities with children, (3) Enjoyment in providing care to children, (4) Maintaining employment for financial stability, (5) Better emotion regulation and stress management, and (6) a sense of pride. Our findings demonstrate positive changes in parenting attitudes and practices among parents who participated in Ohio START and provide further support for the potential merits of this model and its continued expansion throughout Ohio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we design and develop HaptStarter—a haptic stimulus start system—to improve the starting performance of the deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) sprinters. A DHH person has a physical ability nearly equivalent to hearing; however, the difficulties in perceiving audio information lead to differences in their performance in sports. Furthermore, the visual reaction time is slower than the auditory reaction time (ART), while the haptic reaction time is equivalent to it. However, a light stimulus start system is increasingly being used in sprint races to aid DHH sprinters. In this study, we design a brand-new haptic stimulus start system for DHH sprinters; we also determine and leverage an optimum haptic stimulus interface. The proposed method has the potential to contribute toward the development of prototypes based on the universal design principle for everyone (DHH, blind and low-vision, and other disabled sprinters with wheelchairs or artificial arms or legs, etc.) by focusing on the overlapping area of sports and disability with human–computer interaction. • The sprint race start signal for the deaf and hard of hearing uses visual stimuli. • React faster to haptic stimuli than to visual stimuli in previous research. • Developed an interface using a haptic stimulus as a new starting signal. • Conducted the user study using crouch start for deaf and hard of hearing sprinters. • Found participants reacted faster to a haptic stimulus than to a visual stimulus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The starting of a supersonic air-intake at the design Mach number depends on the internal blockage due to flame-holder struts in the combustor. In the present work, the starting of a two-dimensional supersonic air-intake for scramjet operation was verified experimentally on an isolated full-scale truncated model. The first ramp of the supersonic air-intake was truncated and simulated from downstream of the second ramp where the local Mach number was 3.7. The flight mission dictated the opening time of the cowl plate to be fixed as 200 mS. The maximum blockage of struts which allows the intake to start was determined by varying the blockage ratio in the range of 20% to 30%. The results indicate that the intake starts when the blockage ratio was 20%, but unstarts for 25% and 30%. In the unstart condition, discrete frequencies of 45 Hz and 60 Hz occurred and pressure fluctuations in the intake showed limit cycle oscillations. A detailed analysis of unsteady pressure fluctuations confirms that the buzz could be modeled as a Van Der Pol oscillator with nonlinear damping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]