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Hydrogen is an important energy carrier without carbon emissions. To achieve a carbon‐neutral world, the demand for hydrogen is very significant. In the process of producing green hydrogen, water splitting using electrocatalysts is a desirable process among many methods. The ideal electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution is the platinum group of metals; however, the limitations of high cost and low abundance hinder large‐scale hydrogen production. Hence, researchers are trying to develop materials from more abundant and less expensive. Hence, in this review, we focus on the fundamental principles of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and various synthesis methods and strategies. From the material perspective, we focus on nickel sulfide‐based nanomaterials of different phases during the last four years of development. We compared the electrocatalyst parameters concerning the synthesis methods and strategies chosen. Finally, we have also discussed future challenges. Ultimately, by synthesizing the collective knowledge amassed in the field of HER research, this review endeavors to offer a comprehensive resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers striving to advance hydrogen‐based energy technologies. In doing so, we aspire to foster continued innovation and collaboration toward realizing a sustainable energy future powered by hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel Ni (II) coordination polymer [Ni(pdc)(bib)(H2 O)]n (Ni-CP) was synthesised by solvothermal method with 3,5-pyridyl dicarboxylic acid (3,5-H2 pdc), 1, 4-bis (1-imidazolyl) benzene (bib) and Ni(NO3)2, and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric, IR spectroscopic and fluorescence spectroscopy analysis. The results show that Ni-CP crystallized as a monoclinic system with C2/c space group. The asymmetric unit of Ni-CP was comprised of one Ni(II), two half bib ligands, one completely deprotonated 3,5-pdc2 - ligands and one coordinated water molecule. The environment around central Ni(II) can be described as irregular hexacoordination octahedral geometry of NiO3 N3. The bib and 3,5-pdc2 - ligands were bridged by the bidentate coordination mode in the μ2-η1∶η1 fashion and the tridentate coordination mode in the μ3-η1∶η1∶η1 fashion to form a three-dimensional network framework. From a topological point of view, the two-dimensional frame structure can be simplified to a 3-connected topology with a Schläfli symbol (4·82). We consider the 3,5-pdc2 - ligands and Ni(II) as nodes and the bib ligands as connectors, forming a threedimensional structure can be simplified to a 3,5-connected double nodes with topological symbols (4·6·8)(4·62 ·87). The porosity of Ni-CP is 17. 4%. Ni-CP could selectively detect Fe3 +, CrO2 - 4 and Cr2 O2 - 7 with detection limits of 4. 275 ×10 -5, 2. 681 ×10 -5, 2. 681 ×10 -5 mol/L, respectively, and have a high quenching rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel structure cobalt coordination polymer of {[Co(4,4′-bipy)(H2 O)4]·(p-CH3 C6 H4 SO3)2 }n was prepared by solvothermal method with sodium p-toluenesulfonate as the main ligand and 4,4′-bipy as the auxiliary ligand. The cobalt coordination polymer was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray single crystal diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray powder diffraction. The results show that {[Co (4,4′-bipy) (H2 O)4] · (p-CH3 C6 H4 SO3)2 }n belongs to monoclinic system, P21 / c space group; cell parameters of a =11. 319 1(14) Å, b = 8. 062 6(11) Å, c = 14. 936(2) Å, α =90°, β =92. 423(4)°, γ =90°, V = 1 361. 9(3) Å3, Z = 2. The central metal Co(Ⅱ) ion is a hexagonal octahedral structure with slightly distorted coordination. It forms a one-dimensional infinite chain through the bridging of N atoms in 4,4′-bipy. The interlayer is further expanded into a three-dimensional supramolecular structure through the hydrogen bonding between the coordination water molecule and p-methylbenzenesulfonic acid. The [Co(4,4′-bipy)2 (H2 O)4] ·(p-CH3 C6 H4 SO3) structural unit in the cobalt coordination polymer was quantum chemically calculated by Gaussian 09 program, and the optimal configuration was obtained. The atomic charge distribution and the composition of the front occupied orbital well support the coordination environment of the crystal structure. Finally, the electrochemical impedance test shows that the resistance of the coordination polymer is small and the conductivity is good, which provides a certain theoretical basis for its electrochemical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Biochar is regarded as a promising lithium-ion batteries anode material, owing to its high cost-effectiveness. However, the poor specific capacity and cycling stability have limited its practical applications. A straightforward and cost-efficient solvothermal method is presented for synthesizing Mn 3 O 4 /biochar composites in this study. By adjusting solvothermal temperatures, Mn 3 O 4 with different morphology is prepared and anchored on the biochar surface (MKAC-T) to improve the electrochemical performance. Due to the morphological effect of nanospherical Mn 3 O 4 on the biochar surface, the MKAC-180 anode material demonstrates outstanding reversible capacity (992.5 mAh/g at 0.2 A/g), significant initial coulombic efficiency (61.1 %), stable cycling life (605.3 mAh/g at 1.0 A/g after 1000 cycles), and excellent rate performance (385.8 mAh/g at 1.6 A/g). Moreover, electro-kinetic analysis and ex-situ physicochemical characterizations are employed to illustrate the charge storage mechanisms of MKAC-180 anode. This study provides valuable insights into the "structure–activity relationship" between Mn 3 O 4 microstructure and electrochemical performance for the Mn 3 O 4 /biochar composites, illuminating the industrial utilization of biomass carbon anode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the crystallinity of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) materials and improve their application in the field of gas adsorption, 2,5 dimethyl terephthalic hydrazide (Th-(Me)2) and 2,4,6-tri(4-aldehyde phenylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TFPT) were used as building blocks, leading to the successful synthesis of novel methyl functionalized COF (COF-Th-Me) through the solvothermal method. Powder X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, solid-state carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and nitrogen adsorption-desorption methods were employed to study its structural properties. The results show that compared with non-methyl functionalized COF (COF-Th), the crystallinity of COF-Th-Me is significantly improved, and the structure in AA stacked mode (Rwp =2.00%, Rp = 1.53%) according to simulation results. The thermogravimetric analysis show that COF-Th-Me has high thermal stability. Under the conditions of 273 K and 0.1 MPa, COF-Th-Me exhibits an adsorption capacity of 27.6 cm³/g for CO2, demonstrating its potential application in the field of gas adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatite (HAP), as an inorganic material with the biocompatible and bioactive, widely exists in hard tissues such as teeth and bones of mammals. However, the inherent brittleness of traditional HAP severely limits its clinical applications in load-bearing. HAP ultralong nanofibers with good flexibility can overcome this problem due to their high aspect ratio. In this work, the highly ordered HAP nanofibers are successfully synthesized by the calcium oleate precursor solvothermal method. The effects of ratio of PO43− and CO32− on the microstructure, orientation degree, and properties are researched. The results show that the arrangement of HAP nanofibers first changes from loose state to ordered dense structure, then to ordered loose form, and finally to disordered nanofibers with the increase of the PO43−/CO32− ratio. Meanwhile, the chemical composition, crystallinity, and thermal stability also change because of various PO43−/CO32−. In addition, the formation mechanism of highly ordered HAP nanofibers is explored as well in this work. Besides, the HAP ultralong nanofibers prepared by solvothermal method can be designed into advanced functional materials with highly ordered structures, which is expected to overcome the limitation of its difficult application in the load-bearing field.

Construction of prosperous morphology and incorporation of multiple metals with synergistic effect can effectively enhance the electrochemical performance of electrode materials. Herein, transition metal (Ni, Co, Mo) sulfides (NCM‐DI, NCM‐DI‐NTA, NCM‐EG, NCM‐EG‐NTA, NCM‐Mix‐NTA) were synthesized, and the morphology was adjusted by incorporating metal ligand and altering the solvent atmosphere. The addition of ligand nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) endowed the formation of cross‐linked network (NCM‐DI‐NTA, NCM‐EG‐NTA, NCM‐Mix‐NTA), and the as‐prepared materials generated in mixed solvent (NCM‐Mix‐NTA) displayed smaller size. Materials with NTA added (NCM‐DI‐NTA, NCM‐EG‐NTA, NCM‐Mix‐NTA) displayed higher specific capacity (754, 943 and 1206 F g−1, respectively), which is much higher than NCM‐EG (909 F g−1) and NCM‐DI (331 F g−1). After doped with rGO, the materials (NCM‐Mix‐NTA‐rGO) exhibited a specific capacity of 1984 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. When assembled into asymmetric supercapacitors, it delivered the energy density of 61.6 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 901.4 W kg−1, and maintained the 86.5 % of their initial capacity even after 5000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emerging market of high-power lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) highlights the importance of developing high-voltage cathodes. Lithium nickel phosphate (LiNiPO 4) with the highest theoretical discharge potential (∼5.1V) has attracted increasing attention due to its stable olivine structure. In this study, ultrathin carbon layer-coated LiNiPO 4 was synthesized using oleylamine-assisted solvothermal method under different solvothermal times, and the effect of solvothermal time (1h–18h) on LiNiPO 4 samples is fully investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that high-purity LiNiPO 4 materials can be prepared after calcination of the solvothermal product under N 2 , but adding part of H 2 to the calcination atmosphere will lead to the generation of impurities in the target product. As the solvothermal time increases, the product will agglomerate and grow, the particle size will increase, and the morphology will change from nanoparticle to rodlike structure. After the high-temperature calcination step, the oleylamine is completely carbonized, and a conductive carbon layer is successfully coated on the LiNiPO 4 with the thickness of 2 nm. As the solvothermal time increases, the graphitization degree of oleylamine increases after carbonization. The existence of the carbon layer and the increase in the degree of graphitization are beneficial to improving the electrical conductivity and Li-ion diffusion rate of LiNiPO 4. The initial discharge capacity of LNP@C-12h product prepared with 12 h solvothermal time is 35 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C. Rietveld analysis shows that the anti-site defect concentration of the LNP@C material is 1.07 %, and the proportion increases to 2.83 % after several cycles. This work provides a positive contribution to the synthesis and modification of high-voltage LiNiPO 4 materials and explains the electrochemical performance degradation of LiNiPO 4 from the perspective of increasing the concentration of anti-site defects. • The core-shell carbon-coated LiNiPO 4 is synthesized. • The pure phase LiNiPO 4 is prepared by adjusting the calcination atmosphere. • Uniformly distributed nanostructured LiNiPO 4 is prepared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient Pt-based catalysts towards anodic methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) is crucial to direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Pt-based catalysts with triple-junction interfaces of Pt, metal oxidizes (MO x) and carbon materials have broad engineering prospect due to the synergistic effect among different composites. However, in Pt-MO x /carbon material catalysts reported previously, Pt and MO x nanoparticles (NPs) are too large and the triple-junction interfaces are insufficient. Herein, we innovatively introduce oxidized carbon nanotubes (OCNTs) into nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (NrGO) sheets and propose a cost-efficient self-assembly process for the construction of three-dimensional nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks (NrGO-OCNTs). Furthermore, a modified solvothermal method is developed to uniformly deposit ultrafine Pt and CeO 2 NPs onto NrGO-OCNTs so that sufficient Pt–CeO 2 –C triple-junction interfaces can be introduced. The obtained Pt–CeO 2 /NrGO7-OCNTs3 catalyst with the NrGO/OCNTs ratio of 7:3 shows the optimum electrochemical surface area and mass activity of 154.9 m2·g Pt −1 and 845 A·g Pt −1, respectively, which are 2.3 and 3.2 times higher than those of a commercial Pt/C catalyst. It also possesses excellent stability and anti-CO poisoning performance. These improvements may be attributed to the unique architecture of the support and enhanced synergistic effect among Pt, CeO 2 and NrGO7-OCNTs3. This approach is simpler and more efficient than other methods reported previously and suitable for engineering of efficient Pt-based catalysts. [Display omitted] • OCNTs have been firstly introduced into Pt-based catalysts. • 3D NrGO-OCNTs frameworks have been prepared by a self-assembly method. • Sufficient Pt–CeO 2 –C triple junctions have been efficiently introduced. • Pt–CeO 2 /NrGO7-OCNTs3 catalyst has exhibited excellent performance towards MOR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nano-TiO2 microspheres were prepared using TiCl, and CON2H, as raw materials by a simple sol-vothermal method. XRD, FESEM, TEM, UV-vis, BET methods were used to directly analyze the composition, structure, morphology, optical properties and specific surface characteristics of the samples. The photo-catalytic activity of the microspheres prepared with different solvothermal time was determined by analyzing the degradation of gaseous benzene. The results show that the TiO2 microspheres have undergone a process of TiO2 solid-core, core-shell and hollow-center structure with the extension of reaction time, but they are all composed of particles below 20 nm. The light absorption band edge of the microspheres exhibits a significant "blue shift" phenomenon, the light absorption performance is higher than P25 TiO2, and the specific surface area is 3-5 times higher than that of P25 TiO2. The core-shell structure microspheres prepared by 6 h exhibit the highest photocatalytic activity, the mineralization rate of degraded gaseous benzene is as high as 93%, which is nearly three times higher than P25 TiO2. The excellent performance may ascribe to the sufficient reflection and absorption of light by the core-shell structure, and the adsorption synergistic photocatalytic properties by the high specific surface area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of iron oxide nanostructures with complementary functions has emerged as a requirement for more efficient preclinical nanoparticle-mediated biological research. The physical and magnetic properties of nanoparticles for certain applications are determined by the particle morphology and size, which are crucial factors. We present a method for producing magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoclusters of uniform size by a simple and cost-effective solvothermal process, utilising oleic acid (OA) as the coordinating ligand. The nanocluster sizes are altered by manipulating the temperature during the solvothermal process. Three separate sets of Fe3O4 nanoclusters are synthesised and characterised. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum exhibits a singular phase characterised by a cubic spinel structure. The particle sizes in the nano range were verified by FESEM, and the interplanar spacing measured by TEM is consistent with that determined by XRD. The confirmation of nanocluster formation was achieved through the utilisation of FESEM and AFM images. The rising temperature correlates with the creation of nanoclusters. The rise in reaction temperature resulted in an augmentation of the size of the crystallite, the shape of nanocrystals, and a rise in the value of saturation magnetization. A high Ms from the magnetic property study confirmed that all the synthesised materials are superparamagnetic. The favourable magnetic characteristics and biocompatibility of the synthesised nanoclusters allow them suitable for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we investigated the influence of molecular weight (Mw) on particle deposition efficiency after PEG-functionalized (polyethylene glycol-PEG) magnetoresponsive magnetic cluster targeting. In this work, the clusters were obtained by the solvothermal polyol method using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a coating agent. So, we investigated three kinds of magnetoresponsive clusters: MNC-2000, MNC-6000, and MNC-10,000. These clusters were coated with PEG, and had molecular weights (Mw) of 2000 Da, 6000 Da, and 10,000 Da, respectively. The authors propose that the key to achieving maximum efficiency in targeted drug delivery is to deposit a thin, uniform layer of medication that covers the vascular wall in the area of interest. We defined a set of efficiency criteria to focus on the most essential characteristics of the targeting results. These are the obstruction degree, which measures the level of vessel obstruction; the magnet coverage degree, which evaluates the quality of particle deposition along the vessel wall; and the proximal deposition degree, which assesses the effect of pulsatile flow on deposition length. We performed several tests to determine how molecular weight affected these efficiency parameters. These tests examined (a) the effect of the injected cluster quantities, (b) the effect of the magnet distance, and (c) the effect of the injection period. Our findings indicate that an increase in PEG's molar weight significantly impacts magnetic particle targeting efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare earth bisphthalocyanines (MPc2) are of particular interest because of their behavior as single-molecular magnets, which makes them suitable for applications in molecular spintronics, high-density data storage and quantum computation. Nevertheless, MPc2 are not commercially available, and the synthesis routes are mainly focused on obtaining substituted phthalocyanines. Two preparation routes depend on the precursor: synthesis from phthalonitrile (PN) and the metalation of free or dilithium phthalocyanine (H2Pc and Li2Pc). In both options, byproducts such as free-base phthalocyanine and in the first route additional PN oligomers are generated, which influence the MPc2 yield. There are three preparation methods for these routes: heating, microwave radiation and reflux. In this research, solvothermal synthesis was applied as a new approach to prepare yttrium, lanthanum, gadolinium and terbium unsubstituted bisphthalocyanines using Li2Pc and the rare earth(III) acetylacetonates. Purification by sublimation gave high product yields compared to those reported, namely 68% for YPc2, 43% for LaPc2, 63% for GdPc2 and 62% for TbPc2, without any detectable presence of H2Pc. Characterization by infrared, Raman, ultraviolet–visible and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as elemental analysis revealed the main featuresof the four bisphthalocyanines, indicating the success of the synthesis of the complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used the surface-pretreated graphite paper (Gp) as a carrier and loaded BiOCl with high selectivity to Cl− on its surface by solvothermal method to form BiOCl@Gp electrode. The morphology, structure, and composition of the materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption/desorption, and the results showed that the spherical BiOCl particles were uniformly dispersed on the surface of the Gp, forming a mesoporous BiOCl@Gp composite with a specific surface area of 22.82 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.043 cm3/g. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to test the electrochemical properties of the composites, and the stability of BiOCl and the high conductivity of Gp were synergistic, the BiOCl@Gp exhibited a specific capacitance of 30.2 F·g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A·g−1, and the selectivity of the BiOCl@Gp materials for Cl− was significantly higher than that of SO42−, NO2−, and HCO3−. Therefore, BiOCl@Gp composite electrode materials can be used for the selective adsorption of Cl− in wastewater, in order to achieve efficient wastewater recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theoretical voltage of lithium nickel phosphate (LNP) is as high as 5.1 V, making it well-suited to meet the demand for high voltage and high capacity required by today's electric devices. However, the application of electrode material in the power battery technology field is limited in achieving a high actual discharge ratio, high ionic conductivity, and sufficient cycling performance challenges. Therefore, this study is mainly calculated through the first principle, utilizing the solvothermal method for synthesis, and the correlation between iron ions doped modification and LNP performance. The Castep module of Material Studio calculates the performance of ionic conductivity, binding energy, and lithium intercalation potential. In addition, the electrochemical characteristics of LNP and iron-doped LNP (LFNP) are also evaluated using experiments and calculation methods. The study successfully combines theoretical calculations with solvothermal synthesis results to reveal that incorporating Fe in LNP lowers the valence state of Ni, thereby stabilizing the lattice and broadening the lithium-ion diffusion channel. Therefore, this modification greatly improves electrochemical performance, especially cycle stability. Specifically, the discharge capacity at 0.1 C is increased by 131% compared to that before doping modification, and the capacity retention after 20 cycles reaches 83.1%. This study deeply evaluates and discusses the characteristics of the LFNP series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing concentration of CO2 and CH4 in the environment is a global concern. Tri-reforming of methane (TRM) is a promising route for the conversion of these two greenhouse gases to more valuable synthesis gas with an H2/CO ratio of 1.5–2. In this study, a series of Zr-MOF synthesized via the solvothermal method and impregnation technique was used to synthesize the nickel impregnated on MOF-derived ZrO2 catalyst. The catalyst was characterized by various methods, including N2-porosimetry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), CO2-temperature programmed desorption (CO2-TPD), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), chemisorption, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). Characterization results confirmed the formation of the Zr-MOF and nickel metal dispersed on MOF-derived ZrO2. Further, the tri-reforming activity of the catalyst developed was evaluated in a downflow-packed bed reactor. The various catalysts were screened for TRM activity at different temperatures (600–850 °C). Results demonstrated that TRM was highly favorable over the NZ-1000 catalyst due to its desirable physicochemical properties, including nickel metal surface area (2.3 m2/gcat−1), metal dispersion (7.1%), and nickel metal reducibility (45%), respectively. Over the NZ-1000 catalyst, an optimum H2/CO ratio of ~ 1.6–2 was achieved at 750 °C, and it was stable for a longer period of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the zinc ferrite decorated reduced graphene oxide (ZnFe 2 O 4 -rGO) was synthesised by using a simplified one-pot solvothermal technique. The synthesised nanomaterials were examined for structural, morphological and optical characteristics is greatly aided by the XRD, HRTEM, SAED, EDX spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The crystallite size calculated from XRD and HRTEM of the ZnFe 2 O 4 -rGO nanocomposite was around 10 nm. The presence of desired elements in the synthesised nanomaterials was confirmed using EDX spectroscopy. The Raman spectroscopy aided in identifying the active functional modes. The absorption maximum (λ max) was found to be approximately ∼310 nm and the optical bandgap of ZF was reduced from 2.1 eV to 1.97 eV in ZF-rG. The antibacterial activity of ZnFe 2 O 4 -rGO nanocomposite was discussed against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli bacteria at different concentrations by agar gel diffusion method among which the highest bacterial growth inhibition was seen in Klebsiella pneumonia in all different concentrations in which 86% at 100 μg/ml was the most effective. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of oxygen reduction is essential for media of energy storage and transformation, such as fuel cells. The development of effective and highly stable electro-catalysts, such as single-atom catalysts, poses a definite limitation in clean power technologies. Currently, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with a flexible structure and regularly-separated active sites have been developed as unusual and promising precursors for the development of composite particles based on carbon, exhibiting outstanding properties for various applications, particularly in electrochemistry. In this mini-review, the synthesis, characterization, and the role of different MOF-based electro-catalysts, including MOF-based single atom electro-catalysts have been summarized. The impact of active sites (like hetero-atoms and metal central ions), chemical structure, electronic composition, and porosity of MOF-based nano-composites on the behavior of oxygen reduction reaction were explained by combining both laboratory results and analytical estimates. Taking into account ways to improve mass density of sufficient active sites and preserving them from destruction and corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with reversible redox units and a conjugated molecular skeleton possess novel photoelectrochemical properties. In this work, tris(4-aminophenyl)amine and 4,4-biphenyldiformaldehyde were chosen to synthesize TABP-COF electrochromic film with triphenylamine (TPA) active unit by a solvothermal method in a Teflon-lined reactor. The growth process and reaction time optimization of the TABP-COF were studied. TABP-COF shows a self-assembly growth process from an array of nanosheets to nanospheres. Owing to the redox characteristics of TPA, the TABP-COF film exhibits reversible electrochromic behavior. With a solvothermal reaction time of 72 h, the TABP-COF-3 film exhibits the best electrochromic properties, including contrast of 0.483 and response time of 7.3 s/13.6 s. Considering the abundance of redox-active units that can be chosen, COF materials with different redox units and color changes can be designed for a variety of applications in the field of electrochromic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azo dyes are commonly used in textile industries; however, when these dyes cross the permissible limit set by the World Health Organization, they produce many health issues related to the brain, liver, kidneys, respiration, and sexual system. Herein, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)-supported manganese oxide (MnO2) was studied for azo dye removal from an aqueous medium. The adsorption mechanism study demonstrated that the dye adsorption by MnO2–PVP composite was not only due to the electrostatic force of attraction but also involved the ion exchange amid the hydroxide group and dye molecules. The surface area of the composite (120 m2 g−1) was larger than that of metal oxide (102 m2 g−1). The point of zero charge and surface area were improved from 5.2 and 102 to 5.6 and 120 m2 g−1, respectively. The dye removal capacity of MnO2–PVP composite was significantly higher than that of plain MnO2. The film diffusion control adsorption kinetic mechanism and the kinetic data were well fitted to the pseudo-second-order equation. Experiments were conducted as a function of initial dye concentration (5–200 mg L−1), pH (3–10), temperature (298–328 K), and adsorbent dosage (0.05–0.4 g) in batch adsorption systems. The thermodynamic investigations confirm that the dye adsorption process was endothermic in nature. HIGHLIGHTS The polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/MnO2 composite was synthesized by the solvothermal method.; The adsorption capacity of PVP/MnO2 was higher than plain metal oxide.; Detail adsorption mechanism was studied by kinetic models.; PVP/MnO2 could be used as a candidate in the water filtration assembly of dyes.; Detail characterization of the plain and composite metal oxides was performed.;

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a promising material for use in solar cells. The distinctive characteristics of this substance include its abundance on earth, low cost, non-toxicity, high absorption coefficient, p-type conductivity, and ideal band gap. CZTS has a stannite (ST) and kesterite (KS) crystal structure. Kesterite has more excellent thermodynamic stability compared to stannite. Consequently, CZTS most frequently occurs in this era. Sputtering, thermal evaporation, pulsed laser deposition, spray pyrolysis, chemical vapour deposition, spin coating, electrodeposition, SILAR, sol-gel, solvothermal, and hydrothermal are among the several processes employed for the production of CZTS thin films. The solvothermal and hydrothermal processes are commonly used to produce high-quality nanocrystals with unique morphology, crystallographic structure, and cost-efficient production.Furthermore, the solvothermal and hydrothermal techniques were employed to produce various categories of photovoltaic devices utilising CZTS, including photoelectrochemical cells, dye-sensitised solar cells, perovskite solar cells, and heterojunction solar cells. In addition, the solvothermal and hydrothermal methods were used to fabricate other types of photovoltaic devices using CZTS, such as photoelectrochemical cells, dye-sensitised solar cells, perovskite solar cells, and heterojunction solar cells. Additionally, it provides a survey on using CZTS in photovoltaic applications, which are produced by hydrothermal and solvothermal techniques. The article also addresses the obstacles encountered in implementing these applications. Lastly, it provides the opportunity to identify remedies for these difficulties.

In this study, a multifunctional therapeutic agent combining chemotherapy and photothermal therapy on a single platform has been developed in the form of vinorelbine-loaded polydopamine-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. Vinorelbine (VNB) is loaded on the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles produced by a solvothermal technique after coating with polydopamine (PDA) with varying weight ratios as a result of dopamine polymerisation and covalent bonding of thiol-polyethylene glycol (SH-PEG). The VNB/PDA/Fe3O4 nanoparticles have a saturation magnetisation value of 60.40 emu/g in vibrating sample magnetometry, which proves their magnetisation. Vinorelbine, which is used as an effective cancer therapy agent, is included in the nanocomposite structure, and in vitro drug release studies under different pH conditions (pH 5.5 and 7.4) and photothermal activity at 808 nm NIR laser irradiation are investigated. The comprehensive integration of precise multifunctional nanoparticles design, magnetic response, and controlled drug release with photothermal effect brings a different perspective to advanced cancer treatment research.

This study demonstrates a facile solvothermal approach to synthesizing green fluorescent carbon dots (G‐CDs) using baby pumpkin as a natural precursor. The G‐CDs exhibit strong fluorescence emission at 547 nm under excitation at 467 nm, and the highest quantum yield reaching 17.5 % in acetone, making them suitable for a range of applications including sensing, bioimaging, catalysis, and drug delivery. The G‐CDs demonstrate excellent stability under various conditions, such as prolonged light exposure, high salt concentration, extended periods, and elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the G‐CDs show a good linear relationship with Cd2+ within the concentration range of 0 to 16.5 μmol/L, with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.9920. The detection limit (LOD) was calculated to be 0.68 μmol/L. The recovery rate ranges between 85.66% to 97.43%, indicating their potential for use in environmental metal ion detection. This study provides a convenient and economical method for the synthesis of G‐CDs using baby pumpkin as a precursor, offering a sustainable alternative for various applications in sensing, imaging, catalysis, and drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase control of nanomaterials, determined by thermodynamic or kinetic conditions, is essential to sulfides' characteristics, offering opportunities for exploring advanced applications in the field of optoelectronics. However, the one-step, high-yield, and defect-free synthesis of phase-pure nanoscale sulfides remains challenging. In this work, the low-cost solvothermal process enabled precise regulation of the phase evolution process to synthesize the expected sulfide (three phases in the Cu–Fe–S system) nanocrystals in a phase-pure form at low temperatures. These nanocrystals exhibited broadband photoabsorption ranging from the visible to the near-infrared (NIR) region. Subsequently, a solution-processed uniform CuFeS2 nanocrystal film was deposited on CdS by the same one-step route to create the first CuFeS2-based self-powered NIR photodetector. These devices demonstrated a superior stable and reproducible detection performance without bias voltage under NIR illumination, even up to 1050 nm, resulting from their suitable size. The rapid rise and decay times of ∼38 and ∼49 ms indicated that the devices are capable of high-frequency switching detection. Moreover, detailed chemical processes through accurately tuning the oxidation states, the influence of CuFeS2 nanoparticle size, phase control, and film thickness on performance were proposed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cd@ZnS microspheres with diameters of ~ 4 μm and a shell thickness of about ~ 1 μm have been successfully fabricated via green, ecofriendly solvothermal approach. These microspheres are tailored using chelating agent ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid, non-ionic surfactant poly ethylene glycol (PEG) and precursor thioacetamide. The structural information such as phase, size and morphology of prepared microspheres is characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) while the optical properties are studied using optical absorption of as prepared products. It is found that cubic phase of prepared products formed with tiny constituent as crystallites are about ~ 15 nm in size, as indicated by TEM observation. Temporal-dependent photoconductive response characteristics are quantitatively analysed thoroughly. The results clearly demonstrate that the fabrication of Cd@ZnS microspheres-based photoconductive devices will have potential applications in the future optoelectronics as optical switching and visible-light photodetectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries have attracted a lot of attention owing to their cost effectiveness and plentiful resources, but less research has been conducted on the aspect of high volumetric energy density, which is crucial to the space available for the batteries in practical applications. In this work, highly crystalline V2O5 microspheres were self-assembled from one-dimensional V2O5 nanorod structures by a template-free solvothermal method, which were used as cathode materials for zinc-ion batteries with high performance, enabling fast ion transport, outstanding cycle stability and excellent rate capability, as well as a significant increase in tap density. Specifically, the V2O5 microspheres achieve a reversible specific capacity of 414.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, and show a long-term cycling stability retaining 76.5% after 3000 cycles at 2 A g−1. This work provides an efficient route for the synthesis of three-dimensional materials with stable structures, excellent electrochemical performance and high tap density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and a series of rGO/TiO2 nanocomposites with different concentrations (0.5%, 10%, 15%, and 20 wt%) were prepared by the modified Hummers' method for the preparation of graphene oxide (GO) and TiO2 by hydrolysis and solvent-thermal method. The synthesized products were characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS, DRS, Raman, etc., to investigate the degradation effect of pure TiO2 and rGO/TiO2 composite catalysts on methylene blue dye (MB) under different experimental conditions. The results showed that the TiO2 in the composite photocatalyst was mainly in anatase phase, and the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) introduced by solvothermal synthesis had no effect on the physical phase of TiO2. The introduction of rGO made the absorption band of rGO/TiO2 red-shifted to a certain extent, and the width of the TiO2 forbidden band was reduced from 3.23 to 3.09 eV. The synthesized (15 wt%) rGO/TiO2 has the best photocatalytic effect and the highest photocatalytic activity, and the degradation rate of 20 mg/L methylene blue dye under 100 W high-pressure mercury lamp irradiation for 70 min reaches 97.6%, and the degradation rate of 20 mg/L methylene blue dye under 500 W xenon lamp irradiation for 70 min reaches 93.2%. The composite photocatalysts of (15 wt%) rGO/TiO2 have the good photocatalytic degradation and cyclic stability. rGO/TiO2 had a degradation efficiency of 86.1% after 5 cycles of photocatalytic degradation. The rGO/TiO2 composite photocatalyst show excellent adsorption and photocatalytic performance, which can provide an effective method for the photocatalytic treatment of waste liquids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, a bimetallic metal–organic framework of (MOF) La3+ and Ce3+ (Ce, La-MOF) was synthesized using a new solvothermal route. Also, monometallic MOFs La3+ (La-MOF) and Ce3+ (Ce-MOF) were synthesized using the mentioned method. To identify, and analyze the synthesized nanostructures, field emission scanning microscopy (FSEM), energy dispersive X-ray mapping (MAP), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravity curve (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmt–Teller surface area (BET) were used. According to the XRD diffraction patterns of Ce–La-MOF nanostructure, no additional peaks are derived from La species, which confirms that the addition of La does not change the crystalline phase structure of Ce-MOF. The size of La-MOF, Ce-MOF, and Ce, La-MOF nanostructures was calculated by the Williamson-Hall method and reported as 72.97, 55.46, and 81.55 nm, respectively. The specific surface area (BET) results for La-MOF, Ce-MOF, and Ce, La-MOF nanostructures were reported as 140, 200, and 260 m2 g−1 respectively, and the mean pore volumes of the nanostructures were reported as 0.019, 0.022 and 0.030 cm3 respectively. These values allow the use of these versatile nanostructures in various applications such as biosensing, separation and purification, medicine field, and catalysts. In addition, in this study, modified electrodes for synthesized nanostructures were tested for the electrooxidation of acetaminophen. And the obtained results show better electrocatalytic behavior of bimetallic Ce, La-MOF nanostructures than monometallic La-MOF, Ce-MOF nanostructures against acetaminophen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A heterojunction photocatalytic material Cu31S16/Cu9S5 was successfully synthesized through a facile solvothermal method by controlling the reaction temperature. The phase composition, morphology, absorbance and surface area were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-vis diffusion reflection and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). Transient photocurrent response and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were measured to support the generation and transfer of the photoinduced charge carriers. The heterojunction Cu31S16/Cu9S5 showed superior separation efficiency of the photoinduced charge carriers. The photocatalytic performance of the Cu31S16/Cu9S5 was evaluated through degrading high-concentration methyl orange (MO) solution under visible light. The degradation rate of MO solution increased to 94.8% in 60 min, showing the most remarkable photocatalytic ability. Moreover, a probable photocatalytic mechanism of the Cu31S16/Cu9S5 was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel carboxyl-functionalized two-dimensional covalent organic frame materials TpBD-3COOH COF was synthesized by a solvothermal method using triacetaldehyde mesitylphenol(Tp), 4, 4-diaminobiphenyl-2, 2-dicarboxylic acid (DBd), and biphenylenediamine ( BD) as raw materials, and used for adsorption of Rhodamine B dye wastewater. TpBD-3COOH COF were characterized by XRD, FT-IR and SEM. The results show that the removal of Rhodamine B can reach 95% after 60 min under the conditions of pH = 4, TpBD-3COOH COF addition of 8 mg and Rhodamine B mass concentration of 10 mg/L in the wastewater. After five repetitive experiments, the removal rate of Rhodamine B by TpBD-3COOH COF still reaches more than 70%. The adsorption process is consistent with the quasi-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir adsorption isothermal model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report on the solvothermal preparation and detailed characterization of pristine and intentionally doped zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) nanocrystals (NCs, ~5 nm) with Eu3+ or Ti4+/Eu3+ ions using alkoxide precursors. The results indicated that the ZrO2 NCs were dominantly of a tetragonal phase (t-ZrO2) with a small proportion of monoclinic ZrO2 (m-ZrO2). The high purity of t-ZrO2 NCs could be synthesized with more Eu3+ doping. It was found that the as-obtained ZrO2 NCs contain some naturally present Ti4+ ions originating from precursors, but were being overlooked commonly, and some carbon impurities produced during synthesis. These species showed distinct photoluminescence (PL) properties. At least two types of Eu3+, located at low- and high-symmetry sites (probably sevenfold and eightfold oxygen coordination), respectively, were demonstrated to build into the lattice structure of t-ZrO2 NCs together. The cationic dopants were illustrated to be distributed non-randomly over the sites normally occupied by Zr, while Ti impurities preferentially occupied the sites near the low-symmetry site of Eu3+, yielding efficient energy transfer from the titanate groups to the neighboring Eu3+. Luminescence nanothermometry could measure temperature in a non-contact and remote way and could find great potentials in micro/nano-electronics, integrated photonics, and biomedicine. On the basis of the dual-emitting combination strategy involving the white broadband CT (Ti3+→O−) emissions of the titanate groups and red sharp Eu3+ emissions, t-ZrO2:Eu3+ nanophosphors were demonstrated to be ratiometric self-referencing optical thermometric materials, with a working range of 130–230 K and a maxima of relative sensitivity of ~1.9% K−1 at 230 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cr-doped ZnO (x=0.02–0.08) nanoparticles are synthesized using the microwave solvothermal irradiation technique. The final product is calcinated at 450∘C and the nanostructure of the material is investigated using various techniques. In structural studies, XRD analysis shows that the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO is present in the standard JCPDS card. FESEM spectrum reveals the hexagonal shape of the synthesized samples and EDS provides information on the qualitative composition of the nanoparticles. Optical absorbance images show exciton peaks in the UV region, which can be attributed to Cr incorporation into the ZnO lattice, and the optical energy bandgap values are calculated using the tauc plot method. Photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra are measured using PL spectroscopy. Interestingly, vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) reveals enhancements in the magnetic properties in M–H loops and it is widely used for biological applications like antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochromism (EC) is a color control technique for providing visual information, in which vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is a promising material for electrochromic applications due to its excellent ionic intercalation/deintercalation properties and cathodic/anodic color-changing properties. However, its poor cycling stability and color change response rate limit its practical application. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) combine the rigidity and flexibility of inorganic–organic materials and can meet the requirements of EC materials such as cycle stability, electrical conductivity, and stress-interference resistance. We report here a strategy to modify V2O5 with Cu-MOF. Cu-doped V2O5 and carbon skeleton (Cu2V2O7@C) composites were prepared for electrochromism. In this scheme, Cu doping can facilitate lithium ion migration by broadening and stabilizing the structure of V2O5, and the distribution of the carbon skeleton can broaden the contact of the active material with the electrolyte and improve the electron conduction. Combining these merits, it exhibits excellent long-term cycle stability (the capacity retention rate reaches 91.78% after 2000 cycles), the light transmission modulation is greatly improved compared with V2O5 (ΔT = 69%, doubled), and the response time is reduced by 30.43%. This study provides a new perspective for improving the light modulation ability and long-term use stability of vanadium oxide EC materials and promotes the development of MOF materials in the field of electrochromism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The objective of this work was to prepare and evaluate Ni3S4/graphene nanostructures for making high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. A one-pot solvothermal method was developed to prepare the hierarchical nanostructures consisting of Ni3S4 nanoflowers on graphene nanosheets. Due to the hierarchical structure of Ni3S4 nanoflowers on graphene nanosheets, the resulting electrodes exhibited high supercapacitive performance. Herein, the Ni3S4/graphene electrode demonstrated the specific capacitance of 978.4 F g–1 at the current density of 0.5 A g–1, the rate capability and long-term cycling stability were also excellent. Moreover, the capacitance contribution of NG-60 can reach 87.9% of the total capacity at 10 mV s−1. The high pseudo-capacitive performance can be attributed to the superior electronic conductivity of graphene nanosheets and the well interconnected tiny pores/channels in the Ni3S4 nanoflower arrays. The prepared Ni3S4/graphene hierarchical nanostructures may be promising as innovative electrode materials for making high-performance supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), an essential half-reaction of water splitting, lead to high OER overpotential and low energy-conversion efficiency, hampering its industrial application. Therefore, considerable attention has been paid to the development of efficient catalysts to accelerate the OER. In this study, we synthesized the high-entropy oxides [(FeCoNiMnV)xO] and used them as efficient OER catalysts. A simple oil-phase method was used to synthesize (FeCoNiMnV)xO. The catalytic performances of the (FeCoNiMnV)xO catalysts were modified by tuning the reaction temperature. The optimized (FeCoNiMnV)xO catalyst exhibited multiple elemental interactions and abundant exposed active sites, leading to an overpotential of approximately 264 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH and stability of 50 h at 1000 mA cm−2. Thus, a highly active OER catalyst was synthesized. This study provides an efficient approach for the synthesis of high-entropy oxides.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is an important component of mammalian bones and teeth. Its superior biocompatibility, biological activity, and bone tissue regenerative properties make it an ideal material for bone tissue replacement and regeneration. The morphological characteristics of HA can affect its selection in various applications. In contrast, one-dimensional (1D) micro/nano-structured HA has received widespread attention in the field of biomedicine. In particular, HA ultra-long nanofibers possess excellent mechanical properties, such as flexibility and deformability, overcoming the brittleness of traditional HA ceramic materials. This work successfully synthesized HA ultra-long nanofibers using oleic acid as a template by a solvothermal method. Particularly, the effects of the initial Ca/P ratios (iCa/P) on the morphologies of HA products were investigated. The microstructure and properties of HA products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results indicated that the uniform and flexible HA nanofibers can be obtained only under the appropriate iCa/P. In addition, the effect of iCa/P on the microstructures of the HA formation stages was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and then the formation mechanism of HA nanofibers was proposed. In this process, it is found that HA nanofibers mainly grow selectively along the c-axis, while iCa/P precisely influences the preferential growth direction of HA products.

A strategy is reported here to introduce micro-holes in the two-dimensional layered Ti 3 C 2 by the tiny-solve-thermal method. TiO 2 grows situ either in holes and between or on layers of Ti 3 C 2 using this method meanwhile. The special micro-holes morphology on Ti 3 C 2 enhances the specific surface area and increases the channels for oxygen, enabling full oxidation between layers and generating more TiO 2 and more in-situ generated Ti 3 C 2 –TiO 2 interfaces, which is conducive to TiO 2 distribution and uniformity and provides more active sites. This hydrothermal method using tiny solvents can also produce porous morphology in other MXene materials (such as NbC), and photocatalysts with the special morphology will have a broader application prospect. Moreover, a fine interface connection between Ti 3 C 2 and the in-situ grown TiO 2 and the lower work function of Ti 3 C 2 achieve an efficient electron-hole transfer. The hydrogen production performance of the Ti 3 C 2 –TiO 2 photocatalyst prepared by this simple hydrothermal method has been greatly improved, which is up to 7.28 mmol/h/g with 3 wt% Pt and is 109 times and 7 times the Ti 3 C 2 –TiO 2 catalyst with no holes and P25, respectively. • Micro-holes introduced in Ti 3 C 2 by tiny-solve-thermal method. • TiO 2 grows in holes, between and on layers of Ti 3 C 2 simultaneously. • Micro-holes increase surface area, channels for oxygen, and generate more TiO 2 and Ti 3 C 2 –TiO 2 interfaces. • Hydrothermal method can produce porous morphology in other MXene materials. • Improved hydrogen production performance (7.28 mmol/h/g, 109 times that of Ti 3 C 2 –TiO 2 catalyst with no holes). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research prepared a photochromic material of WO3 doped with Mo or Cu through a solvothermal method. The material exhibits selective absorption of UV light in the 200-350-nm range. The crystal structure of WO3 remained unchanged after doping, but the bandgap was reduced, thereby increasing its coloration rate. The doping of Mo or Cu brought different new features to WO3: Mo-doping imparted a purple hue upon UV irradiation, whereas Cu-doping accelerated the bleaching of WO3 due to its multi-valent state. WO3-0.1Mo and WO3-0.1Cu were preferentially selected through a practical photochromic process and bandgap calculations, and further used to prepare photochromic ink. This ink is suitable for the preparation of writing and photochromic rewriting paper and retains good photochromic properties even after 50 uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research prepared a photochromic material of WO3 doped with Mo or Cu through a solvothermal method. The material exhibits selective absorption of UV light in the 200-350-nm range. The crystal structure of WO3 remained unchanged after doping, but the bandgap was reduced, thereby increasing its coloration rate. The doping of Mo or Cu brought different new features to WO3: Mo-doping imparted a purple hue upon UV irradiation, whereas Cu-doping accelerated the bleaching of WO3 due to its multi-valent state. WO3-0.1Mo and WO3-0.1Cu were preferentially selected through a practical photochromic process and bandgap calculations, and further used to prepare photochromic ink. This ink is suitable for the preparation of writing and photochromic rewriting paper and retains good photochromic properties even after 50 uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), an essential half-reaction of water splitting, lead to high OER overpotential and low energy-conversion efficiency, hampering its industrial application. Therefore, considerable attention has been paid to the development of efficient catalysts to accelerate the OER. In this study, we synthesized the high-entropy oxides [(FeCoNiMnV)xO] and used them as efficient OER catalysts. A simple oil-phase method was used to synthesize (FeCoNiMnV)xO. The catalytic performances of the (FeCoNiMnV)xO catalysts were modified by tuning the reaction temperature. The optimized (FeCoNiMnV)xO catalyst exhibited multiple elemental interactions and abundant exposed active sites, leading to an overpotential of approximately 264 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in 1 M KOH and stability of 50 h at 1000 mA cm-2. Thus, a highly active OER catalyst was synthesized. This study provides an efficient approach for the synthesis of high-entropy oxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercapacitors have been widely studied as a typical representative of new energy storage systems. As a type of novel crystalline porous material, covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) have attracted enormous attention owing to their high nitrogen content and unique triazine ring structure, which give them high chemical and thermal stability. In this paper, 2,4,6‐tris(4‐aldophenyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (TFPT) and 2,4,6‐tris(4‐aminophenyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (TAPT) were used to synthesize TPT‐CTFs by Schiff base reaction. TPT‐CTFs exhibit regular nanosheets structure and high crystallinity. The specific capacitance of TPT‐CTFs is 110 F/g at current density of 0.1 A/g. After 10,000 cycles of charge and discharge, the capacitance retention rate is high as 105%, due to the high crystallinity support and expandable channels of TPT‐CTFs. In addition, the simple and convenient one‐pot hydrothermal synthesis used in this paper, avoids harsh conditions of common ampoule methods for synthesis of CTFs materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The p-type Sb2Te3 alloy, a binary compound belonging to the V2VI3-based materials, has been widely used as a commercial material in the room-temperature zone. However, its low thermoelectric performance hinders its application in the low-medium temperature range. In this study, we prepared Sb2Te3 nanosheets coated with nanometer-sized Pt particles using a combination of solvothermal and photo-reduction methods. Our findings demonstrate that despite the adverse effects on certain properties, the addition of Pt particles to Sb2Te3 significantly improves the thermoelectric properties, primarily due to the enhanced electronic conductivity. The optimal ZT value reached 1.67 at 573 K for Sb2Te3 coated with 0.2 wt% Pt particles, and it remained above 1.0 within the temperature range of 333–573 K. These values represent a 47% and 49% increase, respectively, compared to the pure Sb2Te3 matrix. This enhancement in thermoelectric performance can be attributed to the presence of Pt metal particles, which effectively enhance carrier and phonon transport properties. Additionally, we conducted a Density Functional Theory (DFT) study to gain further insights into the underlying mechanisms. The results revealed that Sb2Te3 doped with Pt exhibited a doping level in the band structure, and a sharp rise in the Density of States (DOS) was observed. This sharp rise can be attributed to the presence of Pt atoms, which lead to enhanced electronic conductivity. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the incorporation of nanometer-sized Pt particles effectively improves the carrier and phonon transport properties of the Sb2Te3 alloy. This makes it a promising candidate for medium-temperature thermoelectric applications, as evidenced by the significant enhancement in thermoelectric performance achieved in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a typical metal-sulfide compound, tin diselenide (SnSe2) exhibits excellent performance in the fields of solar cells, supercapacitors and photovoltaic devices. SnSe2 nanosheets (SnSe2-OAM (oleylamine as solvent) and SnSe2-OAC (oleic acid as solvent)) were prepared using stannic chloride pentahydrate (SnCl4•5H2O) and selenium dioxide (SeO2) as raw materials by solvothermic method. The structures and morphologies of SnSe2-OAm and SnSe2-OAc were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser Raman spectrometer, etc, and their sodium storage behaviors in sodium ion batteries were tested. The results show that, compared with SnSe2-OAc, SnSe2-OAm has a thinner nanosheet structure, which is more conducive to electron transport. Compared with the button half battery based on SnSe2-OAc, the button half battery based on SnSe2-OAm has a smaller charge transfer resistance (around 238 Ω) and a higher initial capacity (191 mAh/g), which demonstrate SnSe2-OAm is a potential negative electrode material for sodium ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we investigated the influence of molecular weight (Mw) on particle deposition efficiency after PEG-functionalized (polyethylene glycol-PEG) magnetoresponsive magnetic cluster targeting. In this work, the clusters were obtained by the solvothermal polyol method using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a coating agent. So, we investigated three kinds of magnetoresponsive clusters: MNC-2000, MNC-6000, and MNC-10,000. These clusters were coated with PEG, and had molecular weights (Mw) of 2000 Da, 6000 Da, and 10,000 Da, respectively. The authors propose that the key to achieving maximum efficiency in targeted drug delivery is to deposit a thin, uniform layer of medication that covers the vascular wall in the area of interest. We defined a set of efficiency criteria to focus on the most essential characteristics of the targeting results. These are the obstruction degree, which measures the level of vessel obstruction; the magnet coverage degree, which evaluates the quality of particle deposition along the vessel wall; and the proximal deposition degree, which assesses the effect of pulsatile flow on deposition length. We performed several tests to determine how molecular weight affected these efficiency parameters. These tests examined (a) the effect of the injected cluster quantities, (b) the effect of the magnet distance, and (c) the effect of the injection period. Our findings indicate that an increase in PEG’s molar weight significantly impacts magnetic particle targeting efficiency.

Rare earth bisphthalocyanines (MPc2) are of particular interest because of their behavior as single-molecular magnets, which makes them suitable for applications in molecular spintronics, high-density data storage and quantum computation. Nevertheless, MPc2 are not commercially available, and the synthesis routes are mainly focused on obtaining substituted phthalocyanines. Two preparation routes depend on the precursor: synthesis from phthalonitrile (PN) and the metalation of free or dilithium phthalocyanine (H2Pc and Li2Pc). In both options, byproducts such as free-base phthalocyanine and in the first route additional PN oligomers are generated, which influence the MPc2 yield. There are three preparation methods for these routes: heating, microwave radiation and reflux. In this research, solvothermal synthesis was applied as a new approach to prepare yttrium, lanthanum, gadolinium and terbium unsubstituted bisphthalocyanines using Li2Pc and the rare earth(III) acetylacetonates. Purification by sublimation gave high product yields compared to those reported, namely 68% for YPc2, 43% for LaPc2, 63% for GdPc2 and 62% for TbPc2, without any detectable presence of H2Pc. Characterization by infrared, Raman, ultraviolet–visible and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as elemental analysis revealed the main featuresof the four bisphthalocyanines, indicating the success of the synthesis of the complexes.