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This study examines the psychological repercussions of the April 15th conflict in Sudan, addressing a gap in existing literature on severe mental health issues in post-conflict settings. It emphasises the impact beyond individual experiences, highlighting broader societal dynamics and the need for culturally tailored mental health interventions. This study used a quantitative approach through a cross-sectional design. This study analysed online survey responses from 134 participants (61.9% male, 32.1% female; Mean Age = 26.66, SD = 4.67). It employed the Arabic version of the Lovibond and Lovibond (1995) DASS-21 questionnaire. The findings reveal significant psychological impacts, with "extremely severe" levels of anxiety, depression, and stress. Underscoring the urgent need for comprehensive mental health strategies in post-conflict recovery efforts in Sudan.

rgency of the research. In the conditions of modern military challenges, which Ukrainian society has withstood with dignity for a long time, engineering thinking acquires special significance. The intentionality of engineering thinking has a completely different direction in the horizons of peaceful life and in conditions of war. In war options, the technical and creative creativity of engineering thinking is mainly manifested in the development of effective weapons of mass destruction, as well as countermeasures and protection. Accordingly, there is a growing public demand for military engineers and creative workers in the military industry, and especially for a creative engineer who creates vital devices in extreme conditions. Target setting. High-tech confrontations, security and defense capabilities, the role of engineering in humanitarian missions and rehabilitation, ethical issues of the development of military technologies, the impact of globalization and the role of engineering thinking in post-conflict reconstruction are gaining special importance in modern philosophical discourse. The purpose of the research is to determine the functional potential, social significance and role played by engineering thinking in the creation of state-of-the-art technologies in the conditions of war, as well as to reveal the ambivalence of the impulses of engineering thinking in the options of war and peace. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The works of S. Winchester, E. Meyers, K. Mitch, K. Smythe, A. Ustundag, E. Chevikkan, E. Schatzberg, and others are devoted to the study of the role of technology and engineering in the human life space. Axiological and cultural-anthropological aspects of engineering thinking are considered in the works of Ukrainian researchers. First of all, this is the research of V. Voronkova, I. Goliad, I. Markus, and O. Shulga. Discussions about the responsible use of technology in the context of military operations and the creation and development of more peaceful innovations are of particular importance. The statement of basic materials. Philosophy of technology is an important area of study because it examines the impact of technology on human existence, society, and the future of humanity. Technologies have a significant impact on human life and international relations, creating new challenges and fundamental questions about the ethics of their use, the responsibility of developers and users, as well as possible consequences for the future world. Issues related to establishing a balance between technological capabilities and general values of society require special attention. The question of the genesis of the definition of engineering success requires special attention, which can conditionally occur depending on the context where the project is carried out. In peacetime, the success of this project is evaluated according to the criteria of efficiency, economy and innovation, since the task is to improve technologies, optimize processes and ensure sustainable development. Engineering thinking in the conditions of a globalized world and long-term geopolitical claims must be ready for such challenges. First of all, it is about responsibility in ensuring the ethical and safe use of their developments. It is about supporting international efforts to control and regulate the export of military equipment, developing principles and standards for the ethical development and use of technologies for military purposes. In addition, engineers can play an active role in the development of technologies aimed at peaceful purposes and limiting the possibility of using technology in military conflicts. The functional potential of engineering thinking in the creation of state-of-the-art technologies in the conditions of war is specified through the ability to develop, implement and adapt technical solutions capable of responding to complex military challenges. This covers the following aspects: innovativeness, adaptability, cooperation. Conclusions. The prospects for the development of engineering thinking in the context of war depend on many factors, which include scientific and technological progress, the political situation, economic opportunities, social requirements, ethical values, and environmental constraints. Scientific discoveries and technological progress open up new opportunities for the application of engineering thinking in the context of war, in particular through the development of new materials, communication systems, weapons and control technologies. Applying engineering thinking as a problem-solving tool allows you create a positive impact on society while minimizing negative consequences. In addition, engineers can contribute to the development of technologies for intercultural communication, the promotion of dialogue and understanding between diverse groups, and the development of technologies to provide access to education and information that can help reduce tension and conflict. Therefore, through their technological achievements and engineering thinking, creative engineers can actively contribute to the development of the philosophy of peace and contribute to ensuring stability and harmony in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. This paper studies the role of the monetary policy in the economy of the state, as one of the main instruments to support it’s financial potential, both at the period of military conflict as well as in the period of recovery after it. Methodological bases are general and special methods of scientific research, including synthesis, analysis, modeling, comparison, etc. The main information sources were the resources of World Bank Open Data, the data of National Bank of Ukraine and state statistics service of Ukraine. Purpose. The main purpose of this paper is to study and analyse macroeconomic methods and instruments, which were used by different countries in the post-conflict recovery period and theoretical implementation of using these instruments in Ukrainian reality. Results: The strategy of synchronizing the actions of the central bank and the government must be adjusted according to the peculiarities of post-conflict economic recovery of each country separately. The studies of macroeconomic indicators of countries, that successfully overcame the consequences of military actions show the main role of the central bank in stimulating economic growth of the country. Conclusions: To further solve the problem of post-conflict recovery of state's economy, the perspective direction would be to build effective strategies of cooperation for the institutes, that perform monetary and fiscal policies, that would have a direct impact on the effectiveness of economic growth and the development of national security of the country.

Scholars have found that nonviolent resistance is more effective than violence at promoting post-campaign democratization. We explore whether this relationship extends to judicial systems, specifically. Courts have been shown to be important for promoting and protecting economic development and political rights, yet they have been largely ignored in quantitative studies of post-conflict democratization. We posit that leaders who hold power after domestic unrest will be more inclined to use independent courts as a mechanism to prevent future campaigns–but they do so primarily when fearing a significant mobilization threat and when expecting legal action to be an acceptable channel for dispute resolution by dissidents. As such, we anticipate that levels of judicial independence are higher following nonviolent campaigns as compared to violent conflicts. Using quantitative data from violent and nonviolent campaigns globally, we find that judicial independence is indeed higher in the aftermath of nonviolent, as compared to violent, resistance campaigns. Furthermore, a campaign's outcome does not matter; post-conflict judicial independence appears to be associated with tactics, not dissident success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do some towns recover faster than others after intrastate conflict? Many important decisions about post-conflict recovery are made at the substate level, but little empirical work has investigated what causes differences in recovery outcomes within a country. This article suggests that proximity to ethno-religiously diverse neighbors slows a town's post-conflict recovery. A town has 'diverse neighbors' if towns with different plurality ethno-religious groups are nearby. This hypothesis is tested by exploring variation in recovery speed among Iraqi towns after the 2014–17 Islamic State insurgency (ISIL). The article constructs 81-month panels of economic activity for 379 Iraqi settlements occupied by ISIL by using satellite-observed nighttime light emissions as a proxy for economic activity. The panels reveal large variation in post-conflict recovery among towns during the first year of peace. Village-level survey data are then used to construct a measure of neighbor diversity, which is combined with lighting-based recovery scores in spatial autoregression. The results show that greater neighbor diversity is robustly associated with slower settlement recovery. The neighbor diversity penalty cannot be fully explained by cleavages between groups 'on opposite sides' of the conflict; proximity to out-group neighbors appears to slow recovery even between wartime allies. Several explanations are considered, and this article suggests that the types of post-liberation controllers that arise in diverse areas – which tend to be substate militias rather than the government – may be one important mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy sector is a main driver of African growth, particularly in regions with geopolitical conflicts like Sudan and South Sudan. The oil and gas industry notably influences these regions' economy, politics, humanitarian situation, and social stability. This study seeks to investigate how the Khartoum War affected the energy sector of both Sudan and South Sudan, particularly looking at the disruptions caused by recent conflicts and their impact on oil production, economic stability, and environmental conditions. The study employs a multi-disciplinary approach, utilising different sources such as regional legal agreements, government reports, academic articles, and press releases from international organisations. The key methodology includes qualitative analysis of several documents and quantitative assessment of production data and economic reports. The study's key findings show a significant decline in oil production and transportation due to the shutdown of key oilfields and pipelines, intensifying economic and humanitarian crises. Additionally, the damage to oil infrastructure has presented serious environmental risks, highlighting the delicate balance between resource management and regional stability. In conclusion, the study's findings underscore the intense impact of the Khartoum War on the energy sector of Sudan and South Sudan, and the urgent need for policy recommendations to mitigate these effects and foster sustainable development., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Waleed Isameldin Alasad reports a relationship with Sudanese Ministry of Energy and Petroleum that includes: employment. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Author(s).)