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Dans cet essai, je propose de revenir sur l’ensemble de mes recherches autour de la dichotomie entre le Bien et le Mal qui a structuré le regard européen porté sur les Amériques à l’époque des grandes découvertes et des colonisations. Souvent invoquées comme un paradis terrestre par les premiers Européens qui y sont arrivés, les Amériques ont également été perçues sous un angle sombre, voire ténébreux. Cette dualité se manifeste dans l’hétérogénéité des récits des voyageurs, missionnaires et savants. La littérature issue de ces rencontres soulignait, d’un côté la richesse de la terre américaine et l’innocence de ses habitants, et de l’autre, toute sorte de péchés, parmi lesquels la luxure et le cannibalisme. Je cherche à montrer comment, dans des différents contextes (religieux et laïcs, savants et populaires), l’Enfer et le Paradis sont devenus de puissantes métaphores d’assimilation de ce Nouveau Monde, le regard européen souvent basculant entre le divin et le démoniaque.

Steels are used extensively in many industries due to their excellent balance of mechanical strength, manufacturability, costs, and acceptable corrosion resistance. Steels are being considered for structural components that are exposed to particularly challenging environments in advanced nuclear reactors. In this context, force-field molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on austenitic steel surrogates with Fe 40 Cr 25 Ni 35 and Fe 50 Cr 20 Ni 30 compositions to compute the lattice parameter, elastic constants, bulk modulus, Poisson ratio, the dislocation velocity as a function of shear stress, and the phonon drag coefficient for use in discrete dislocation dynamics (DDD) simulations. The accurate computation of these parameters is essential to obtain correct results by the evolution of the dislocation network of the materials using DDD simulations. The dislocation velocity was extracted from the MD calculations for both steel compositions at 30 different values of stress. Because no significant migration of dislocations was observed at stresses below 200 MPa, the dislocation velocity and mobility were calculated at stresses of 200 MPa and higher. Subsequently, the dislocation density and strain–stress relationship were then computed using the DDD approach. The elastic and plastic deformations in the Fe 40 Cr 25 Ni 35 system were found to be considerably larger than those of the Fe 50 Cr 20 Ni 30 system. Our study illustrates the ability of atomistic and dislocation dynamics simulations to elucidate qualitative descriptions of the elasticity and plasticity in steel materials, and thus can assist experimental efforts to evaluate the impact of deformation in austenitic steels. • An extensive computational study has been performed on austenitic steel surrogates with Fe 40 Cr 25 Ni 35 and Fe 50 Cr 20 Ni 30 compositions to investigate the mechanical and dislocation behaviors. • The dislocation density and strain-stress relationship were computed to access the information about the elastic and plastic regions in the steel compositions. • Based on the information obtained from the elastic and plastic regions, it was found that deformations in the Fe 40 Cr 25 Ni 35 system were larger than those of the Fe 50 Cr 20 Ni 30 system. • Our results indicate that the austenitic steel with the lower concentration of Fe atoms should be more ductile. This study illustrates the ability of computational modeling to elucidate qualitative descriptions of the elasticity and plasticity in steel materials and thus can assist experimental efforts to qualify the impact of deformation in austenitic steels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]