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In the field of paper conservation and archival research, identifying the raw materials of paper is important to elucidate its history and culture. As the most basic element of the raw materials for paper, fibers have not been sufficiently investigated. In this study, we propose a nondestructive method for estimating paper fibers from macro photographs ( $4000\times3000$ pixels) captured using a digital camera. The proposed method consists of background patch (500 pixels per side) detection (BPD), wherein background regions with no text are identified; patch fiber classification (PFC), wherein background patches obtained after BPD are analyzed for fiber classification; and paper fiber estimation (PFE), wherein macro images obtained after PFC are analyzed for fiber estimation. BPD and PFC are employed to perform patch-based classification on segmented macro images, which are reconstructed during PFE to obtain the final fiber estimation results. We performed experiments using 1337 macro images (64176 patches) to evaluate the fiber estimation accuracy for kozo, mitsumata, and gampi via three-fold cross-validation. The average fiber classification accuracy for patch images was observed to be 79.1%; accordingly, the average fiber estimation accuracy for macro images was 85.8%. Experimental results indicated that PFE can be realized in a nondestructive manner on macro images of paper captured using a digital camera.

Traditional sticky rice-lime mortar plays an important role in the restoration of Chinese historical buildings. However, its application in ancient building restoration is restricted due to some shortcomings of lime-based materials such as high shrinkage, low hardness in the early phase, cracking during carbonation, etc. In order to make better use of sticky rice-lime mortar, the research presented in this article evaluates the influence of admixtures (flax fiber, polypropylene fiber, and paper fiber) on the properties of traditional sticky rice-lime mortar by testing compressive and flexural strengths, surface hardness, drying shrinkage, water absorption, freezing-thawing cycles, carbonation degree, and through performing X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results revealed that three types of fibers ameliorated the mechanical strength, anti-shrinkage performance, durability, and microstructure of traditional sticky rice-lime mortar. 1.5% paper fiber was the most effective admixture to increase the mechanical properties and reduce the water absorption rates, and it improved the freeze–thaw cycles by more than 10 times; the incorporation of polypropylene fiber significantly reduced the drying shrinkage rates. In the practice of brick-stone cultural heritage conservation, it is recommended to consider adding paper fibers to improve the comprehensive performance of traditional sticky rice-lime mortar and adding polypropylene fibers to improve shrinkage resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The hygroscopic property of paper fiber is used to prepare a bifunctional catalyst. • The impregnation time for preparing the hollow microtubular Ni-MgO-CaO is 1 min. • 94.1 % of hydrogen is stably produced on 5Ni-10MgO-CaO from biogas for 50 cycles. • Only 37.1 % loss of the sorption-enhanced effect is shown during the entire cycle. Sorption-enhanced steam reforming (SESR) process is a promising technology aiming at the production of high purity hydrogen with CO 2 capture. The key to the success of this process is the availability of high-performance bifunctional catalysts. Herein, we develop a hollow microtubular Ni-MgO-CaO bifunctional catalyst with paper fiber as template. Due to the strong hygroscopic properties of paper fibers, it provides a method for the rapid synthesis of catalysts with design components by adsorbing solution. The characterizations indicate that the impregnation time (1 min vs 24 h) has no effect on the structural properties of Ni-MgO-CaO bifunctional catalysts. MgO as an inert spacer can weaken the sintering of CaO to ensure a stable CO 2 uptake. Moreover, the agglomeration of Ni particles is inhibited by the MgO coating on their surface. 5Ni-10MgO-CaO as the best performing catalyst displays high stability for the SESR of biogas (SESRB) reaction, during which 94.1 % purity of hydrogen with a 95.2 % conversion of CH 4 is stably produced and only 37.1 % decrease of sorption-enhanced effect is observed in 50 SESRB-calcination cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]