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Internet och sociala medier har revolutionerat människors sätt att umgås och kommunicera. Nackdelen med den digitala utvecklingen är att den möjliggör för snabb etablering och spridning av rasistiskt innehåll. I digitala forum förekommer idag rasistiska uttryck som inte modereras bort och som bryter mot många av sociala medieplattformarnas användarvillkor. I denna studie undersöks i vilken utsträckning som olika kategorier av rasistiska uttryck som förekommer, samt hur vanligt det är med rasistiska kommentarer då minoritetsgrupper omnämns. Studien fokuserar på tre minoritetsgrupper: muslimer, judar och öst- och sydostasiater, och på kommentarer från två diskussionsforum: Flashback och svenskspråkiga Reddit. Metoden mixed methods tillämpades, en forskningsmetod som kombinerar både en kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats. Metoden för hur data inhämtades var via dokumentundersökning. Utifrån en ordlista med rasistiska uttryck mättes förekomsten av omnämnanden av minoriteterna med hjälp av ett program. Ett urval av kommentarer som innehöll omnämnanden analyserades med hjälp av tematisk analys. Flashback utmärkte sig både när det kommer till antalet omnämnanden av minoriteterna och antalet rasistiska kommentarer. Detta kan bero på att Flashback inte modereras lika mycket som Reddit, men även på att forumet har en hårdare samtalston där grövre språk oftare tolereras. Muslimer är den grupp som nämns mest och har flest antal rasistiska kommentarer i urvalet. Vad detta beror på kan vara att muslimer utgör den största gruppen av minoriteterna men även på tidsperioden som data publicerades, vilket inföll samtidigt som koranbränningarna och påskupploppen. Med en tematisk analys identifierades fyra olika teman i kommentarer som nämnde de olika minoritetsgrupperna: fördomar, fientlighet, konspirationsteorier och hot mot väst. De ingående kategorierna skiljer sig markant, vilket beror på att de rasistiska uttrycken är djupt rotade i negativa stereotyper och fördomar som finns om resp, The internet and social media have revolutionized our way of communicating with each other. However, the downside of digital development is that it enables the rapid establishment and dissemination of racist content. In digital forums today, racist expressions that go unmoderated and violate the user terms are published. In this study, the extent to which various categories of racist expressions occur is examined, as well as how common racist comments are when minority groups are mentioned. The study focuses on three minority groups: Muslims, Jews and East and Southeast Asians, and two discussion forums: Flashback and Swedish Reddit. Mixed methods was applied, a research method that combines both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The method used for data collection was through survey of documents. By creating a list of racist expressions, the occurrence of mentions of minorities is measured by using a program. Thematic analysis is then applied to analyse a sample of comments containing these mentions. Flashback stood out both in terms of the number of mentions of minorities and the number of racist comments. This may be due to Flashback being less moderated than Reddit, and that the forum has a harsher conversational tone where coarser language is more often tolerated. Muslims are the most mentioned group and have the highest number of racist comments in the sample. This could be because Muslims make up the largest group of minorities and due to the time period the data was published, coinciding with the Quran burnings and Easter riots. From thematic analysis, four themes were identified for the minority groups: prejudice, hostility, conspiracy theories, and threats to the West. The categories involved differ significantly, as racist expressions are deeply rooted in negative stereotypes and prejudices about each minority group. The fact that the data is limited to only two forums and a specific time period means that the results cannot represent all Swedish s, Internet, Social media, Racism, Minorities, Mixed methods, Thematic analys

The aim of this study is to analyze teachers' perceptions of the changes made by the Swedish National Agency for Education (Skolverket) to the central content of the courses History 1a1 and 1b for Gy25. The focus has been directed towards the central content concerning the national minorities. The study is based on John I. Goodlad's curriculum theory, Curriculum Inquiry. Through qualitative interviews with five upper secondary school history teachers, empirical data has been collected. Subsequently, a variant of qualitative content analysis has been used to review the material and answer the study's research questions, which are: - How do teachers perceive the inclusion of the five national minorities in the subject curriculum's central content? - How do teachers connect these changes in the central content to the societal context? - How do teachers perceive that this will affect their course design? The results show that the interviewed teachers have different opinions of how big of a role the national minorities should have in the central content and in Swedish history education. Most teachers consider the Sami people to have a logical place in Swedish history education, while the other minorities are given varying and lesser roles. All teachers connect the central content to current events and political trends in today's society. Teachers show varying opinions on the extent to which the central content on national minorities will change their teaching. Some argue that it will occupy a significant portion of their respective course, while others argue that it will only change the examples they provide and the parallels they draw in their current teaching. Based on the teachers' reasoning, the study demonstrates how different interpretations can be made from the same curriculum based on the teachers' own experiences and circumstances.

Denna undersökning handlar om hur verksamma lärare i svenska på gymnasiet undervisar omminoritetsspråk. I Sverige finns fem nationella minoriteter och minoritetsspråk och enligtläroplanen ska dessa undervisas om i svenskämnet på gymnasiet. Undersökningens syfte äratt ta reda på och erbjuda både kunskap om och förståelse för vad ämneslärare i gymnasietundervisar om när det kommer till de fem nationella minoriteterna och minoritetsspråken.Detta inkluderar vad lärare använder i sin undervisning, alltså material, hur de undervisar omämnet och även vilka uppfattningar om och attityder de har till ämnet. För att ta reda på dettahar fyra verksamma lärare i svenska intervjuats. De fyra respondenterna har även haftmöjlighet att visa och dela med sig av material de använder i sin undervisning för att ökaförståelsen ytterligare. Resultaten visar att lärare anser att minoritetsspråksundervisning ärviktigt men på grund av den tunna motiveringen i läroplanen får det inte mycket tid iundervisningen samt undervisas om i samband med andra delar av läroplanen, oftast isamband med Nordiska språk. Resultaten visar även att lärare skapar material till ämnet påegen hand och/eller med hjälp av kollegor samt använder material som finns tillgängligt påinternet. För att skolan ska vara en del av att bevara språken behöver skolämnet och dessmaterial utvecklas samt tillägnas mer tid och större plats i läroplanen.

in english In this master thesis we explore the lived experiences of nine female and gender minoritized DJs in the Copenhagen DJ-scene. By conducting semi-structured interviews exploring a wide variety of conditions and aspects of their work and passions, and focusing on their unique situated perspectives and knowledges, we investigate how the working conditions and structures of the DJ-industry affect female and gender minoritized DJs, and the ways in which their social categories, i.e. their gender, ethnicity and racial appearance, affect the ways they are met and perceived within the industry. We discuss their experiences by applying several theoretical concepts from race- and gender studies, i.a. intersectionality, minority taxation and othering-mechanisms. Our study shows that the female and gender minoritized DJs experience manifold complex ways of being othered, embodied, positioned and made visible by the industry and its agents because of their gender and social categories, which i.a. is a result of a general underrepresentation of female and gender minoritized DJs within the industry. These aspects limit the female and gender minoritized DJs in their activities by holding them back in their careers in multiple ways. Combined with the fact that DJs often work nights in party cultures where people often are intoxicated, these conditions create an unsafe work environment, which results in the DJs making detailed security measures for themselves. We identify several potentials for change within the industry. A deeper awareness of the limiting and biased structures combined with a more communicative praxis when presenting and welcoming DJs, i.e. informing staff and guests about the particularities of the DJs’ artistic style, pronouns and other aspects, could potentially prevent discrimination and misunderstandings and make being in the field a better and less discriminating experience for the DJs. Overall, the thesis shows that there is an overarch

This study aims to investigate the representation of the region Tornedalen and tornedalians, a Swedish minority, in national news media through a critical discourse analysis. Despite being recognized as a national minority, tornedalians have reported a lack of media coverage, which can lead to feelings of invisibility and discrimination. News media has a significant impact on what we discuss and think about, and they have the responsibility to provide a broad representation of society, including its diversity. However, historically, minority groups have been overlooked or devalued in news media, which can have consequences for marginalized groups lacking significant power, including minorities. Therefore, this study seeks to deepen the understanding of the media’s impact on society’s perception of the minority. The study analyzes how power structures and ideologies shape their representation, interpreted from a post-structuralist perspective, using concepts such as producers/consumers, positioning, otherness, subaltern, and cultural identity. The study’s findings suggest that Tornedalen is often represented as a peripheral and exoticized place, reinforcing the idea of a homogeneous Swedish identity. Tornedalians are often positioned as “the other” with their cultural practices and language being portrayed as inferior or irrelevant. Journalistic practices play a crucial role in shaping knowledge and understanding of minority groups such as tornedalians, and the study highlights the need for news media to provide a more diverse and accurate representation of society. The study also suggests areas for further research, such as investigating how different audiences interpret and react to news articles, and how Tornedalen and tornedalians are represented in public service media. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of how news media shapes society’s perception of minorities and highlights the importance of providing a diverse and accurate representation o

Detta projekt söker efter vägledande principer för en kunskapsproduktion kring fetischistisk sexualitet. Detta har utförts genom diskursanalytiska och genealogiska studier av hur fetischism konstrueras i olika sociokulturella sammanhang. Analysen indikerar att fetischistisk sexualitet existerar i en marginaliserad position i ett maktrelationellt landskap, där yttre grupper har olika incitament till att återge fetischism på bristfälliga, sexualiserande och andrafierande sätt. Detta medför olika problem vad gäller kunskapsproduktionen kring fetischistisk sexualitet och kan antas bidra till upprätthållandet av nuvarande sexualnormer. För att minimera dessa kunskapsproduktionsproblem föreslås åtta vägledande principer: En ansvarstagande kunskapsproduktion som utgår från subjektet; medvetenhet om stereotyper och om patologins kvardröjande ok; användande av icke-andrafierande terminologi; medvetenhet om könsorienteringsnormen; medvetenhet om politiserade begrepp; undvikande av låsning i subkulturell identitetspolitik; en förståelse för den abjektas möjligheter att tala; samt bruk av intrasektionell analys. Dessa principer kan förstås bidra till ett tillgängliggörande av forskningsfältet kring fetischism samt bidra till en allmän förståelse för sexualitet bortom kön., This project aims to find guiding principles for a knowledge production around fetishism. This has been conducted through discourse analysis and genealogical studies of the construction of fetishism in central contexts. The analysis indicates that fetishism is marginalised in a weave of power relations, where external interests have incitaments to vilify, sexualise and otherise fetishistic sexuality. This is understood to potentially cause various problems when it comes to knowledge production around fetishism. In order to minimise these problems, eight guiding principles are suggested: A knowledge production based in the subject; awareness of lingering pathological notions and stereotypes; usage of non-othering terminology; awareness of the sex/gender orientation norm; awareness of politicised definitions; awareness of subcultural identity politics; an understanding of the abject's ability to speak; and usage of intra-sectional analysis.

Denne afhandling har til formål at undersøge, hvordan storayatollah Ali al-Sistani (den øverste religiøse autoritet for verdens shia-muslimer) og sunnimuslimske sheik Yusuf al-Qaradawi (den tidligere præsident for Det Europæiske Råd for Fatwa og Forskning) behandler emnerne samfundsrelationer- og transaktioner, samt muslimers ophold og borgerskab i Europa, i deres respektive fatwa-samlinger om genren fiqh al-aqalliyyāt (islamisk jura til muslimske minoriteter). Jeg anvendte den komparative metode til min fatwaanalyse ved at fokusere på følgende tre dimensioner af fatwa: spørgsmålet, svaret eller fortolkningen og begrundelsen. Disse dimensioner hjalp med at identificere lighedstrække og forskelle i tilgangen til, hvordan Sistani og Qaradawi håndterede de udvalgte emner og strukturerede deres respektive fatwaer. Afhandlingen argumenterer for, at lighedstrækkene i Sistanis og Qaradawis behandling af de udvalgte emner gennem deres fatwaer for det meste er koncentreret om de to fatwadimensioner – spørgsmålet og svaret eller fortolkningen, mens deres forskelle er metodiske, koncentreret om den tredje fatwadimension – begrundelsen. Hovedresultaterne i afhandlingen omfatter, at begge retslærde Sistani og Qaradawi lovligt tillader og legitimerer muslimske minoriteters aktive deltagelse i ikke-muslimske europæiske samfund både socialt, økonomisk, politisk og juridisk. Muslimer er forpligtet til at overholde love og regler i de lande, hvor de bor i, dog ikke på bekostning af deres egen eller deres børns muslimske identitet. Endelig har dette speciale bidraget til at præsentere en ny empirisk viden om genren fiqh al-aqalliyyāt som den første af slagsen på dansk. Derfor er det, det første akademiske bidrag til det danske forskningslandskab om genren fiqh al-aqalliyyāt og det første europæiske akademiske bidrag med en komparativ analyse af genren fiqh al-aqalliyyāt i shia- og sunnijura., This thesis aims to investigate how Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani (the Supreme Religious Authority of World's Shia Muslims) and Sunni Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi (the former President of the European Council for Fatwa and Research) treat the topics of Muslim relations and transactions as they take part in European communities, as well as the residence and citizenship of Muslims in non-Muslim, European countries. The Fatwas selected for the analysis were from al-Sistani´s and al-Qaradawi´s collection of Fatwas concerning the genre Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt (jurisprudence for Muslim minorities). I applied the comparative method for my Fatwa analysis by focusing on the following three dimensions of Fatwa: the question, the answer or interpretation, and the justification. These dimensions helped to identify similarities and differences in the approach of how al-Sistani and al-Qaradawi handled the Fatwas. The thesis argues that the similarities between the Fatwa approach of al-Sistani and al-Qaradawi are mostly concentrated on the two dimensions– the question and the answer or interpretation, while their differences are methodical, concentrated on the third dimension– the justification. The main results presented in the thesis include that both scholars al-Sistani and al-Qaradawi legally allow and legitimize the active participation of Muslim minorities in non-Muslim European communities both socially, economically, politically, and legally. Muslims are obliged to abide by the laws and regulations of the countries where they reside, however, not at the expense of their own or their children's Muslim identity. Finally, this thesis has contributed to presenting a new empirical knowledge of the genre Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt as the first of its kind in Danish research as well as language. The thesis is also the first European academic contribution with a comparative analysis of the genre Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt within Shia and Sunni jurisprudence.

In Denmark the political and public debate regarding young ethnic minority men is highly polarized. In this paper I investigate which imagined groups the Danish society consists of, and how these affect young ethnic minority men in regard to their identity formation, and which effects it has on their daily lives and opportunities, as well as their emotional wellbeing. My object is to clarify these issues and qualify the debate as to make it more balanced than it is today. As my theoretical frame I use Rogers Brubaker´s term groupism and Elizabeth Anderson´s theory regarding group stigma and attribution bias, as these play a vital part in all aspects regarding minority issues. I also introduce and apply other philosophical and theoretical terms when they can shed light on the on-hand discussion. I have divided my investigation into three parts: In part one, I examine which effects groupism and stigma have on young ethnic minority boys and men, when shaping their identity, and how schoolteachers and the surrounding communities will contribute to these stereotypes and prejudices. In part two, I examine how fear toward the minority, is embedded in the body through implicit bias and lived experience in majority Danes; illustrated with the white woman facing the ethnic minority man in the street at night. With the arguments of philosopher Shannon Sullivan, I discuss how the physical reaction; knots in the stomach, cold sweat, and nausea create the feeling of fear, and not the other way around. In part three, I show how ethnic minority men face an unjust choice of either expressing their apt anger and frustration with the injustice of their situation, or acting prudentially, what Amia Srinivasan has coined affective injustice. I take the discussion further, by arguing, that the emotional labor done by the ethnic minority man, when reassuring the majority that he has no ill intent, is an affective injustice as well. Lastly, I conclude that the ethnic minority man in the Dan