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The objective of this research is to analyze the labor gap in Ecuador, correcting the session period by sample selection to show if the differences in labor income are due to observable or discriminatory situations, and if they changed after the pandemic. To achieve this objective, the annual employment databases for the years 2018, 2019 and 202 were analyzed, and a model described by Jones (2007) and Adkins and Hill (2011) was initiated, who conclude in the application of the model of Heckman and the failure of the Oaxaca-Blinder method was estimated to correct errors and show possible discrimination in labor income. The results obtained show that it is more difficult for women, young people and ethnic minorities to find work, and when they are in employment their income is lower, even the labor gap between men and women increases after the pandemic. Income gaps are explained by discriminatory factors and observable factors in the case of women and ethnic minorities; while for young people it is due to observable factors. La presente investigación tiene por objetivo analizar la brecha laboral en el Ecuador corrigiendo el sesgo por selección de muestra para evidenciar si las diferencias en los ingresos laborales se deben a situaciones observables o discriminatorias, y si cambiaron luego de la pandemia. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se analizó las bases de datos de empleo anual de los años 2018, 2019 y 2021, y se desarrolló un modelo descrito por Jones (2007) y Adkins y Hill (2011), quienes concluyen en la aplicación del modelo de Heckman, y se estimó la descomposición del método de Oaxaca-Blinder, para corregir los errores y evidenciar una posible discriminación en el ingreso laboral. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que para las mujeres, jóvenes y minorías étnicas es más difícil conseguir trabajo, y cuando se encuentran en empleo sus ingresos son menores, incluso la brecha laboral entre hombres y mujeres se incrementa después de la pandemia. Las brechas de los ingresos se explican por factores discriminatorios y factores observables en el caso de las mujeres y minorías étnicas; mientras que para los jóvenes se debe a factores observables.

Projecte I+D (2019-2021: UNIROMA: Gitanas y gitanos en la universidad española: dificultades y acciones para su superación Pese a que la juventud gitana está alcanzando la educación superior con mayor frecuencia que las generaciones anteriores, una vez en la universidad enfrentan barreras específicas que limitan sus oportunidades educativas, dificultan su trayectoria académica y que no se han descrito en profundidad para el caso de España. El proyecto UNIROMA: Gitanas y gitanos en la universidad española financiado por el Plan Nacional I+D+i buscó identificar dichas barreras con el objetivo de formular recomendaciones para superarlas. La investigación consideró un diseño mixto, que combinó una encuesta y entrevistas en profundidad a estudiantes gitanos de universidades de Andalucía y Cataluña. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian barreras fruto de la interseccionalidad de diversos factores de discriminación que afectan a estos estudiantes: por su pertenencia a una minoría étnica, por ser con mayor frecuencia estudiantes de primera generación y no tradicionales y por su situación socioeconómica. En el caso de las mujeres, se añaden además barreras que derivan de la discriminación de género. A modo de conclusión el artículo desarrolla cuatro grupos de recomendaciones para potenciar la equidad en el sistema universitario. Las medidas consideran la colaboración entre iguales, el apoyo económico, académico y el fomento de la presencia gitana. Although Roma youth are reaching higher education more frequently than previous generations, once at university they face specific barriers that limit their educational opportunities and hinder their academic trajectory. The UNIROMA: Roma in Spanish universities project, funded by the Plan Nacional I+D+i, sought to identify these barriers with the aim of formulating recommendations to overcome them. The research considered a mixed design, combining techniques such as a survey and in-depth interviews with Roma students at universities in Andalusia and Catalonia. The results obtained reveal barriers resulting from the intersectionality of various discrimination factors that affect these students: belonging to an ethnic minority, being more often first-generation and non-traditional students, and their socio-economic situation. In the case of women, barriers arising from gender discrimination are also added. In conclusion, the article develops four groups of measures to enhance equity in the university system that address the barriers identified. The measures consider peer-to-peer collaboration, economic and academic support and the promotion of Roma presence.

O sentimento de exclusão que os Ovimbundu manifestam, desde que Angola alcançou a paz e com ela veio a reconciliação nacional, foi o ponto de partida deste trabalho, cujo principal objectivo é descrever as diferentes percepções dos Ovimbundu sobre a sua exclusão na sociedade angolana entre 2002 a 2022. A escolha deste período deveu-se ao facto de ter sido nele onde se assistiu a ascensão de muitos Ovimbundu a lugares que antes se consideravam excluídos, tanto nos órgãos de soberania do país, como no aparelho governativo e nas estruturas de topo do partido que governa. Tal realidade, porém, não impediu o endurecimento do senso de marginalização que os membros deste grupo têm de si próprios dentro da sociedade angolana. São também explorados, neste trabalho, temas ligados com a identidade social dos Ovimbundu e a manipulação desta para efeitos de discriminação. O trabalho adopta uma abordagem qualitativa, tendo como procedimentos de recolha de dados a entrevista estruturada e a consulta bibliográfica. Os dados analisados não confirmam uma exclusão no sentido amplo da palavra, pois referem-se apenas a uma das dimensões, neste caso a mobilidade ascendente nas estruturas das organizações da sociedade angolana onde os Ovimbundu reclamam a pouca representação, enquanto povo mais numeroso de Angola. Contudo, a assumpção desta conclusão implica, necessariamente, compreender a arquitectura do poder político, em Angola, com todo o seu histórico trazido da época de afirmação dos movimentos nacionalistas. The feeling of exclusion that the Ovimbundu manifest, since Angola reached peace and with it national reconciliation, was the starting point of this work, whose main objective is to describe the different perceptions of the Ovimbundu about their exclusion in Angolan society, among 2002 to 2022. Themes related to the social identity of the Ovimbundu and its manipulation for the purposes of discrimination are also explored in this work. The work adopts a qualitative approach, having as data collection procedures the structured interview and the bibliographic consultation. The answers analyzed do not confirm an exclusion in the broad sense of the word, as they refer to only one of the dimensions, in this case the upward mobility in the structures of the organizations of Angolan society where the Ovimbundu claim little representation, as the most numerous people in Angola. However, the assumption of this conclusion necessarily implies understanding the architecture of political power in Angola, with all its history brought back from the time of affirmation of nationalist movements.

Family relationships play a central role in wellbeing among older adults in Chile. Based on the theory of social production functions, this study examined the relationship between perceived social support from children, partners and relatives, family functioning, self-perceived health and quality of life (QoL) among Chilean older adults. The study used a multi-ethnic sample of Chilean older adults living in rural areas in the regions of Arica and Parinacota (north) and Araucanía (south). A model was analyzed that emphasizes relationships differentiated by the source of support, family functioning and self-perceived health in the explanation of QoL. The results obtained from the structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis showed the existence of indirect relationships of social support from children, partners and other family members via family functioning, while self-perceived health was directly associated with QoL. The findings indicate that family functioning is a main variable in the contrasted model, in addition to confirming the importance of distinguishing the role of the various sources of support. Research is needed to examine in detail intergenerational relationships and other relationships with family members who are significant in the wellbeing of older adults. This research corroborates that family relationships have a specificity that needs to be addressed in gerontological social intervention, as well as continuing along the lines of strengthening or improving existing family ties (more quality) over the quantity of social relationships.

Tese de doutoramento em Ciências da Comunicação, Nepal enjoys vast social, cultural, geographical, and linguistic diversity. However, with very few exceptions, the language of the vast majority of newspapers or other forms of media is Nepali. In this context, this research aims to investigate the media’s coverage and representatioin on ethnic minorities and Dalits through content analysis of two leading Nepali national daily newspapers, namely Gorkhapatra (state-owned) and Kantipur (private-owned), for a period of 10 years. Additionally, the practices of inequality in the media are analyzed through four focus group discussions and 16 in-depth interviews. This research has adopted qualitative research methods. One of the main objectives of the study was to examine the major trends on caste representation of the two daily newspapers during the study period. Firstly, the study has focused on analsying the patterns of headlines of the selected sample news which are related to the ethnic minorities and the Dalits communities. Secondly, using focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with different stakeholders, this study has focused on analysing the newsroom culture and the practices of inequality of Nepalese print media and its reception by the participants. The research was carried on the ground of ethnic identity and social inclusion theory. Likewise, some classical theories of mass media, cultural studies and sociology have also been applied. The news samples are selected from 2004 - the year when the Maoist civil war was in its climax on which the reformation of the state on the basis of caste was the main demand of the Communist party of Nepal (Maoist) to 2014 - the base year of the formation of new constitution 2015, when the issue of equal participation of minorities was advocated densely. This research prominently suggested the media to improve their policy on news reporting and fair representation of ethnic minorities and low caste people. This study will be helpful to the government of Nepal, social organizations and other media institutions to foster equality in the society as well as in the media in terms of inclusion of ethnic minorities and lower caste groups as a reference., O Nepal é um país com uma vasta diversidade social, cultural e linguística. No entanto, a língua da grande maioria dos jornais e meios de comunicação social é o nepalês. Esta investigação visa investigar a cobertura jornalística sobre minorias étnicas e Dalit através da análise do conteúdo de dois importantes jornais diários nepaleses, nomeadamente o Gorkhapatra (propriedade do Estado) e o Kantipur (propriedade privada), durante um período de 10 anos. Além disso, são analisadas as práticas de desigualdade nos média através de quatro discussões em grupo e de 16 entrevistas em profundidade. Esta investigação é de cariz qualitativo. Um dos principais objetivos do estudo foi examinar os estereótipos sociais relativos à etnicidade e à casta na imprensa no referido período. Em primeiro lugar, o estudo centrou-se na análise dos padrões de cobertura dos dois principais meios de comunicação impressos no que respeita às minorias étnicas e aos Dalits. Em segundo lugar, através dos grupos de discussão realizados junto de públicos diversos e das entrevistas aprofundadas com peritos dos média, ativistas, líderes sociais e analistas políticos, este estudo coloca em evidência o cenário de extrema desigualdade entre grupos de casta e classe social na sociedade nepalesa contemporânea. Esta investigação integra os contributos de teorias sobre identidade étnica e inclusão social assim como algumas teorias clássicas nas áreas das ciências da comunicação, estudos culturais e sociologia. A investigação abarcou conteúdos publicados de 2004 – ano em que a Guerra Civil maoísta atingiu o seu climax - até 2014, ano base da elaboração da nova constituição do país, que entrou em vigor em 2015. Esta investigação evidencia a desigualdade na cobertura noticiosa das minorias étnicas e dos ‘Dalit’ nos média nepaleses. Este estudo poderá ser útil para o governo nepalês, organizações sociais e outras instituições ligadas à cultura e aos média de modo a combater a desigualdade nos meios de comunicação social e na sociedade em geral.

Microaggressions are subtle aggressions, often unintentional, which are usually directed at certain groups of people, generally minorities. Due to their insidious frequency, they cause great discomfort. They can even cause permanent problems with adapting and integrating of various kinds. University libraries, as the social spaces that they are, accommodate a wide variety of people and can be places where microaggressions occur in different directions: librarians towards users, users towards librarians and among these groups. This study analyzes the incidence of various types of microaggressions in the academic library environment from the point of view of one group of users: academics and researchers. An online survey was completed by a large number of academics and researchers from a large geographic area. Data was obtained on both observed and felt or experienced microaggressions in the library, either towards themselves or other users, or towards the librarian. The results indicate that researchers are more aggressive than librarians, making the library space a safer place for diversity than the university. Nevertheless, for certain aspects the library shows some data that invites reflection and an opportunity to further reduce occurrences.

Este trabajo reenfoca la investigación sobre discriminación múltiple e inmigración centrándose en las propuestas «antidiscriminación» hechas desde la investigación sociológica y la acción social. Mientras la revisión de la literatura ha abarcado la comunidad internacional, con especial atención a lo producido desde las ciencias sociales, los otros materiales empíricos (documentos disponibles en sitios virtuales institucionales, de ONG, etc., al igual que las entrevistas ex novo o de archivo) se han circunscrito preferentemente al caso español. La indagación, orientada al asociacionismo latino, afro y musulmán, se ha complementado con los casos LGTBI, salud mental y discapacidad, con atención a la concurrencia de discriminaciones por diversidad no solo migratoria. Se concluye con la existencia de confluencias discursivas entre analistas y asociaciones, con potencialidad para las políticas sociales antidiscriminatorias y la investigación sociológica.

Anthropology in China has a century long history. This article examines its origin, development, practices, and limitations throughout history briefly. It is argued that the history of anthropology in China has always been influenced by the state politics; its ups and downs has been determined by the state policy, and thus lacks academic autonomy. In the era of reform-open, however, Chinese anthropology received its spring. Several fields of new were developed along with international anthropology; the discipline has produced many PhDs. Many universities and colleges have established their own programs or departments. There are some problems, however, are underneath. Nonetheless, all negative conditions would push Chinese anthropologists forward to learn more, strengthening theoretical and critical thinking and searching for new subjects and new problems. Resumo A antropologia na China tem um século de história. Este artigo examina brevemente sua origem, desenvolvimento, práticas e limitações ao longo da história. Argumenta-se que a história da antropologia na China sempre foi influenciada pela política do estado; seus altos e baixos foram determinados pela política estadual e, portanto, carece de autonomia acadêmica. Na era da reforma aberta, no entanto, a antropologia chinesa floreceu. Vários campos novos foram desenvolvidos junto com a antropologia internacional; a disciplina produziu muitos PhDs. Muitas universidades e faculdades estabeleceram seus próprios programas ou departamentos. Existem alguns problemas, no entanto, subterrâneos. No entanto, todas as condições negativas impulsionariam os antropólogos chineses a aprender mais, fortalecendo o pensamento teórico e crítico e buscando novos temas e novas questões.

Fei Xiaotong (1910-2005) es considerado como el pionero de la antropología y sociología en China. Esto se debe a que su obra es de las más tempranas y relevantes en la antropología aplicada y a que posteriormente, es encargado por el Comité Central del Partido Comunista de la reconstrucción de la sociología en China. Mediante el estudio de su obra y su experiencia vital, se pueden comprender las transformaciones que sufre China durante el siglo XX, así como la estrecha relación entre la producción del conocimiento y el poder, el modo en que se acciona la colonialidad del saber/poder/ser en el devenir político de la RPCh. Este estudio de caso, no representa simplemente un estudio de las articulaciones en China, sino que permite ilustrar para teorizar a partir del caso acerca de los modelos o formas de colonialidad y de colonialismo interno, y su impacto en la ciencia contemporánea desde el siglo XX. El objetivo que tiene Fei durante toda su vida es elaborar planes para solucionar o mejorar aspectos de la sociedad que se basen en los resultados que obtenga mediante la aplicación del conocimiento antropológico y sociológico. Pero con la fundación de la República Popular China, su carrera académica y sus aspiraciones se ven truncadas ya que su obra es gradualmente censurada al ser tachado como derechista por el Partido Comunista. Durante la Revolución Cultural es reeducado forzosamente en la doctrina maoísta y humillado públicamente hasta el punto de que llega a repudiar su obra anterior. Con la muerte de Mao, comienza lo que él mismo denomina como su segunda vida académica, marcada inevitablemente por el periodo de censura y por tanto, desarrollando una sociología orientada al interés nacional. Fei Xiaotong (1910-2005) is regarded as the pioneer of anthropology and sociology in China. This is due to the fact that his work is one of the earliest and most relevant in applied anthropology and that later, he was commissioned by the Central Committee of the Communist Party to reconstruct sociology in China. By studying his work and his life experience, one can understand the transformations that China undergoes during the twentieth century as well as the close relationship between the production of knowledge and power, the way in which the coloniality of knowledge/power/being is activated in the political development of the PRC. This study does not simply represent a study of the articulations in China, but allows us to illustrate to theorize from the case about the models or forms of coloniality and internal colonialism, and their impact on contemporary science since the twentieth century. The goal that Fei has throughout his life is to develop plans to solve or improve aspects of society that are based on the results he obtains through the application of anthropological and sociological knowledge. But with the founding of the People's Republic of China, his academic career and aspirations are cut short because his work is gradually censored by being branded as right-wing by the Chinese Communist Party. During the Cultural Revolution he was forcibly re-educated in the Maoist doctrine and publicly humiliated to the point of repudiating his previous work. When Mao died, he started what he himself calls his second academic life, that is inevitably marked by the period of censorship and therefore, he developed a sociology oriented to the national interest. Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Estudios de Asia Oriental

[ES] Este artículo proporciona un estudio de Gobernanza fronteriza en la antigua China. Interpreta el estado de dominación en las áreas de minorías étnicas por el gobierno de Dinastía central entre 2070 B.C-1279 A.D que reconocen entre la comunidad académica relevante en China. En este país multiétnico con una larga historia de dinastía, muchas minorías étnicas viven en las fronteras de China, así Dinastía central se ha enfrentado a complicados problemas de gobernanza fronteriza simple en esta vasta tierra. Aunque las dinastías feudales en varios períodos de la historia china diferían en el contenido de la gobernanza fronteriza, sus sistemas de gobernanza tenían el mismo origen y mejoraban constantemente. Se trata de interpretar el modelo de gobernanza de frontera en cada etapa histórica, a fin de ordenar un contexto histórico claro y proporcionar una ventana para que los sociólogos de habla hispana comprendan la gobernanza de las minorías étnicas en la antigua China. [EN] This article provides a study of border governance in ancient China. It interprets the state of domination in ethnic minorities areas by the central feudal dynasty government between 2070 B.C1279 A.D which is recognized among the relevant academic community in China. In this multi-ethnic country with a long history of feudal dynasty, many ethnic minorities live on the borders of China, thus the central feudal dynasty has faced complicated problems of simple border governance in this vast land. Although feudal dynasties in various periods of Chinese history differed in the content of border governance, their governance systems were of the same origin and were constantly improving. The author strives to interpret the border governance model at each historical stage, in order to order a clear historical context and provide a window for Spanish-speaking sociologists to understand the governance of ethnic minorities in ancient China. [ZH] 本文是一个有关中国古代的边境治理的研究。它依据中国学术界得到认可的文献 对公元前2070年至公元1279年期间中国中央王朝政府对少数民族地区的统治状况进行了梳 理。中国是一个拥有着悠久封建王朝历史的多民族国家，许多少数民族生活在中国的边界 上，因此中央王朝在这片广袤的土地上面临着各种各样的边界治理问题。虽然中国历史上 各个时期的封建王朝在边疆治理的内容上有所不同，但他们的治理体系是同源的，并且再 不断完善。作者希望通过对中国每个历史阶段的边疆治理模式的解读，为西班牙语社会学 家了解中国古代少数民族的治理提供一个窗口，以供大家参考交流。