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In the late-2000s, Washington, DC achieved national notoriety for its embrace of market accountability in public schools and support for a steadily expanding charter sector. At the same time, the DC government pursued a concerted effort to attract new residents and investment to the city, a project that bore fruit in the form of some of the highest levels of gentrification in the country. Most of the research exploring intersections between charterization and gentrification has focused on the school choice decisions of gentrifier parents and school enrollment patterns. This paper illuminates the geography of opening and closing schools in DC--both charter and District-operated--between 1997 and 2017 and describes the intersection of those processes with patterns of gentrification and neighborhood change across the city. A detailed description of how this played out in one gentrifying neighborhood supplements the citywide analysis.

Schooling has been a site of harm for Indigenous people in settler colonial contexts, as a tool of dispossession, assimilation and separation from country and kin. However, schools have simultaneously been sites to work against this and build alternatives to settler colonial systems that nourish Indigenous futures. This article centers the connections between Indigenous labour, land, sovereignty and schooling. It focuses on the Strelley mob's innovative remodelling of schooling during the first phase of national Australian government policies of Indigenous self-determination and self-management between 1972 and 1983. Working with Indigenous-authored texts and oral histories, I explain how the Strelley mob and supporters worked to exploit and reshape schooling to bring together and sustain their communities on their land, developing a practice of local control over repossessed country with an Indigenised schooling system at the heart. I show how the tensions centred on five 'zones of contest' where the Strelley mob clashed with norms of settler state governance in schools. I suggest these zones - political economy; school sovereignty; knowledges, technologies and temporalities; language and linguistic power; and spaces and lands - may provide an analytical tool for situating contests over Indigenous schooling within wider contests over land, labour and sovereignty.

This article traces the state takeover and neoliberal reconstruction of a mid-size urban school district in the California Bay Area. Aligning with research on social networks in school reform, it identifies three organizational nodes of power operating within the takeover and post-takeover landscape: venture-philanthropic capital, the Teach for America organization, and a local intermediary organization that acted as a hub for the capital and labor flowing from these organizations. Their story demonstrates the concrete ways in which an increasingly globalized funding and policy network converged at the district level in order to implement a unified policy agenda. The network's role in school politics, real estate, and gentrification provides a template for the transnational work of school reformers and their role in creating the neoliberal 'global city.'

By reflecting on the research journey in an ethno-case study, this study attempts to identify the potential and limitations of critical realist grounded theory (CRGT) that hitherto remain unsubstantiated. My research sought to uncover how a Cambodian NGO's rights-based approach fostered people's transformative learning (TL) towards claiming their rights to development and how various structures influenced the extent of their TL. CRGT enabled the elucidation of the stratified realities, particularly land grabbing that influenced people's TL, through the abduction and retroduction processes. However, using CRGT--which treats people's meaning-making as a point of departure--and progressively focusing on the structures through the same processes led to the lack of empirical data on the structures. Therefore, I suggest some measures to overcome this issue.

We argue that gentrification is school pushout by a different name, displacing Black children and families through multiple modes of hypersurveillance, invisibility, criminalization, and disposability. We share vivid frontline experiences as Black women educators and a Jewish American woman educator while foregrounding the multiple ways in which we advocate "for" and "as" Black educational stakeholders to placemake through research, community engagement, and activism. Additionally, we posit the ways in which gentrification functions as a nuanced, complex carceral state that fuels neighborhood and school pushout in a historic Black Southwest Atlanta community by weaving how "turnaround" schools function as carceral spaces for Black students, teachers, and families through policies and practices. To accomplish this, we share narratives of our quotidian lives with housing and urban education reform practices outlining how an urban education reform agenda in a majority Black city intersects with urban renewal/negro removal, highlighting how profiteers conveniently misuse narratives of Black suffering and Black educational deficits. As "both" protectors of "and" penalized alongside Black children in a carceral school state - as residents and teachers - we are doubly impacted by gentrification and urban education reform and "marginalized by association." yet we persist by affirming our commitment to a path of freedom in the midst of our beloved communities shifting and coddling social and material capital possessed by gentrifiers.

This study utilized decennial United States census data from 1970 to 2010 to examine the effects of university anchor institution initiatives on gentrification in multiple cities across the country. Using a difference-in-differences approach, a gentrification composite variable for census tracts targeted by anchor initiatives is compared to the composite for similar tracts within the same city, providing plausibly causal estimates of the relationship between gentrification and the initiatives. There is evidence university anchor initiatives slow rates of gentrification, though the statistically negative effect is not large enough to override the larger trends in gentrification across time. Additionally, financial strategies tend to slow gentrification the most, while physical strategies may accelerate gentrification.

This article uses interviews of long-standing neighborhood residents' sentiments of university expansion into their community. These data provide persuasive empirical evidence for the need of urban anchor institutions to include as an integral component of their campus reopening efforts, intentional plans for reducing the disruption of housing patterns of permanent residents. The term "COVID exposure" has come to signify not only the potential to succumb to the virus, but it also implies the revealing of inequities in systems that impact the effects of the crisis within Black and Brown communities. Every sector of U.S. society has been impacted by COVID-19, and it has required a paradigm shift in our interactions with one another. Academic institutions are enacting robust de-densification efforts which will stimulate dramatic shifts in the off-campus housing needs for students, but they stand the chance of displacing or further disadvantaging the long-standing residents who reside outside of their campus border. Universities must use reopening plans as an instrument to change the trajectory of relationships they hope to cultivate with their long-standing neighbors, through renewed engagement efforts that integrate lessons from the past and that seek to build stronger neighborhoods by challenging housing inequity and housing inequality.

Background: As gentrification transforms the physical, cultural, and demographic character of urban landscapes, an expansive body of research has generated insights into the meanings and implications of this process for public schools. How school leaders facilitate or constrain school gentrification is a growing area of inquiry. Research Design: This article analyzes the literature on school gentrification and presents a conceptual model to frame how school leaders' responses influence the trajectory of school transformation. Results: Drawing on 18 studies of school gentrification's dynamics, we outline how school leaders communicate and market schools to families, cultivate school climates, and manage personnel and resources amid gentrification. Conclusions: We argue that school leaders play critical roles in gentrification processes and that their actions can interrupt or exacerbate inequities in gentrifying schools. We conclude with implications for policy, research, and practice.

Community-based, Judaism-intensive action groups (Hebrew: Gar'inim Toraniim--GTs) are religiously motivated to settle in Israeli development towns, seeking to narrow social gaps through education. However, their influence has never been fully clarified. This study is grounded in the theory of educational gentrification and introduces the concept of Faith-Driven Gentrification. Until now research has lacked voice from local people forced to face the intervention of settlers driven by religion and their influence on urban school systems. The findings, based on institutional data and in-depth interviews, show that GTs alter the structure of educational systems and the dominant educational ethos. They drive achievement and strict religiosity; nevertheless, their actions impair disadvantaged groups and opponents of their religious lifestyle, intensifying segregation. By giving voice to these communities, this study claims that despite gentrifiers' commitment to social justice in urban communities, they harm longtime residents through indirect displacement, fueled by religious and ethnic elitism.

This study examines often-overlooked youth perspectives on the sociospatial changes happening in a community experiencing Black displacement, mass Latinx immigration, and impending gentrification. To date, studies of complex urban change rarely consider the ways in which young people perceive and produce place differently from adults. Drawing on Critical Race Spatial Analysis and related literature, this critical phenomenological study centers the experiences youth of color living and learning in South Central Los Angeles. In doing so, this article draws on walking interview data from a larger place sensitive study. This study found that youth of color in South Central derive keen, intersectional insights into the dialectical relationship between the social and the spatial just by living their lives. They learn to "read the world" around them and in doing so, develop complex understandings of the sociospatial phenomena that surrounds them. The article concludes with a call to value the intellect of urban youth in research and public policy.

This case study investigated how three New York City schools responded to gentrification's effects as student demographics shifted. I used the conceptual framework of "urban school leaders as cultural workers" to examine the tensions, successes, and challenges inherent in the school gentrification and integration process. I found that each school leader defied the school gentrification narrative by "holding the line" in terms of preserving diversity, cultivating integration, and counterbalancing the opportunity hoarding behaviors of White, advantaged parents. The results have implications for urban school leaders who want to be agents of change by leveraging gentrification's effects into positive results.

Largely overlooked in the empirical literature on gentrification are the potential effects school closures have in the process. This study begins to fill this gap by integrating longitudinal data on all U.S. metropolitan neighborhoods from the Neighborhood Change Database with data on the universe of school closures from the National Center for Educational Statistics. We found that the effects of school closures on patterns of gentrification were concentrated among black neighborhoods. School closures increased the probability that the most segregated black neighborhoods experienced gentrification by 8 percentage points and increased the extent to which these neighborhoods experienced gentrification by 0.21 standard deviations. We found no evidence that school closures increased the likelihood or extent that white or Latinx neighborhoods experienced gentrification. Substantive conclusions were consistent across multiple measures of gentrification, alternative model specifications, and a variety of sample restrictions and were robust to a series of falsification tests. Results suggest school closures do not simply alter the educational landscape. School closures are also emblematic of a larger spatial and racial reimagining of U.S. cities that dispossesses and displaces black neighborhoods.

The prevailing argument for school choice in metropolitan cities has been that children from economically disadvantaged communities need opportunities to access better quality schools than the traditional public schools assigned to them based on their address. However, as these cities experience gentrification, more economically advantaged parents are taking advantage of school choice policies for their children -- despite already living in the catchment zones for highly desirable traditional public schools. This study explores the intersection of community and school gentrification and the motivations for supporting and participating in the school choice process for parents in Washington, D.C., a highly gentrified city with a robust school choice landscape. Leveraging a relatively robust school choice system, the author interviewed 25 professional-class, low-income, and working-class parents in Washington, D.C. who completed applications for the citywide school lottery. The findings show that parents have vastly different priorities when choosing schools, depending largely on race, class, and whether they are a gentrifier or native Washingtonian. The findings reveal contradictions between the stated values and the actions among White professional-class parents, a pursuit of equality of conditions for low-income and working-class Black parents, and tensions between gentrifying and native parents in communities as gentrification changes the complexion and culture of schools.

A paradox exists between capital accumulation and corporate philanthropy: a record number of 'generous' donations and historic levels of social inequality. In education, tech companies are directing significant investments to shape public schools. Many efforts to support Latino boys are aligned with these goals, as interventions aim to prepare students for the 'new economy.' Few studies consider the experiences of high-performing Latino boys in relation to tech companies. This paper examines how the Bay Area tech industry, gentrification, and displacement impact the lives of high-performing Latino boys. We draw from an ethnographic study conducted by the first author in the Bay Area of Northern California. This paper shows the way students develop an understanding and actively protest their racialized predicament (i.e. resistance logics), while learning skills to acquire jobs in the tech economy that often appears to perpetuate this racialization (i.e. market logics).

Many governments in developing countries have embarked on irrigation projects. However, concerns on the effectiveness of the current Land Acquisition Frameworks (LAFs) remains as evidenced by widespread displacement of Project Affected Peoples(PAPs) without adequate compensation, resulting in social unrest and prolonged legal battles. Displacement interventions as part of compensation are often not very clear and not fully supported by national legislation and polices that are clear. It is becoming difficult to implement some of irrigation projects due to land acquisition and resettlement issues. This will still be a challenge with rapid population increases which are exerting pressure on land and the human rights watches actively operating in this sector, unless policies and legislation are responsive to current demands. The paper examines the landscape of LAFs and its inclusion or exclusion of resettlement provisions looking at how enabling the current frameworks are. These issues derail progress if ignored. The study is therefore very relevant to identifying bottlenecks in current frameworks and to generating insights for the development of allencompassing/ holistic and responsive land acquisition and resettlement frameworks. This would promote better livelihood of PAPs, fairness and justice. PAPs would easily accept and own projects. Using mixed methods approach combining qualitative and quantitative techniques. Secondary data is used from to examine land acquisition framework documents from all SADC countries, selected irrigation project documents, national land policy documents and other donor project reports. Results show that land acquisition is fairly regulated in SADC countries with all countries having Land Acquisition Acts or laws. However, resettlement processes often lack transparency and accountability, leading to grievances among affected communities. Many resettlement programs fail to adequately compensate displaced individuals or provide them with viable alternatives for livelihoods, exacerbating socio-economic disparities and hindering sustainable development goals. There is need to address these inadequacies if land acquisition and resettlement of PAPs will minimize associated trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context and background: The role of Customary Land Secretariats (CLSs) in Ghana's land administration system cannot be misjudged. However, their ongoing practices have not received much attention from scholarships, land pundits, and policymakers. Goal and Objectives: Expressing concerns about the increasing collapse of CLSs, this study framed and conceptualised the nexus of CLSs with their functions and stakeholders in customary land administration (CLA) by examining (a) the composition of the land management committee (LMC), (b) land acquisitions, (c) alternative dispute resolution--ADR, and (d) interests in land from the perspective of CLA. Methodology: The paper employed descriptive and prescriptive analysis techniques with the help of existing data from the Berekum and the Duayaw Nkwanta CLSs in Ghana. Results: The analysed data shows the exclusion of women from the LMC. Again, we documented that the composition of the LMC is not well-defined, and significant improvement in land acquisitions and ADR recorded cases were also observed but no customary interest was documented. The study offers the need to clearly define and standardise the composition of the LMC as the primary policymakers in CLA. Reforms in the current customary practices and the Chieftaincy legal framework are also necessary to include women in the traditional for an inclusive local land governance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The livelihoods of households affected by land acquisition in rural Vietnam are crucial for sustainable development and community resilience. This study employs the sustainable livelihoods approach, which recognises the interconnectedness between various factors shaping livelihood outcomes, to investigate factors behind livelihood changes among 474 farm households affected by land acquisition in rural Vietnam. By applying Multinomial Logit (MNL) regression, this paper delves into how personal and household characteristics influence the transition from farming to non-farming activities in agrarian settings. Our findings reveal the diverse and multifaceted impacts of various factors such as gender, age, educational level, household size, household labour force, and the extent of land loss on livelihood strategy choices. This study offers nuanced insights that can guide policymakers and practitioners to design effective interventions that promote sustainable livelihoods and enhance community resilience amidst the challenges posed by land acquisition and rural transformation.

Abstract Background Large-scale renewable energy projects are increasingly being rolled out across rural Kenya, with the government playing a frontline role in attracting energy investors through various state-led and state-centric policies and investment incentives such as feed-in-tariffs and power purchase agreements. While these policies are commendable, and are indeed attracting many private investors, existing studies document how social and environmental justice concerns are often overlooked—sometimes causing local contestations against energy projects. However, to date, there has been less attention given to cases where procedural justice elements (e.g., access to information, access to meaningful participation, access to justice, and respect for local culture) led to a successful land negotiation for energy development without outright conflict. Using a case study in Kenya, this article aims to bridge this gap by showing how a fair application of various elements of procedural justice in land consultation has facilitated the establishment of the Kipeto wind farm. This qualitative research is based on semi-structured interviews that took place from February to March 2023, with a follow-up visit in December the same year, supplemented with review of secondary data sources. Results The results indicate that for energy projects to be accommodated in and by communities, access to land must be properly negotiated, particularly with the actual landowners whose livelihoods are most likely to be implicated by the project. Second, local people’s perception of what they regard as a ‘just’ or ‘fair’ process of land consultation constitutes the basis for their acquiescence and compliance. Conclusion Ensuring a ‘just’ procedure in land consultation with the actual landowners is a key strategy to avoid conflicts. Land investors, governments, and policy-makers who interface and negotiate with communities must ensure the provision of procedural justice, particularly in contexts where local livelihood is tied to land and where land is individually owned. Although the findings suggest a positive case of wind energy development in Kenya, the project is barely 4 years old; things may change overtime if agreed conditions are not met as specified in the MoU. Therefore, additional follow-up research is needed to ascertain the extent to which both KEL and landowners live up to their promises.

The right to use homestead land, as the “link point” of compensation for land acquisition and housing, is of great significance for studying its compensation in land acquisition. The research results indicate that due to the lack of clear regulations on the compensation for the use of homestead land in land expropriation at the national level, existing studies have formed three different theories based on the position of homestead land use rights in land expropriation: no compensation, distributive compensation, and independent compensation. The divergence in theoretical research ultimately leads to practical management, with different regions having different signing parties, methods, and compensation practices for the “land acquisition compensation and resettlement agreement”, resulting in frequent violations of the legitimate rights and interests of farmers and difficulties in safeguarding their rights. This article proposes suggestions for legislative improvement: at the national level, the concept of land centered expropriation legislation should be fully implemented, and the independent status of the right to use homestead land should be clarified; At the local level, we adhere to the basic requirement of starting from reality and clarify the calculation methods, price determination methods, and standards for compensation for the use rights of homesteads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land reform policy constituted guidelines to ensure equitable distribution of land geared at promoting the development of a nation. The aim of this study was to investigate the adequacies of the land reform policy in Côte d‘Ivoire in promoting agribusiness, both from content-based analysis and local perspectives, using oil palm plantation farming in South Comoé as a case study. Qualitative methods were employed, including individuals and focus group discussion. The findings from the content analysis revealed inadequacies in the policy on issues of land acquisition, tenureship and benefit sharing mechanisms. The above findings were corroborated by the views of various stakeholders. For example, local actors revealed the lack of secured tenure rights for rural community members operating under the customary system and their non-involvement in negotiations on land acquisition for plantation farming and the attendant benefits from such investments. Therefore, the adoption and implementation of policy that strengthen land tenure system, enhance land leasing practices and eliminate intermediaries in land acquisition process are recommended. The outcome of this study, therefore, contributed to the quest for a strong institutional and legislative basis for the establishment and growth of agribusiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article 5 of the Basic Agrarian Law of Indonesia establishes that the earth, water, space, and their natural resources are under the control of the state, with the aim of achieving public prosperity in a just society. In developing the electricity system, as per Law No. 30 of 2009 on Electricity, land use necessitates compensation for land rights holders in accordance with Law No. 2 of 2012 on Land Acquisition for Public Interest and related regulations. Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 13 of 2023 addresses spatial planning, minimum distance for electric transmission networks, and compensation for land and buildings under these networks. However, land beneath the Extra High Voltage Overhead Line (SUTET) only receives compensation for land value, not for the use of the space beneath the line, leading to reduced land productivity and economic value. This research employs normative juridical research with statutory and case approaches, analyzing primary legal materials such as relevant laws and regulations. It utilizes legal theories including legal certainty, justice, and state welfare. The research finds that the current practice of not compensating land under SUTET, but only compensating for land value, results in economic disadvantage and lacks fairness. To promote legal certainty and justice, it is recommended that compensation provisions be explicitly regulated by law to address these issues comprehensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Large-scale renewable energy projects are increasingly being rolled out across rural Kenya, with the government playing a frontline role in attracting energy investors through various state-led and state-centric policies and investment incentives such as feed-in-tariffs and power purchase agreements. While these policies are commendable, and are indeed attracting many private investors, existing studies document how social and environmental justice concerns are often overlooked—sometimes causing local contestations against energy projects. However, to date, there has been less attention given to cases where procedural justice elements (e.g., access to information, access to meaningful participation, access to justice, and respect for local culture) led to a successful land negotiation for energy development without outright conflict. Using a case study in Kenya, this article aims to bridge this gap by showing how a fair application of various elements of procedural justice in land consultation has facilitated the establishment of the Kipeto wind farm. This qualitative research is based on semi-structured interviews that took place from February to March 2023, with a follow-up visit in December the same year, supplemented with review of secondary data sources. Results: The results indicate that for energy projects to be accommodated in and by communities, access to land must be properly negotiated, particularly with the actual landowners whose livelihoods are most likely to be implicated by the project. Second, local people's perception of what they regard as a 'just' or 'fair' process of land consultation constitutes the basis for their acquiescence and compliance. Conclusion: Ensuring a 'just' procedure in land consultation with the actual landowners is a key strategy to avoid conflicts. Land investors, governments, and policy-makers who interface and negotiate with communities must ensure the provision of procedural justice, particularly in contexts where local livelihood is tied to land and where land is individually owned. Although the findings suggest a positive case of wind energy development in Kenya, the project is barely 4 years old; things may change overtime if agreed conditions are not met as specified in the MoU. Therefore, additional follow-up research is needed to ascertain the extent to which both KEL and landowners live up to their promises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study sought to shed light on the repercussions of land acquisition process for the development of industries on the peace of farming communities. A case study design and primary and secondary data sources were used for this study. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and document analysis. Qualitative data were then coded, thematized, and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. The findings of the study indicated that the administrative bodies used unjust, coercive, and violent practices such as deceiving, confusing, cheating, labeling, defaming, intimidating, assaulting, and imprisoning farmers to appropriate their land without their will. These practices were characterized by non-manifested conflict that was signaled by partiality and corruption, non-violent conflict that was signaled by the use of power, and violent conflict that was signaled by the use of violence. Besides disrupting the overall peace of the farming communities, a flawed land acquisition process resulted in violent conflict at different times and is a potential threat to peace in the study area. Accordingly, developing inclusive and participatory policies, ensuring smallholder participation, implanting committed, loyal, and effective leadership, as well as addressing engrained land acquisition-related resentment, are crucial recommendations.

Agrarian conflicts between indigenous peoples and large-scale oil palm plantation companies in Indonesia always occur in tandem with the processes of expansion of new land for oil palm plantations. The article reveals how the strategies of large-scale oil palm plantation companies organize land as the key capital for the production of the oil palm plantation industry. The study case found that most of the land needed by the company was under the tenure control of the Dayak community, and the company succeeded to control the customary land through means of excluding the Dayak community from their lands by utilizing territorialization policies, organizing formal support from the village government bureaucracy to localize space for the Dayak community’s resistance to the land acquisition process. This study provides a lesson that the domination of state-village power relations is an entry point for customary land occupation processes without the resistance of indigenous peoples.

This study assesses the impact of land acquisition for cooperative housing development on the land environment in Woldia town from 2004 -2024. Satellite imagery, Google Earth Pro, focus group discussions, personal observation and key informant interviews were used. The results revealed that the proportions of farmland decreased from 19.27 to 6 %, forest cover from 24.95 to 13.98 %, and bare land from 18.84 to 2.37 % for 2004–2024. The built-up increased significantly, from 11.35 to 49.62% during the specified year. The results further indicated that the quality of habitats decreased from 0.79 in 2014 to 0.63 in 2024, due to built-up areas, improper waste disposal, population growth, road expansion, and cooperative housing expansion. Strong negative correlations between habitat quality status and the number of years of habitat quality assessment, built-up areas, waste disposal, population density, roads, and cooperative housing were observed while forest cover showed a strong positive correlation. These problems can be managed through the application of zoning laws, urban planning, compact development, mixed-use development, the promotion of sustainable land use practices, the protection of critical habitats, the development and implementation of policies to increase forest cover, and increasing public awareness. The novel component of this study is the preparation of maps for habitat quality due to land acquisition for cooperative housing development, and to aid in the accomplishment of two 2030 Sustainable Development Goals: goal number 11 (making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable) and goal number 15 (protecting, restoring, and promoting the sustainable use of land ecosystems, managing forests sustainably, and stopping land degradation and biodiversity loss). The findings inform decision-makers and planners to plan and manage the land environment sustainably.

Abstract In 2007/2008, a triple crisis of food, fuel and finance sparked a global rush for agricultural land; tens of millions of hectares were acquired, primarily by foreign investors, within countries in the Global South. Amidst those transactions, intergovernmental organizations, national governments, investors, and community members envisioned what “success” of such investments entails. Although not explicitly defined, each stakeholder had different conceptualizations and measures of it, based upon the descriptions used and desired outcomes sought. Despite a large amount of literature analyzing the global rush for land, as far as we are aware no one has analyzed the diverse viewpoints about what success entails. This paper compares conceptualizations among four key stakeholder groups, based on ideal types from dominant narratives, and develops a typology of ideal stakeholder framing of success to allow comparisons of uses and thereby provide a foundation for researchers who are assessing the global land rush. This paper provides clarity about widely used, but inconsistently defined, framing providing an important foundation for clarity of meaning and comparative differences between stakeholders. The typology advances the discourse on the land rush by providing nuance to this widely used framing and makes explicit its diverse meanings.

In 2007/2008, a triple crisis of food, fuel and finance sparked a global rush for agricultural land; tens of millions of hectares were acquired, primarily by foreign investors, within countries in the Global South. Amidst those transactions, intergovernmental organizations, national governments, investors, and community members envisioned what "success" of such investments entails. Although not explicitly defined, each stakeholder had different conceptualizations and measures of it, based upon the descriptions used and desired outcomes sought. Despite a large amount of literature analyzing the global rush for land, as far as we are aware no one has analyzed the diverse viewpoints about what success entails. This paper compares conceptualizations among four key stakeholder groups, based on ideal types from dominant narratives, and develops a typology of ideal stakeholder framing of success to allow comparisons of uses and thereby provide a foundation for researchers who are assessing the global land rush. This paper provides clarity about widely used, but inconsistently defined, framing providing an important foundation for clarity of meaning and comparative differences between stakeholders. The typology advances the discourse on the land rush by providing nuance to this widely used framing and makes explicit its diverse meanings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how the futures promised by the postcolonial state through various projects leave peasants sceptical about a new government project at the rural margin of India. Focusing on a car factory project undertaken in 2006 by the government of the West Bengal Indian state, I explore how a half century-long project of land reforms shaped the dispossession politics of the peasants whose lands have been acquired for a car factory project. Based on an ethnography in Singur, this article explores how a car factory project at the very onset of its implementation instilled a sense of harm to life and livelihoods. Consequently, that project produced forms of spatiotemporal inequality between different socioeconomic groups in connection, not only with their ownership of land, but also with their respective vision of their work futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women have international and national rights to use, control, transfer, and inherit rural land. Unless laws and institutions are strong enough, women's land rights can't be effectively discharged. Moreover, the different socioeconomic status of women highly affects their land rights. This study has the objective of exploring land acquisition, landholding, and land transfer rights and practical challenges in North Mecha Woreda. The study has applied phenomenological qualitative research design. The findings show that the status of land acquisition, control, inheritance, and use is highly affected by the socioeconomic status of women. Moreover, women's rights to land inheritance are highly affected due to the culture of male domination. This study recommends that there has to be legal protection to women to fully exercise their land rights to use, control, and transfer. These needs stretching the structure of Women, Children and Social Affairs Office at Kebele level of administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of land for human life is a complete and inseparable unity. Land is a basic need for humans in life in the world. The closeness of human relations with territory makes territory a very valuable asset for human life. To improve the quality of human life, development is an obligation. Therefore, fair policies and regulations are needed to realize development. In carrying out development, the government requires land for the location of project activities to be built. In its development, the government has issued various policies in the context of land acquisition for development purposes. Land acquisition for public interest aims to provide land for the implementation of development in order to improve the welfare and prosperity of the nation, state, and society while still guaranteeing the legal interests of the entitled parties. Land acquisition activities need to be carried out quickly, precisely, and openly while still paying attention and principles to show respect for land law to the community. Land acquisition is an activity to obtain land by providing compensation to the community and/or legal entities that hand over land, buildings, or objects related to the revocation of building rights. Thus, the land acquisition policy has met the criteria of procedural justice. Land acquisition is considered complete with the receipt of compensation by the affected parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State land acquisition for national defense or security purposes and socio-economic development in the national or public interest is driven by the inevitable demand for national development. This activity is based on the general theoretical issues of agricultural land acquisition for national defense or security purposes, socio-economic development in the national or public interest, and the theory of damage determination and compensation upon State land acquisition. In particular, the concepts of agricultural land, agricultural land acquisition, and compensation for damage must be clarified and specified in relevant legal provisions to serve as grounds for practical implementation by the State and people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research endeavors to investigate the intricate process of dispute resolution pertaining to conflicts that emerge between indigenous communities inhabiting the candidate site for the State Capital (Nusantara Capital City) and the Nusantara Capital Authority, a ministry-level institution endowed with the responsibility of overseeing regional administration within the Nusantara Capital City. Spanning an expansive 256,142 hectares of land, the Nusantara Capital City landscape harbors a mosaic of 17 indigenous communities in North Penajam Paser Regency and 34 indigenous communities in Kutai Kertanegara Regency, collectively comprising over 20,000 members, as documented by the Indigenous Peoples Alliance (Aliansi Masyarakat Adat). The procurement of land for the Nusantara Capital City's expansion has engendered protracted conflicts, notably pertaining to the resettlement of indigenous communities and the determination of suitable compensation areas. These conflicts persist without the presence of regulatory safeguards that could protect the rights and interests of indigenous communities while satisfying the exigencies of Nusantara Capital City development. The Indigenous Peoples Draft Law, despite its relevance, fails to address the intricacies of resolving disputes arising from land acquisition for public purposes. Similarly, the existing frameworks for land acquisition designed for public interest do not adequately address conflicts involving indigenous communities that lack legal recognition. Consequently, this research endeavors to propose a comprehensive conflict resolution framework rooted in the fundamental human rights of indigenous peoples, while also accommodating the imperatives of developmental investment. This approach seeks to strike a harmonious balance between the preservation of indigenous rights and the fulfillment of Nusantara Capital City's development needs.

Compulsory land acquisition has time and again resulted in disruption of local communities in multiple ways. However, this process has often been justified as an important transitional stage for rural populations to move towards urbanisation and development. This paper looks at the case of a village in district Faridabad (in the state of Haryana), where land was acquired for purposes of setting up an Industrial Model Township (IMT). It is argued that land dispossession, in the case of prosperous rural communities, has resulted in the loss of livelihood and location. While the transition from owners to rentiers has been particularly traumatic for the older generation, the younger generation face new dilemmas pertaining to their identity and livelihood choices. Assured rent has enhanced family incomes. This has reduced the need to engage with agriculture which youth from the dominant castes wished to relinquish even otherwise. However, the jobs that are available are not commensurate to the social status that the youth from the dominant castes aspire for. Apart from these aspirational asymmetries, monetisation of assets has unleashed consumerism, conspicuous consumption and an identity crisis for the youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale agricultural investments (LSAIs) and their impacts on local communities in host countries have been controversially discussed in recent years. As scholars increasingly call for more structured and comprehensive analyses, we develop a mixed-method approach using an expanded version of the "Right to Food" (RtF) framework to systematically investigate the local food security impacts of a recently established tomato-producing LSAI in Central Benin, West Africa. We find that the LSAI keeps natural resources as accessible as possible for the local community and provides employment opportunities, leading to higher dietary diversity of employees and multiplier effects in the local economy. At the same time, we find inequalities regarding the compensation of former land users as well as high job insecurity for temporary laborers who face high transportation costs to reach the LSAI. We argue that fair and inclusive compensation, improved access to markets and machinery, access to natural resources for often overlooked groups (pastoralists, hunters, fishermen) and social infrastructure are crucial factors in promoting positive outcomes of LSAIs on communities and that strong local institutions play a key role for achieving this. We conclude that the specific characteristics of our case (relatively small size, labor-intensive crop, focus on regional markets) provide favorable conditions for positive impacts on local food security. We encourage further, structured mixed-method studies, ideally including longitudinal and comparative research designs, to investigate the multidimensional effects related to the establishment of LSAIs. The extended RtF framework can thereby serve as a structural lens to systematically analyze the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land acquisition policy is an important aspect of development that directly affects the public interest. This research reviews the need for a review of land acquisition policies to create a fairer framework for public interest development. The purpose of this study is to identify the need for a review of land acquisition policies in the context of development to ensure fairness and public interest are well met. This research benefits to provide a better understanding of the complexities of conflict in land acquisition and the challenges of achieving a balance between public interest and individual rights. The research methods used are policy analysis and literature study. The results highlight challenges in land acquisition policy and provide insight into how fairer frameworks can be applied in practice. In the discussion, focus was given to policy implications for landowner rights and alternative solutions to improve justice. Conclusions and suggestions are presented to encourage the implementation of policies that are fairer and in favor of the public interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an account of Bihar State Housing Board (BSHB) and its role in allocating housing and land from the 1970s onwards in Patna. The housing board typifies the bureaucratic practices of property-making at its best and demonstrates how the bureaucracy strategically aligned itself with caste-driven state politics. The unstable nature of forward–backward caste-based partisan politics meant politicians made unceasing efforts to garner support to stay in power including that of the bureaucrats who had far more control and knowledge about administration rules. By creating the discretionary category of chit-put land, loosely translated as leftover or not useful for anyone, an elaborate rationale was created for land allocation. This flexibility was used for carving out new land parcels for the high-income and middle-income category in Patna. The board dexterously encroached on the land allocated for the urban poor in whose name the land acquisition was undertaken at the outset. Using minutes of the meetings of BSHB, the paper also argues for alternative approaches for drafting and mapping the spatial history of a non-metropolitan city without a master plan and maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right to own property is an intrinsic human right that grants ownership and enjoyment to owners. The property right, however, is not absolute because it is subject to the state’s authority to compulsorily acquire land that is in private hands, which is referred to as land acquisition. Land acquisition refers to the power granted to the state government to obtain privately owned land for a public purpose, in exchange for fair compensation (Keith et al., 2008). Land acquisition is an essential strategy for the state to address the limited availability of land when it is necessary to create railways, airports, or any other infrastructure for the benefit of the public (Jonathan, 2012). Nevertheless, the process of acquiring land is a lengthy procedure that has a significant influence on the local community. This is because it involves conflicting interests between the government that is seemingly acting on behalf of the general public, and the very public who are affected by the acquisition itself. Therefore, the land acquisition system is supposed to be designed as a method of reconciling these conflicting interests. Despite this ideal purpose, numerous countries, particularly in emerging nations like Malaysia, face challenges in achieving a harmonious equilibrium between the conflicting public and private interests. These challenges arise from inadequate legislative safeguards and a conventional hierarchical approach adopted by the government branches of the state (Ghimire et al., 2017). The public aspect is usually legally defined, but private perspectives may not always be apparent. In order to achieve the right balance between conflicting public and private interests, this study aims to examine the perspectives of the individuals, i.e., the landowners who are directly affected by the land acquisition. This study examines their perceptions and attitudes towards the whole process and procedures of the land acquisition to which they were subjected, as well as their corresponding responses and willingness to make sacrifices in pursuit of the higher objectives of the state. To achieve this goal, a questionnaire survey has been used as the methodology of collecting data from the landowners and the results are presented using descriptive analysis. The outcome demonstrated that whenever the state exercises the power of land acquisition, the balance tends to side with the interest of the public rather than the private interests of the affected individuals, both in law and in practice. In addition, Malaysia became a member of the United Nations on 17 September 1957. Hence, it is crucial to examine the principles of compulsory land acquisition as delineated by the United Nations study (Keith et al., 2008). The final section of this article provides an analysis of the findings and then make recommendations by referring to Australia’s best practices for adoption in Peninsular Malaysia. The methodologies employed in this study are the data collection method and comparative legal analysis.

Utilization of natural resources in Indonesia for the greatest prosperity of the people is a necessity. One of the safe resources that can be utilized and has great potential is geothermal energy. However, its use requires land. The results of this research refer to land acquisition for geothermal exploitation in South Solok by providing information to the community regarding development plans, initial location data collection and public consultation. In the process of buying and selling, exchanging, or other methods agreed voluntarily by interested parties, it is carried out with a compensation mechanism and scheme determined by a committee formed by the company which will then be submitted and determined in deliberation. The conclusion in this research is that the provision of land needs carried out by PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh refers to Presidential Decree No. 36 of 2005, Presidential Decree 36 of 2006 and the RTRW of South Solok Regency. Apart from that, in terms of the implementation of the sales and purchase process carried out by PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh through a compensation mechanism, the name of the scheme created is "profit compensation" presented by the company.

Bahir Dar, a city in Ethiopia, is grappling with the challenges of rapid urbanization, which has made affordable housing a critical issue for its growing population. This study specifically focuses on the urban land acquisition process for cooperative housing schemes, which serve as an essential component of Bahir Dar’s affordable housing program. This atudy aimed to examine the current practices, identify the challenges faced by housing cooperatives during land acquisition and construction, and propose strategies for improvement. The primary data for this research were collected through interviews with key informants from the Bahir Dar City administration’s land management, cooperative organizer office, housing development and management office, and housing cooperative committees. Additionally, three focus group discussion (FGD) sessions were conducted, involving 21 participants from cooperative members who had acquired residential land and from those who were waiting for allocation, including both female- and male-headed households. These discussions explored their views on the effectiveness of the cooperative housing scheme, the challenges encountered during cooperation and construction, and their recommendations for enhancement. Secondary data were also gathered through a comprehensive review of policies, regulations, research articles, reports, and relevant legal documents. The study revealed that, out of the 35,512 certified housing cooperative members since 2014, only 31,596 of them had received residential land plots. However, a relatively small fraction, i.e., less than 7,000 cooperative members, managed to partially or fully construct their homes. This indicates that the scheme has not fully achieved its intended goal and remains unaffordable for many members. The main challenges faced by cooperative members include lengthy delays in obtaining serviced land, high construction costs, and unrealistic building standards for cooperative housing units. In light of these findings, it is recommended that the Amhara National Regional State revise its housing cooperative policy to become affordable for cooperative housing members, particularly in terms of land acquisition costs and building standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanisms and policies for compensation, support, and resettlement when the State acquires land for socio-economic development purposes are concretized by the 2013 Land Law, aiming to harmonize the interests of the parties. However, the report from the General Department of Land Management (in 2018) said that the adjusted documents on compensation and support have yet to cover all the problems arising in practice, leading to difficulties and confusion in implementation (Nhan, 2022).In essence, the land acquisition is within the competence of the State; in contrast to the types of assets established on the land, there must be a voluntary mechanism of agreement. In this case, the State should not use its power to impose compensation prices. Although the purpose is to acquire land for economic development, the law empowers the State to decide on the value of land assets, and set on the land is not standard. When comparing the same type of asset, but the value of each place has a difference, there is no uniformity. In many localities, the market price has changed several times but still set meager compensation prices for people. From the above issue, when conducting compensation when the State acquires land for socio-economic development purposes, in any case, it is necessary to correctly and fully calculate the damage caused by land acquisition to the subjects who are using land and assets attached to land, including related intangible and tangible damage. In addition, it is also necessary to delete the support policy because when the damage is fully estimated, there is no need for support-related regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to examine and analyse the determination of suspects by the high prosecutor's office in the land acquisition corruption case in the Padang - Sicincin Toll Road construction project. Research using a normative juridical approach reveals that legal instruments fail to show justice, where the determination of the suspect in this case is detrimental to the people. Therefore, according to the author, it is necessary to re-analyze the procedure for naming suspects by law enforcement officials so that legal certainty can be found and the decision to designate suspects does not harm the people. The results of this study showed that there are no definite legal provisions on how the prosecutor's office can determine a suspect. Choosing the suspect so far is still in a grey area because there are no explicit provisions regarding "preliminary evidence" to determine the suspect. On the other hand, the panel of judges, in their considerations, decided that the subsidiary charges were not proven and had not been legally and convincingly proven guilty of committing a criminal act. On the other hand, the panel of judges, in their considerations, decided that the subsidiary charges were not proven and had not been legally and convincingly proven guilty of committing a criminal act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that public-private partnerships (PPPs) as a vehicle for financing public infrastructure are antithetical to long-term social development, including women's rights and gender equality, because of their profit-oriented focus. A case study of Addax Bioenergy Sierra Leone (ABSL) illustrates this point. ABSL is a partnership between the Sierra Leonean government and a private sector entity to expand the country's electricity supply using cane bagasse from ethanol distilling. The project's objectives were short-lived due to several factors, including the project funders' lack of transparency and accountability. At the community level, ABSL's land acquisition, labour, and production practices reinforced gender-based discrimination and affected women's rights to resources and livelihoods. In more specific terms, women lost access to fertile lands for agricultural production, which affected the food security of their households. In addition, they experienced an increased workload. The contamination of water resources also affected women more disproportionately than men. This study, therefore, argues that PPPs bent on profit maximisation are detrimental to achieving social development and gender equality and stifle women's advancement in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Involuntary displacement due to infrastructure development and extractive projects is an issue that many developing countries are grappling with mainly because of lack of comprehensive resettlement frameworks to ensure equity. Considering that this affects livelihoods of the affected persons, it is important to interrogate adaptive capacity of communities that have undergone such experiences to inform future projects. The current study explored the variations in adaptive capacity, the asset base, activities, institutions and organizations that influenced households' capacities to adapt to the changes. The study also investigated produced livelihood outcomes in the relocation areas of project-affected persons of oil refinery development project in Western Uganda. Household surveys and various interviews were conducted. The sustainable livelihoods approach was applied to analyse the households' asset bases, choices of various activities and their outcomes. Access to different income-generating activities such as farming, petty trade and casual labour was reported (70%) to have helped households adapt in relocation areas compared to other assets accessed. Substantial variations were found in the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the respondents. Household size, sex of respondents and education significantly influenced the adaptive capacity of project-affected households. Although there was no difference in adaptive capacity among project-affected households, the host community households followed by households formally resettled through land and/or house were more adaptive. The cash compensated households were the least adaptive. Understanding people's access to and control over assets, and how they are transformed through activities to outcomes is crucial towards improving the adaptive capacity and the adaptation process of resettled households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acquisition of large tracts of land for agricultural investment from developing countries, including Ethiopia, by commercial firms has been aggravated after global food crisis in 2007–2008. Given the current attention to large‐scale land acquisition or land grabbing phenomenon, contract farming has been identified as a participatory and inclusive farming model which does not require agricultural firms to purchase or lease land in order to operate agricultural investments. Contract farming enables local smallholder farmers to produce agricultural products on their own land and ensure the benefits of land‐based agricultural investments remain with them. Unfortunately, the understanding and practice of contract farming as an alternative to large‐scale land acquisition to protect the land rights of the local people is underexplored in Ethiopia. This study, therefore, is aimed to examine the practice and conceptual understanding of contract farming in the context of agricultural investment in Ethiopia. To achieve this objective, mixed research approach was employed. Intensive document reviews, questionnaire, key informant interview and FGD were used as data collection tools. The results show that the practice of contract farming in Ethiopia is very insignificant and commercial farming is almost entirely relied on land acquisition. Moreover, gaps in policy and legal framework to guide contract farming has made difficult to effectively implement contract framing at national level. Finally, this study advised to introduce contract framing as a viable alternative to land acquisition for agricultural investment that fosters local smallholder farmers' participation in agricultural production and contributes to sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]