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Periodontal disease is more prevalent in patients with diabetes, and it has a negative impact on their quality of life. Inhibiting the infection and inflammation processes that cause periodontal disease can reduce the severity of the disease and chances of serious complications. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of Clinacanthus nutans extract in reducing the inflammation in gingival fibroblast cells induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Stimulation with LPS under high-glucose conditions led to increased inflammation compared to low-glucose conditions. Treatment of C. nutans extract significantly reduced the expression of these pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. At a concentration of 50 μg/mL, it reduced the relative expression of IL6, IL8, and CXCL10 to 0.51 ± 0.09, 0.6 ± 0.19, and 0.09 ± 0.02, respectively, compared to the non-treatment control, accompanied by a decrease in secreted protein as measured by ELISA. Additionally, application of C. nutans extract markedly suppressed the NF-κB signaling pathway by reducing the phosphorylated form of IκBα, NF-κB p65, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB, along with a decrease in COX2, a key mediator in the inflammatory pathway. Furthermore, analysis of RNA sequencing data indicated that the extract clearly reversed the gene expression changes induced by LPS. This was particularly true for the signaling mediators and inflammatory genes in response to NF-κB, JAK/STAT, and TNF signaling pathways. Our finding highlights the potential of C. nutans extract to alleviate inflammation and suggests its potential as a treatment for periodontal disease in patients with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue virus (DENV) infection has emerged as a global health problem, with no specific treatment available presently. Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau extract has been used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. We thus hypothesized C. nutans had a broad-ranged activity to inhibit DENV and the liver inflammation caused by DENV infection. The study showed that treatment using C. nutans extract during DENV infection (co-infection step) showed the highest efficiency in lowering the viral antigen concentration to 22.87 ± 6.49% at 31.25 μg/mL. In addition, the virus–host cell binding assay demonstrated that C. nutans treatment greatly inhibited the virus after its binding to Huh7 cells. Moreover, it could remarkably lower the expression of cytokine and chemokine genes, including TNF-α, CXCL10, IL-6, and IL-8, in addition to inflammatory mediator COX-2 genes. Interestingly, the activation of the NF-κB signaling cascade after C. nutans extract treatment was dramatically decreased, which could be the underlying mechanism of its anti-inflammatory activity. The HPLC profile showed that gallic acid was the bioactive compound of C. nutans extract and might be responsible for the antiviral properties of C. nutans. Taken together, our results revealed the potential of C. nutans extract to inhibit DENV infection and lower inflammation in infected cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid growth of antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to human and animal health, and development of new drugs with effective microbicidal properties are in demand to the scientific communities. Cyanobacteria and medicinal plants inherit antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-cancerous and anti-inflammatory properties. In the current research, we investigated antibacterial potential of crude ethanolic extracts from marine microalgae (Chlorella sp. and Spirulina sp.) and medicinal plants (Aloe vera and Clinacanthus nutans) against pathogenic bacteria isolated from chicken, dog, fish, and shellfish. Bacteria including Salmonella sp., Aeromonas sp. and E. coli, Vibrio sp. Streptococcus sp. and Staphylococcus sp., were isolated through colony morphology, Gram staining and VITEK-2 tests. Antibacterial activity was determined by disc diffusion assay. Spirulina sp. showed the highest inhibition zone of 19.3±0.58 mm against Vibrio sp. compared to other treatments, whereas Chlorella sp. exhibited maximum inhibition zone of 11.41±0.65 mm against Staphylococcus sp., C. nutans had antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus sp. and E. coli with the maximum zone of inhibition (14.21±1.08 and 15.10±0.21 mm), whereas Aloe vera against E. coli and Vibrio sp. with significant inhibition zone of 14.04±0.90 and 15.36±1.11mm, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Chlorella sp. was found to be 20 mg/mL against all the test bacteria. Spirulina sp., Aloe vera, and C. nutans had MIC values ranging from 20-40 mg/mL. These findings highlight the antibacterial potential of native microalgae and medicinal plants against virulent bacteria that poses significant threats in poultry, canine and aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited treatment options and emerging resistance necessitate the exploration of novel lung cancer therapeutics. This study investigates the potential of Dandang Gendis (Clinacanthus nutans) leaf extract, a Southeast Asian plant, using a combined in vitro and in silico approach. The in vitro study assessed the extract's cytotoxicity towards A549 lung cancer and TIG-1 fibroblast cells using the WST-1 assay. The in silico analysis identified active compounds, predicted a target protein, performed functional annotation and explored mechanisms through molecular docking and dynamics simulations. The in vitro analysis revealed a significantly higher flavonoid content (177.63 mg QE/g) compared to phenols (45.66 mg GAE/g), suggesting a potential role for flavonoids. Importantly, the extract displayed remarkable selectivity in its cytotoxic effects. It significantly reduced A549 lung cancer cell viability while maintaining high viability in normal TIG-1 fibroblasts, particularly at the 24-hour exposure. While concentrations above 200 μg/ mL significantly decreased the viability of A549 cancer cells, normal TIG-1 fibroblast cells maintained high viability (>50%) at these concentrations. In silico analysis identified isomollupentin 7-O-β-glucoside, isoorientin, and isovitexin, all C-glycosyl flavones, as potential active compounds. These compounds were predicted to act as PD-L1 inhibitors, potentially enhancing T cell-mediated antitumor activity. This aligns with the observed selective cytotoxicity. Overall, this study provides evidence for the potential of the C. nutans extract and its C-glycosyl flavone constituents, particularly the identified compounds, as novel lung cancer therapeutics targeting the PD-L1 pathway for T cell-mediated tumor suppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tujuan: Mengetahui aktivitas antijamur infusa daun dandang gendis terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicans dan mengetahui konsentrasi efektif infusa daun dandang gendis pada pertumbuhan Candida albicans; Metode: Skrining fitokimia infusa daun dandang gendis dilakukan dengan pengujian secara kualitatif. Pembuatan infusa daun dandang gendis dilakukan dengan merebus daun dandang gendis selama 15 menit dalam akuades yang telah dipanaskan dengan suhu 90oC. Pengujian aktivitas antijamur menggunakan metode difusi cakram dengan konsentrasi 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, dan 100%. Flukonazol 25 ug/cakram dan Itrakonazol 8ug/cakram digunakan sebagai kontrol positif dan akuades steril digunakan sebagai kontrol negatif; Hasil: Berdasarkan hasil uji metabolit, didapatkan kandungan metabolit sekunder infusa daun dandang gendis yaitu fenol, saponin, tanin, terpenoid, alkaloid, dan flavonoid. Metabolit sekunder dominan pada infusa daun dandang gendis adalah fenol (+++). Pengujian infusa daun dandang gendis tidak menunjukkan adanya zona hambat meskipun diujikan pada konsentrasi 100%; Kesimpulan: Infusa daun dandang gendis tidak memiliki aktivitas antijamur terhadap Candida albicans.

Tujuan: Mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri infusa daun dandang gendis terhadap pertumbuhan Shigella flexneri dan mengetahui konsentrasi efektif infusa daun dandang gendis pada pertumbuhan Shigella flexneri; Metode: Skrining fitokimia infusa daun dandang gendis dilakukan dengan pengujian secara kualitatif. Pembuatan infusa daun dandang gendis dilakukan dengan merebus daun dandang gendis selama 15 menit dalam akuades yang telah dipanaskan hingga 90°C. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode difusi cakram dengan konsentrasi 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, dan 100%. Siprofloksasin 5 µg/disk digunakan sebagai kontrol positif dan akuades steril digunakan sebagai kontrol negatif; Hasil: Berdasarkan hasil uji metabolit, didapatkan kandungan metabolit sekunder infusa daun dandang gendis adalah fenol, tanin, saponin, terpenoid, flavonoid, dan alkaloid. Metabolit sekunder dominan pada infusa daun dandang gendis adalah fenol (+++). Pengujian infusa daun dandang gendis tidak menunjukkan adanya zona hambat meskipun diujikan pada konsentrasi 100%; Kesimpulan: Infusa daun dandang gendis tidak memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Shigella flexneri.

Introduction: Cervical cancer continue to be a leading cause of cancer-related death for women. The current anticancer drugs remain inefficient due to the lack of specificity to inhibit the cancer cells growth. Plant-based drugs with potent anticancer should add to the efforts in finding drugs with lesser side effects but great potential to increase survival. Hence, this study sought to determine the tumour growth inhibition of standardized fraction (SF1) from Clinacanthus nutans as a potential alternative treatment for cervical cancer. Methods: SF1 was isolated from a series of bioassay-guided fractionation of C.nutans leaves. Female nude mice were xenografted with human cervical cancer cell line, SiHa, subcutaneously. When the tumour volume reached 100mm3, SF1 was intraperitoneally injected once daily for 28 days. Body weight and tumour volume were recorded every 3 days. Tumour and liver were fixed for hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry using caspase-3 antibody. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture for assessment of liver enzymes level, AST and ALT. Results: SF1 has a great tumour inhibition with more than 50% inhibition rate compared to the negative control group (DMSO). ALT and AST levels in SF1-treated mice were maintained in normal ranges compared to the positive control group, cisplatin indicating no sign of toxicities. SF1-treated group revealed no indication of liver toxicity. The number of tumour mitosis was reduced and caspase-3, a critical mediator of apoptosis was overexpressed in SF1-treated group. Conclusion: SF1 demonstrated potent anticancer activity by inhibiting the tumour growth with less toxic effects, suggesting a promising candidate for preventing cancer progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to explore the antioxidant potential of extracts from different parts of Clinacanthus nutans growing in Vietnam, a member of the Acanthaceae family. The plant's roots, stem, and leaves were extracted using 96% ethanol. The antioxidant actions of these extracts were evaluated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assay on thin-layer plates and 96 well plates. The extract with the most potent activity was applied for distribution extraction with solvents with different polarities, including dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and water. Dry column vacuum chromatography was utilized to obtain the most antioxidant-potent extract fractions. The stem extract had the lowest IC50 value of 6.85µg/mL, showing the most potent antioxidant activity. The ethyl acetate fraction from the stem extract expressed the lowest IC50 value of 9.67µg/mL. Meanwhile, fraction 5, separated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the stem extract, had the lowest IC50 value of 9.89µg/mL. In conclusion, the extracts from different parts of Clinacanthus nutans all expressed antioxidant action at different levels, in which the stem extract, the ethyl acetate fraction and fraction 5 from the ethyl acetate fraction displayed the most effective actions. These findings highlight the promising potential of Clinacanthus nutans in treating oxidative stress-associated diseases, inspiring further research and exploration in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontal disease is more prevalent in patients with diabetes, and it has a negative impact on their quality of life. Inhibiting the infection and inflammation processes that cause periodontal disease can reduce the severity of the disease and chances of serious complications. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of Clinacanthus nutans extract in reducing the inflammation in gingival fibroblast cells induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Stimulation with LPS under high-glucose conditions led to increased inflammation compared to low-glucose conditions. Treatment of C. nutans extract significantly reduced the expression of these pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. At a concentration of 50 μg/mL, it reduced the relative expression of IL6, IL8, and CXCL10 to 0.51 ± 0.09, 0.6 ± 0.19, and 0.09 ± 0.02, respectively, compared to the non-treatment control, accompanied by a decrease in secreted protein as measured by ELISA. Additionally, application of C. nutans extract markedly suppressed the NF-κB signaling pathway by reducing the phosphorylated form of IκBα, NF-κB p65, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB, along with a decrease in COX2, a key mediator in the inflammatory pathway. Furthermore, analysis of RNA sequencing data indicated that the extract clearly reversed the gene expression changes induced by LPS. This was particularly true for the signaling mediators and inflammatory genes in response to NF-κB, JAK/STAT, and TNF signaling pathways. Our finding highlights the potential of C. nutans extract to alleviate inflammation and suggests its potential as a treatment for periodontal disease in patients with diabetes.

Background: Controlling apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in pancreatic β-cells provides promising strategies for preventing and treating diabetes. Clinacanthus nutans leaves possess bioactive constituents with potential antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which C. nutans extract protects pancreatic β-cells from apoptotic damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of 45 mg/kg streptozotocin, followed by 28 days of treatment with C. nutans leaf extract and Glibenclamide as the standard drug. At the end of the study, blood samples were collected to measure glucose levels, oxidative stress markers, and inflammation. Pancreatic tissue was stained immunohistochemically to detect c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Caspase-3 expression. Results: The administration of C. nutans leaf extract to diabetic rats significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, malondialdehyde, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels, while concurrently enhancing the activity of superoxide dismutase. The immunohistochemical studies revealed a decrease in the expression of JNK and caspase-3 in the pancreatic islets of diabetic rats. Conclusion: C. nutans exhibits the potential to protect pancreatic β-cells from apoptosis by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(2.000): 730-737]

Background: Controlling apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in pancreatic β-cells provides promising strategies for preventing and treating diabetes. Clinacanthus nutans leaves possess bioactive constituents with potential antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which C. nutans extract protects pancreatic β-cells from apoptotic damage in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of 45 mg/kg STZ, followed by 28 days of treatment with C. nutans leaf extract and Glibenclamide as the standard drug. At the end of the study, blood samples were collected to measure glucose levels, oxidative stress markers, and inflammation. Pancreatic tissue was stained immunohistochemically to detect c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Caspase-3 expression. Results: The administration of C. nutans leaf extract to diabetic rats significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, malondialdehyde, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels, while concurrently enhancing the activity of superoxide dismutase. The immunohistochemical studies revealed a decrease in the expression of JNK and caspase-3 in the pancreatic islets of diabetic rats. Conclusion: Clinacanthus nutans exhibits the potential to protect pancreatic β-cells from apoptosis by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinacanthus nutans is a valuable plant that is harvested for medicinal purposes in Southeast Asia. However, the production of herbal medicines needs raw, uncontaminated materials with a consistent quantity of bioactive compounds. Therefore, in vitro culture is of interest for the production of secondary metabolites. The present study applied plant growth regulators to stimulate bioactive compounds from multiple shoots of Clinacanthus nutans. Nodal explants were studied for multiple shoot induction using different types of plant growth regulators: thidiazuron (TDZ) alone or in combination with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The obtained calli or multiple shoots were examined for bioactive compounds (total phenolic, flavonols/flavones, phytosterols and antioxidant activity). The results showed that TDZ at concentrations of 0.5-1.0 mg/l either alone or in combination with NAA at concentrations of 0.01-0.1 mg/l stimulated a higher total phenolic content (including antioxidant activity) than the control. At such concentrations, TDZ and NAA were more likely to stimulate lupeol production in the tissue and its content was higher than in the leaves from the pot-grown plants. The present result revealed suitable growth regulator factors for stimulating the production of bioactive compounds, such as total phenolic compounds, antioxidants and phytosterols and especially lupeol, which were found in the tissues of C. nutans at a level 98.25-folds higher than in the leaves from the pot-grown plants. This technique could support the production of raw materials containing known quantities of various bioactive compounds at the laboratory level and be used for further research on the creation of quantitative bioactive compounds in C. nutans herbs for commercial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity has been widely reported in numerous studies. The objective of this study is to assess the potential nephroprotective effects of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau (Acanthaceae) leaf extracts on human kidney cells (PCS‐400‐010) in vitro using an LCMS‐based metabolomics approach. Orthogonal partial least square‐discriminant analysis identified 16 significantly altered metabolites when comparing the control and pre‐treated C. nutans cisplatin‐induced groups. These metabolites were found to be associated with glycerophospholipid, purine, and amino acid metabolism, as well as the glycolysis pathway. Pre‐treatment with C. nutans aqueous extract (125 μg/mL) for 24 h, followed by 48 h of cisplatin induction in PCS‐400‐010 cells, demonstrated a nephroprotective effect, particularly involving the regulation of amino acid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate in vitro digestion characteristics of emulsion stabilized use Clinacanthus nutans polysaccharide (CNP-P2) as an emulsifier and its ability to support the astaxanthin (AST) delivery system, providing theoretical and methodological guidance for the processing of C. nutans and its application in food. The gastrointestinal behavior of CNP-P2 emulsion was evaluated by droplet size, Zeta potential, microstructure, and FFA release in a controlled experiment using Gum acacia (GA). The results showed that CNP-P2 emulsion could remain stable in the stomach stage with a free fatty acid (FAA) release of 32.41%, and the final release of GA emulsion was 31.68%. A CNP-P2 emulsion delivery system loaded with AST was constructed to evaluate its ability and bioaccessibility for astaxanthin (AST) stabilization. CNP-P2 emulsion could retain AST content well under ultraviolet irradiation, with an FAA release of 27.22% during gastrointestinal digestion and a bioaccessibility of 44.43%±1.63%. CNP-P2 emulsion could significantly improve the bioaccessibility of AST in soybean oil (2.5%) (P

Dengue virus (DENV) infection has emerged as a global health problem, with no specific treatment available presently. Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau extract has been used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. We thus hypothesized C. nutans had a broad-ranged activity to inhibit DENV and the liver inflammation caused by DENV infection. The study showed that treatment using C. nutans extract during DENV infection (co-infection step) showed the highest efficiency in lowering the viral antigen concentration to 22.87 ± 6.49% at 31.25 μg/mL. In addition, the virus–host cell binding assay demonstrated that C. nutans treatment greatly inhibited the virus after its binding to Huh7 cells. Moreover, it could remarkably lower the expression of cytokine and chemokine genes, including TNF-α, CXCL10, IL-6, and IL-8, in addition to inflammatory mediator COX-2 genes. Interestingly, the activation of the NF-κB signaling cascade after C. nutans extract treatment was dramatically decreased, which could be the underlying mechanism of its anti-inflammatory activity. The HPLC profile showed that gallic acid was the bioactive compound of C. nutans extract and might be responsible for the antiviral properties of C. nutans. Taken together, our results revealed the potential of C. nutans extract to inhibit DENV infection and lower inflammation in infected cells.

Introduction: Polyamines involves in cellular proliferation, maintenance and transformation which was discovered to be dysregulated in many types of carcinogenesis by which high intracellular bioavailability represent the promotion of tumour growth, invasion and metastasis. While high polyamines types of foods suggested to be portion-controlled in cancer patients, traditional herbal plants have also been investigated for its efficacies in controlling polyamine synthesis thus making it to be suitable chemoprevention agents targeting to mitigate the risk of cancer occurrence and recurrence. This study aimed to determine the cytotoxicity effect and modulation of polyamine synthesis induced by Sabah Snake Grass (Clinacanthus nutans) on human lung adenocarcinoma cells, A549. Methods: The antiproliferative effect of C. nutans was investigated using trypan blue exclusion assay. The intracellular polyamines content was quantified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) while gene expression analysis was done using quantitative PCR. Results: The IC50 values for C.nutans was 20 µg/ml and it has been demonstrated that C. nutans hamper the A549 cell's growth after 24 hours of exposure. Depletion of polyamines level after 24 hours to 96 hours of exposure were observed and aligned with a significant gene expression changes of spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT), antizyme (AZ1) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activities. Conclusion: C. nutans has a potential as chemopreventive agents since they demonstrated to reduce cell proliferation and decrease polyamines intracellularly. The reduction of polyamines reflects by increase catabolic enzymes, SSAT and decreasing activity in biosynthesis pathway which involves AZ1 and ODC. Further investigation is warranted to evaluate the mechanism and pathway of cell death and the impact of C.nutans on normal cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chloroform extract of the leaves of Clinacanthus nutans, a medicinal plant, contains purpurin-18 phytyl ester that has the ability to induce fibroblast migration. However, no scientific investigation has been conducted on its effect on the production of proteins related to wound healing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a C. nutans extract on the production of two important growth factors, TGF-ß1 and bFGF, by dermal fibroblasts. Methods: A chloroform extract of C. nutans was fractionated using a vacuum column chromatography method. Fractions containing a spot with an Rf value of 0.58 (the retention time of authentic purpurin-18 phytyl ester) on TLC plates were used in biological assays. Dermal fibroblasts were exposed to various concentrations of the chloroform extract and fractions from C. nutans for 12 or 24 h, and TGF-ß1 and bFGF expression at the protein level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). At 12 and 24 h, the TGF-ß1 and bFGF protein levels were significantly increased by exposure to the chloroform extract and fractions 5B and 5C compared to the negative control. Chloroform extracts and fractions of C. nutans that contained purpurin 18-phytyl ester increased the protein synthesis of TGF-b1 and bFGF by dermal fibroblasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for treating snake bites, scalds, burns, and viral and bacterial infections. It has been attracting an increasing amount of attention because of its biological activities, including its antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immunoregulatory activities. Here, we conducted a panoramic survey of the literature regarding the immunoregulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities of C. nutans. We discovered that C. nutans extracts have virucidal activities against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus, cyprinid herpesvirus 3, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, mosquito-borne chikungunya virus, and potentially SARS-CoV-2; such activities likely result from C. nutans interfering with the entry, penetration, infection, and replication of viruses. We also reviewed the phytochemicals in C. nutans extracts that exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory activities. This updated review of the antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory activities of C. nutans may guide future agricultural practices and reveal clinical applications of C. nutans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acanthaceous plants have emerged as important therapeutic plants on a global scale, producing biologically active chemical compounds with larvicidal, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties. In traditional Thai medicine, the crude extracts of these plants, including Clinacanthus nutans, Justicia gendarussa, and Rhinacanthus nasutus, have been used to detoxify bug bites and some skin illnesses caused by fungus and viruses. This study argued for investigating acanthaceous plant extracts for alternate advantages such as anti-inflammation. The presence of anti-inflammatory components in extracts was examined using HPLC in order to evaluate their potential. Lupeol, a prospective anti-inflammatory triterpene found in medicinal plants, was employed as a chemical marker. The anti-inflammatory activities of extracts containing the active chemical were studied utilizing protein denaturation and inhibition of nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with LPS. Also, the extract of combined active plants was assessed. Lupeol was detected in the tested extracts in quantities ranging from 0.25 to 1.22% w/w. It was found in the highest concentration in the extract of Clinacanthus nutans and in the lowest concentration in the extract of Justicia gendarussa. All extracts of plants containing the active ingredient exhibited anti-inflammatory effects. Their IC50 values ranged between 0.87 and 29.28 mg/mL. The extract made from a combination of plants that contained lupeol demonstrated the most potent anti-inflammatory effect, with a 0.6-fold difference when compared to diclofenac. This research implied that investigating acanthaceous plant extracts containing this active agent might be more beneficial in the design of herbal recipes with anti-inflammatory characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant properties from medicinal plants have protective effects against oxidative stress-linked diseases. Their antioxidant capacities are related to phenolic compounds, including phenols and flavonoids. Clinacanthus nutans, a native to Asia, including Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia, are used for treating diabetes and other diseases, but the exploration of the plant in Indonesia is still limited. Therefore, this study aimed to reveal the phytochemical constituents, metabolic compounds, and antioxidant activity of C. nutans extracts. Dried leaf powder was extracted with 70% ethanol and aqueous, each extract was subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening. Subsequently, total phenolic and flavonoid content was calculated using Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 colorimetric assay. The antioxidant activity was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. The profiles of phenolic and flavonoid compounds of 70% ethanolic extract were investigated by LC-MS/MS. Phytochemical screening showed that the extracts contain phenolic, flavonoid, tannin, and saponin. The total phenolic content of the 70% ethanol and aqueous extract was 4.14±1.9% mgGAE/g and 3.89±3.2% mgGAE/g, respectively. Meanwhile, the total flavonoid content obtained was 0.19±1.0% mgQE/g and 0.03±0.5% mgQE/g for 70% ethanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. Both extracts showed high antioxidant activity, with DPPH IC50 30.57𝜇g/mL for 70% ethanol and 37.24𝜇g/mL for aqueous extract. LC-MS/MS analysis of 70% ethanol extract revealed 5 phenolic and 3 flavonoid compounds, where DL-glutamic monohydrate and Boesenbergin B were the most dominant based on the percentage of area under the curve. C. nutans originating from Indonesia can be a good source of natural antioxidants because 70% ethanol and aqueous extract show high phytochemical content and antioxidant activity.

Abstract Background Medicinal herbs in Malaysia like Clinacanthus nutans (CN) traditionally are used in the treatment of various diseases and cancers. The present research was conducted to determine the effects of C. nutans leaf different solvent extracts on the human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7). The antiproliferative growth and survival effects of dichloromethane CN leaf extracts (CNDCM), as well as the short- and long-term effects through metastasis, apoptosis and cell cycle effects, were observed. The chemical profiles were done to evaluate the properties of the CNDCM. Results The evaluation of GC–MS identified 16 major phytochemical compounds present in this extract with biological activities. Antiproliferative assay used is the SRB assay, which showed the CNDCM induced strong antiproliferative property compared with the other extracts, so its IC50 dose was selected for further testing with value 108 µg/mL at 72 h after exposure on MCF-7 and MCF-10A cell lines. The clonogenic survival effects of CNDCM in various concentrations (31.25, 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 µg/mL) inhibited the ability of MCF-7 cells to form colonies, and the metastasis result was indicated in an image of wound healing assay. Moreover, the CNDCM extract significantly induced apoptosis in all the cell cycle phases. Finally, the experiments with various extract concentrations on normal human breast cell lines showed no antiproliferative effects for all the extracts tested. Conclusion Among all the extracts of CN, the CNDCM extracts demonstrated the highest antiproliferative activity and survival against the MCF-7 cell lines tested.

Clinacanthus nutans is widely used as a traditional medicine in Thailand and other countries in Southeast Asia. Although its effectiveness is well documented, its therapeutic use is limited to the treatment of only a few diseases; mostly it is used as an anti-viral agent against varicella-zoster and herpes simplex virus infections. Herein, we demonstrate the therapeutic activity of C. nutans extracts in lowering inflammation in a model of bovine mastitis caused by bacterial infection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a gram-negative bacterial component, caused inflammation activation in bovine endothelial cells (CPAE) through the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (IL6 and IL1β) and chemokines (CXCL3 and CXCL8) gene expression, partially leading to cell death. Treatment with C. nutans crude extract significantly diminished these responses in a dose-dependent manner. The solvent fractionation of C. nutans extract revealed that the ethyl acetate (C4H8O2) fractions had a high potential to protect against cell death and diminished IL1β, IL6, CXCL3, and CXCL8 levels to less than 0.45 folds relative to the LPS-treated control. Glyceryl 1,3-distearate (C39H76O5) was identified as a bioactive compound responsible for the anti-inflammation activity but not the anti-cell death activity of C. nutans extract. This study highlighted the efficiency of C. nutans extracts as an alternative therapeutic option for the natural-product sustainable development of bovine mastitis treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinacanthus nutans dichloromethane fraction (CN-Dcm) extract has previously been proven to suppress breast cancer (MCF7) cell proliferation. Despite this, the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis mechanisms involved in C. nutans extract-treated MCF7 cells are still unknown. This study was intended to subfractionate CN-Dcm extract using column chromatography and analyse the treated MCF7 cells using the CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation (MTS) assay, Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) assay, western blot, and reverse transcription-qualitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Out of nine subfraction extracts (SF1 to SF9), SF2 extract strongly inhibited MCF7 cells with the lowest IC50 value (23.51 ± 1.00 µg/mL) and substantially induced apoptosis in the MCF7 cells. In treated MCF7 cells, SF2 extract significantly upregulated the expression of P53, BAX, BID, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3, while downregulating the expression of BCL2. The presence of potential bioactive chemical compounds in the SF2 extract was identified using liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Thus, the SF2 extract has the potential to induce apoptosis in MCF7 cells through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction of graphene oxide (rGO) utilizing green methods such as plants has attracted much attention due to its productivity, eco—friendly features, and cost effectiveness. In the present study, the reflux method was employed to synthesize Clinacanthus nutans (C. nutans) leaf extract mediated rGO using a simple approach. The synthesized rGO was characterized using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The UV-Vis spectrum demonstrated the absorption peak of rGO (270 nm) at distinct locations, while the FTIR analysis demonstrated that the amount of oxygen group in rGO was reduced. The Raman analysis confirms the reduction of GO by a slight increase in the D—band to G—band intensity ratio. The XRD spectra demonstrated that rGO was successfully produced based on the illustrated 2Ɵ angles at a peak of 22.12° with d-spacing of 0.40 nm. FESEM clearly reveals the morphology of rGO that shows crumpled thin sheets, a rougher surface, and a wave—shaped corrugated structure. The reduction of GO was analyzed in the removal of the hydroxyl group and amorphotization of sp2 carbon structures. The C/O ratio in rGO was higher than GO which indicates the small amount of oxygen-containing functional groups were still presented in the reduced graphene oxide. Furthermore, the cyclic voltammetry behavior of a modified screen—printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was measured. The redox reactivity of rGO—SPCE has been affirmed and compared with GO—SPCE and bare—SPCE. The toxicity using A. salina cysts demonstrated that rGO is less toxic compared to GO. The analysis adequately supports the synthesis of rGO and the effective removal of oxygen-containing functional groups from GO. The findings herein illustrate that C. nutans mediates the synthesis of rGO and is a promising eco-friendly substitute to conventional carbon-based fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinacanthus nutans (Acanthaceae), generally known as ‘snake grass’, has diverse uses in customary system of herbal medicine. The species is endowed with various bioactive compounds exhibiting extensive pharmacological properties. The present investigation focused on elicitor-intervened in vitro shoot biomass cultivation and scale-up production of the anti-cancerous compound ‘lupeol’, one of the foremost constituents in this species. For the augmented production of lupeol, the shoot cultures were elicited with various concentrations of yeast extract (YE), chitosan and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Maximum shoot biomass yield and production of lupeol was detected in MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mgl-1 BA and 400 mgl-1 YE. The petroleum ether extracts of selected samples upon TLC analysis proved Rf values corresponding to lupeol. HPTLC analysis revealed that the sample treated with YE displayed relatively higher amount (975.50 ng) of lupeol than the in vivo plant (713.69 ng). Hence the in vitro shoot culture system with elicitor (YE) treatment propose an appropriate method for the elevated synthesis of lupeol which can be scaled up via bio-reactor technology in doing so profiting the pharmaceutical appliances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinacanthus nutans (Acanthaceae), generally known as ‘snake grass’, has diverse uses in customary system of herbal medicine. The species is endowed with various bioactive compounds exhibiting extensive pharmacological properties. The present investigation focused on elicitor-intervened in vitro shoot biomass cultivation and scale-up production of the anti-cancerous compound ‘lupeol’, one of the foremost constituents in this species. For the augmented production of lupeol, the shoot cultures were elicited with various concentrations of yeast extract (YE), chitosan and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Maximum shoot biomass yield and production of lupeol was detected in MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mgl-1 BA and 400 mgl-1 YE. The petroleum ether extracts of selected samples upon TLC analysis proved Rf values corresponding to lupeol. HPTLC analysis revealed that the sample treated with YE displayed relatively higher amount (975.50 ng) of lupeol than the in vivo plant (713.69 ng). Hence the in vitro shoot culture system with elicitor (YE) treatment propose an appropriate method for the elevated synthesis of lupeol which can be scaled up via bio-reactor technology in doing so profiting the pharmaceutical appliances.

Antioxidants are currently utilized to prevent the occurrence of liver cancer in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. Clinacanthus nutans possesses anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties that could be an ideal therapy for liver problems. The objective of this study is to determine the potential antioxidative compounds from the C. nutans leaves (CNL) and stems (CNS). Chemical- and cell-based antioxidative assays were utilized to evaluate the bioactivities of CNS and CNL. The NMR metabolomics approach assisted in the identification of contributing phytocompounds. Based on DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, CNL demonstrated stronger radical scavenging potential as compared to CNS. The leaf extract also recorded slightly higher reducing power properties. A HepG2 cell model system was used to investigate the ROS reduction potential of these extracts. It was shown that cells treated with CNL and CNS reduced innate ROS levels as compared to untreated controls. Interestingly, cells pre-treated with both extracts were also able to decrease ROS levels in cells induced with oxidative stress. CNL was again the better antioxidant. According to multivariate data analysis of the 1H NMR results, the main metabolites postulated to contribute to the antioxidant and hepatoprotective abilities of leaves were clinacoside B, clinacoside C and isoschaftoside, which warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies on the ethnomedicinal use of Clinacanthus nutans suggest promising anti-inflammatory, anti-tumorigenic, and antiviral properties for this plant. Extraction of the leaves with polar and nonpolar solvents has yielded many C-glycosyl flavones, including schaftoside, isoorientin, orientin, isovitexin, and vitexin. Aside from studies with different extracts, there is increasing interest to understand the properties of these components, especially regarding their ability to exert anti-inflammatory effects on cells and tissues. A major focus for this review is to obtain information on the effects of C. nutans extracts and its phytochemical components on inflammatory signaling pathways in the peripheral and central nervous system. Particular emphasis is placed on their role to target the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-NF-kB pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokines, the antioxidant defense pathway involving nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1); and the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) pathway linking to cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and production of eicosanoids. The ability to provide a better understanding of the molecular targets and mechanism of action of C. nutans extracts and their phytochemical components should encourage future studies to develop new therapeutic strategies for better use of this herb to combat inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinacanthus nutans has been reported to have many medicinal properties and it is traditionally used in treating viral lesions. This study aims to determine the molecular docking of C. nutans compounds detected by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 main protease) protein and its host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein using the AutoDock 4.2 tool. The drug-likeness and molecular docking analyses showed that fourteen compounds of C. nutans satisfied the Lipinski's rule of five and they exhibited good inhibitory effects against the SARS-Cov-2 main protease and ACE2 proteins. In addition, the glyceryl 2-linolenate compound was found to have the most potent binding affinities with both proteins. The results provide useful insights into the molecular inhibitory interactions of C. nutans compounds detected by GC-MS analysis with the targeted SARS-CoV-2 main protease and ACE2 protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau, a traditional herb renowned for its anti-tumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, has garnered considerable attention. Although its hepatoprotective effects have been described, there is still limited knowledge of its treatment of acute liver injury (ALI), and its mechanisms remain unclear. To assess the efficacy of Clinacanthus nutans in ALI and to identify the most effective fractions and their underlying mechanism of action. Bioinformatics was employed to explore the underlying anti-hepatic injury mechanisms and active compounds of Clinacanthus nutans. The binding ability of schaftoside, a potential active ingredient in Clinacanthus nutans , to the core target nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was further determined by molecular docking. The role of schaftoside in improving histological abnormalities in the liver was observed by H&E and Masson's staining in an ALI model induced by CCl 4. Serum and liver biochemical parameters were measured using AST, ALT and hydroxyproline kits. An Fe2+ kit, transmission electron microscopy, western blotting, RT-qPCR, and DCFH-DA were used to measure whether schaftoside reduces ferroptosis-induced ALI. Subsequently, specific siRNA knockdown of Nrf2 in AML12 cells was performed to further elucidate the mechanism by which schaftoside attenuates ferroptosis-induced ALI. Bioinformatics analysis and molecular docking showed that schaftoside is the principal compound from Clinacanthus nutans. Schaftoside was shown to diminish oxidative stress levels, attenuate liver fibrosis, and forestall ferroptosis. Deeper investigations revealed that schaftoside amplified Nrf2 expression and triggered the Nrf2/GPX4 pathway, thereby reversing mitochondrial aberrations triggered by lipid peroxidation, GPX4 depletion, and ferroptosis. The lead compound schaftoside counters ferroptosis through the Nrf2/GPX4 axis, providing insights into a novel molecular mechanism for treating ALI, thereby presenting an innovative therapeutic strategy for ferroptosis-induced ALI. [Display omitted] • Network pharmacology studies have demonstrated the hepatoprotective effects of schaftoside in Clinacanthus nutans. • Ferroptosis is responsible for CCl 4 -induced acute liver injury. • Schaftoside alleviates CCl 4 -induced ferroptosis in acute liver injury. • Schaftoside inhibits ferroptosis via the Nrf2-GPX4 pathway to protect against acute liver injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinacanthus nutans is widely used as a traditional medicine in Thailand and other countries in Southeast Asia. Although its effectiveness is well documented, its therapeutic use is limited to the treatment of only a few diseases; mostly it is used as an anti-viral agent against varicella-zoster and herpes simplex virus infections. Herein, we demonstrate the therapeutic activity of C. nutans extracts in lowering inflammation in a model of bovine mastitis caused by bacterial infection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a gram-negative bacterial component, caused inflammation activation in bovine endothelial cells (CPAE) through the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (IL6 and IL1β) and chemokines (CXCL3 and CXCL8) gene expression, partially leading to cell death. Treatment with C. nutans crude extract significantly diminished these responses in a dose-dependent manner. The solvent fractionation of C. nutans extract revealed that the ethyl acetate (C4H8O2) fractions had a high potential to protect against cell death and diminished IL1β, IL6, CXCL3, and CXCL8 levels to less than 0.45 folds relative to the LPS-treated control. Glyceryl 1,3-distearate (C39H76O5) was identified as a bioactive compound responsible for the anti-inflammation activity but not the anti-cell death activity of C. nutans extract. This study highlighted the efficiency of C. nutans extracts as an alternative therapeutic option for the natural-product sustainable development of bovine mastitis treatment.

[Objectives] To explore the effects of ethanol extract of Clinacanthus nutans on gut microbiota and lipid metabolism in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. [Methods] A HFD-induced obesity mouse model was established, and the mice were randomly divided into high-fat model group, high-dose and low-dose groups of ethanol extract of C. nutans. Normal group and high-fat model group were given normal saline by intragastric administration every day. The high-dose and low-dose groups of the ethanol extract of C. nutans were given corresponding drugs by intragastric administration. After 8 weeks of administration, the body weight, fat accumulation, blood lipid level, and liver histopathological changes of the mice in each group were compared. The high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA was used to sequence the fecal samples of mice in each group, and the effects of ethanol extract of C. nutans on lipid metabolism and gut microbiota structure in HFD-induced obese mice were analyzed. [Results] Compared with the normal group, the high-fat model group had significantly higher body weight (P <0.01), increased subcutaneous fat accumulation (P <0.01), increased liver fat content, and increased serum TC, TG and LDL levels (P <0.01). Compared with the high-fat model group, the high-dose group of the ethanol extract of C. nutans significantly reduced the body weight of obese mice (P <0. 01), reduced the subcutaneous fat accumulation in obese mice (P <0. 05), inhibited the synthesis of fat in the liver, significantly reduced serum TC, TG levels (P<0.01), and significantly increased serum HDL levels (P<0.01). Compared with the normal group, the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria in the gut microbiota of mice in the high-fat model group was significantly increased, while the relative abundances of Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Akkermansia were significantly decreased (P<0.01), and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes was significantly increased. After treatment with ethanol extract of C. nutans, the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes was reduced, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia and Akkermansia (AKK) increased (P<0. 05), while the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria decreased (P<0.05). [Conclusions] HFD-induced obese mice have imbalanced gut microbiota structure and abnormal lipid metabolism, and the ethanol extract of C. nutans can improve the imbalance of microbiota structure and lipid metabolism in obese mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinacanthus nutans is known to be an anticancer and antiviral agent, and Strobilanthes crispus has proven to be an antidiuretic and antidiabetic agent. However, there is a high possibility that these plants possess multiple beneficial properties, such as antimicrobial and wound healing properties. This study aims to assess the wound healing, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of Clinacanthus nutans and Strobilanthes crispus. The Clinacanthus nutans and Strobilanthes crispus leaves were dried, ground, and extracted with ethanol, acetone, and chloroform through cold maceration. In a modified scratch assay with co-incubation of skin fibroblast and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clinacanthus nutans and Strobilanthes crispus extracts were assessed for their wound healing potential, and the antimicrobial activities of Clinacanthus nutans and Strobilanthes crispus extracts were performed on a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria on Mueller–Hinton agar based on a disc diffusion assay. To assess for antioxidant potential, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total phenolic and total flavonoid assays were conducted. In the modified scratch assay, Clinacanthus nutans extracts aided in the wound healing activity while in the presence of MRSA, and Strobilanthes crispus extracts were superior in antimicrobial and wound healing activities. In addition, Strobilanthes crispus extracts were superior to Clinacanthus nutans extracts against Pseudomonas aeruginosa on Mueller– Hinton agar. Acetone-extracted Clinacanthus nutans contained the highest level of antioxidant in comparison with other Clinacanthus nutans extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Clinacanthus nutans (C. nutans) is a medicinal herb that most people with diabetes have historically taken. It's a diet high in antioxidants, which are supposed to help people live longer and be healthier. It is the first study to suggest using C. nutans to enhance the quality of sperm in male mice given a streptozotocin (STZ) injection., Methods: Sixty mice were divided into two groups at the age of four weeks: group one was fed a regular diet (n=10), while group two was administered a high-fat diet (n=50) for eight weeks to develop obesity. Obese mice were given 100mg/kg of STZ to produce hyperglycemia with a 20% mortality rate. Then, 40 hyperglycemic mice were separated into two groups: STZ (n=10) and sample (n=30). The treatment groups were administered a methanolic extract of C. nutans leaves by gavage at doses of 150, 300, and 500mg/kg of body weight (n=10) for 4 weeks., Results: In contrast to the STZ group, there was a substantial (p=0.001) drop in serum blood glucose and total sperm abnormalities in mice at varying doses. Catalase, glutathione s-transferase (GST), and total antioxidant capacity significantly (p=0.001) increased in the STZ mice group at varying doses, but malondialdehyde was reduced. In comparison to STZ mice, testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels improved in mice treated with extracts of C. nutans at various doses. For all of the following dependent variables, extraction of the leaf at higher concentrations of 500 milligrams/kilogram has better efficacy than 300 and 150 mg/kg after 4 weeks of treatment., Conclusions: The research and development of new natural agents to combat oxidative stress-related diseases have sparked a lot of interest. As a result, the potential leaf extract of C. nutans contains anti-hyperglycemic compounds and improves the quality of sperm in male mice.

Herpes simplex , varicella-zoster lesions, skin rashes, diabetes, snake bites and insect bites have all been treated by using Clinacanthus nutans ( C. nutans ). The pharmacological effects of C. nutans are influenced by the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, saponins, glycosides, steroids and tannins. This review focused on the phytochemical makeup, which varies geographically and is a subject of scarcely existing knowledge. C. nutans served as the primary search term, while the keywords "phytochemicals", "chemical component" and "phytochemistry" were used to search the literature in the Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases. The articles pertinent to the subject were found and reviewed. The phytochemical composition of C. nutans varied depending on the region it was cultivated in, and was influenced by the environmental conditions, genetics, air temperature and postharvest practices., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper., (© the Author(s).)

Background: Antioxidants from natural products are important to counter the effect of reactive oxygen species occur in chronic diseases and metabolic disorders. Objective: This study evaluated the antioxidant activities of the leaf extracts from three plants found in Brunei: Melastoma malabathricum (MM), Scurrula ferruginea (SF), and Clinacanthus nutans (CN). Methods: The plant leaves were collected from in Brunei Darussalam air-dried and pulverized into powder. The extracts obtained from Soxhlet, fractionation, and maceration were freeze-dried and the total antioxidant status was evaluated using 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging radical activities in vitro assay. Both MM and SF extracts exhibited promising antioxidant capabilities. Results: The recorded antioxidant activities of MM with 5 mg/mL of methanolic, ethyl acetate, ethanolic, and aqueous extracts were 2.10, 2.12, 2.16, and 3.25 mmol/L, respectively. The antioxidant activities of the same concentration of SF aqueous, ethyl acetate, and methanolic extracts were 2.23, 2.35, and 2.46 mmol/L, respectively. Conversely, CN extracts used in the study did not show significant antioxidant activity. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that MM and SF extracts possess excellent antioxidant activities. The results suggest that these plants have therapeutic potential for metabolic syndrome and inflammatory diseases. Thus, further investigations for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinacanthus nutans has been used traditionally in the treatment of herpes simplex viral infection. This research evaluated the toxicity effects of sub-chronic oral administration of Clinacanthus nutans ethanolic leaf extract in Institute of Cancer Research mice. A total 50, 8 w old female mice were divided into five groups of 10 mice each; Group A (control), Group B (125 mg/kg), Group C (250 mg/kg), Group D (500 mg/kg) and Group E (1000 mg/kg). The extract was administered orally for 90 d. The mice were monitored and sacrificed on d 91. Blood, liver and kidney samples were collected for analyses. There was significant (p<0.05) alterations in the haematological parameters of the mice in Group E and a significant increase in creatinine levels in groups B, C, D and E compared to A. The plasma level of alanine aminotransferase was significantly (p<0.05) higher in Groups D and E, compared to A. Histopathological evaluation of liver and kidneys revealed a moderate cytoplasmic vacuolation, eosinophilic cytoplasm and pyknosis of hepatocytes, as well as mild to moderate activated Kupffer cells in Group E. Similarly, the renal tubular cells showed mild to moderate renal cytoplasmic vacuolation, eosinophilic cytoplasm, pyknotic and karyolytic cells in Group E. It is concluded that repeated oral doses of Clinacanthus nutans ethanolic leaf extract for 90 d induced hepato-renal toxicities in female Institute of Cancer Research mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction of graphene oxide (rGO) utilizing green methods such as plants has attracted much attention due to its productivity, eco—friendly features, and cost effectiveness. In the present study, the reflux method was employed to synthesize Clinacanthus nutans (C. nutans) leaf extract mediated rGO using a simple approach. The synthesized rGO was characterized using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The UV-Vis spectrum demonstrated the absorption peak of rGO (270 nm) at distinct locations, while the FTIR analysis demonstrated that the amount of oxygen group in rGO was reduced. The Raman analysis confirms the reduction of GO by a slight increase in the D—band to G—band intensity ratio. The XRD spectra demonstrated that rGO was successfully produced based on the illustrated 2Ɵ angles at a peak of 22.12° with d-spacing of 0.40 nm. FESEM clearly reveals the morphology of rGO that shows crumpled thin sheets, a rougher surface, and a wave—shaped corrugated structure. The reduction of GO was analyzed in the removal of the hydroxyl group and amorphotization of sp2 carbon structures. The C/O ratio in rGO was higher than GO which indicates the small amount of oxygen-containing functional groups were still presented in the reduced graphene oxide. Furthermore, the cyclic voltammetry behavior of a modified screen—printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was measured. The redox reactivity of rGO—SPCE has been affirmed and compared with GO—SPCE and bare—SPCE. The toxicity using A. salina cysts demonstrated that rGO is less toxic compared to GO. The analysis adequately supports the synthesis of rGO and the effective removal of oxygen-containing functional groups from GO. The findings herein illustrate that C. nutans mediates the synthesis of rGO and is a promising eco-friendly substitute to conventional carbon-based fabrication.

Antioxidants are currently utilized to prevent the occurrence of liver cancer in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. Clinacanthus nutans possesses anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties that could be an ideal therapy for liver problems. The objective of this study is to determine the potential antioxidative compounds from the C. nutans leaves (CNL) and stems (CNS). Chemical- and cell-based antioxidative assays were utilized to evaluate the bioactivities of CNS and CNL. The NMR metabolomics approach assisted in the identification of contributing phytocompounds. Based on DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, CNL demonstrated stronger radical scavenging potential as compared to CNS. The leaf extract also recorded slightly higher reducing power properties. A HepG2 cell model system was used to investigate the ROS reduction potential of these extracts. It was shown that cells treated with CNL and CNS reduced innate ROS levels as compared to untreated controls. Interestingly, cells pre-treated with both extracts were also able to decrease ROS levels in cells induced with oxidative stress. CNL was again the better antioxidant. According to multivariate data analysis of the 1H NMR results, the main metabolites postulated to contribute to the antioxidant and hepatoprotective abilities of leaves were clinacoside B, clinacoside C and isoschaftoside, which warrants further investigation.

Recent studies on the ethnomedicinal use of Clinacanthus nutans suggest promising anti-inflammatory, anti-tumorigenic, and antiviral properties for this plant. Extraction of the leaves with polar and nonpolar solvents has yielded many C-glycosyl flavones, including schaftoside, isoorientin, orientin, isovitexin, and vitexin. Aside from studies with different extracts, there is increasing interest to understand the properties of these components, especially regarding their ability to exert anti-inflammatory effects on cells and tissues. A major focus for this review is to obtain information on the effects of C. nutans extracts and its phytochemical components on inflammatory signaling pathways in the peripheral and central nervous system. Particular emphasis is placed on their role to target the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-NF-kB pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokines, the antioxidant defense pathway involving nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1); and the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) pathway linking to cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and production of eicosanoids. The ability to provide a better understanding of the molecular targets and mechanism of action of C. nutans extracts and their phytochemical components should encourage future studies to develop new therapeutic strategies for better use of this herb to combat inflammatory diseases.

A new isopimarane-type diterpene clinacanoid A ( 1 ) together with seven known terpenoids ( 2-8 ) were obtained from the Clinacanthus nutans . Their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analysis (NMR, HR-ESI-MS), and the absolute configuration of 1 was established based on single crystal X-ray diffraction. The inhibitory activity of all the compounds on NO production in lipopolysaccharide-induced (LPS) mouse leukemic monocyte macrophage RAW264.7 cells was evaluated. Among them, compounds 1 and 3 showed potential anti-inflammatory activities, with IC 50 values of 13.3 ± 0.3 and 12.4 ± 0.4  μ M, respectively.

Allergy is mediated by the crosslinking of immunoglobulins (Ig) -E or -G to their respective receptors, which degranulates mast cells, macrophages, basophils, or neutrophils, releasing allergy-causing mediators. The removal of these mediators such as histamine, platelet-activating factor (PAF) and interleukins (ILs) released by effector cells will alleviate allergy. Clinacanthus nutans (C. nutans), an herbal plant in Southeast Asia, is used traditionally to treat skin rash, an allergic symptom. Previously, we have reported that C. nutans aqueous leaves extract (CNAE) was able to suppress the release of β-hexosaminidase and histamine but not interleukin-4 (IL-4) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the IgE-induced mast cell degranulation model at 5 mg/mL and above. We also found that CNAE could protect rats against ovalbumin-challenged active systemic anaphylaxis (OVA-ASA) through the downregulation and upregulation of certain metabolites using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) metabolomics approach. As allergy could be mediated by both IgE and IgG, we further evaluated the anti-allergy potential of CNAE in both in vitro model of IgG-induced macrophage activation and in vivo anaphylaxis models to further dissect the mechanism of action underlying the anti-allergic properties of CNAE. The anti-allergy potential of CNAE was evaluated in in vivo anaphylaxis models of ovalbumin-challenged active systemic anaphylaxis (OVA-ASA) and IgE-challenged passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA) using Sprague Dawley rats as well as IgG-challenged passive systemic anaphylaxis (IgG-PSA) using C57BL/6 mice. Meanwhile, in vitro model of IgG-induced macrophage activation model was performed using IC-21 macrophages. The release of soluble mediators from both IgE and IgG-mediated pathways were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The signaling molecules targeted by CNAE were identified by performing Western blot. IgG, platelet-activating factor (PAF) and IL-6 was suppressed by CNAE in OVA-ASA, but not IgE. In addition, CNAE significantly suppressed PAF and IL-6 in IgG-PSA but did not suppress histamine, IL-4 and leukotrienes C 4 (LTC 4) in IgE-PSA. CNAE also inhibited IL-6 and TNF-α by inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in the IgG-induced macrophage activation model. Overall, our findings supported that CNAE exerts its anti-allergic properties by suppressing the IgG pathway and its mediators by inhibiting ERK1/2 phosphorylation, thus providing scientific evidence supporting its traditional use in managing allergy. [Display omitted] • Allergy can be mediated via the classical IgE and alternative IgG pathways. • Clinacanthus nutans , found in Southeast Asia was used traditionally to treat skin rash, a symptom of allergy. • Clinacanthus nutans aqueous leaves extract suppressed PAF, IL-6, TNF-α of IgG-mediated allergy by suppressing phosphoERK1/2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinacanthus nutans is a medicinal plant recognised for its anticancer properties. We previously discovered that the C. nutans extract had the most potent inhibitory effect on MCF7 breast cancer cell and significantly induced apoptosis. However, there is a scarcity of studies demonstrating the molecular interactions of C. nutans -derived chemical compounds associated with apoptosis-related proteins. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the potential chemical compounds found in the C. nutans extract and examine their interactions with the targeted apoptotic proteins using molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations. To address this objective, the compounds found in the SF2 extract of C. nutans were analysed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The molecular interaction of the compounds with the targeted apoptotic proteins were determined using molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations. GC-MS analysis revealed a total of 32 compounds in the SF2 extract. Molecular docking analysis showed that compound β-amyrenol had the highest binding affinity for MDM2-P53 (-7.26 kcal/mol), BCL2 (-11.14 kcal/mol), MCL1-BAX (-6.42 kcal/mol), MCL1-BID (-6.91 kcal/mol), and caspase-9 (-12.54 kcal/mol), whereas campesterol had the highest binding affinity for caspase-8 (-10.11 kcal/mol) and caspase-3 (-10.14 kcal/mol). These selected compounds were subjected to molecular dynamic simulation at 310 K for 100 ns. The results showed that the selected protein-ligand conformation complexes were stable, compact, and did not alter much when compared to the protein references. The findings indicate that β-amyrenol and campesterol are potentially significant compounds that might provide insight into the molecular interactions of the compounds with the apoptosis-related proteins.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.