Search

Objective: The study aimed to investigate the effects of the level of contraction during isometric shoulder abduction at different abduction angles on muscle thickness and stiffness of the shoulder girdle in asymptomatic individuals. Design: Measurement properties study. Setting: Biomechanics and motion analysis lab. Participants: Twenty individuals volunteered to participate in this study. Main Outcome Measure: The subjects were tested for morphological and mechanical properties, expressed by thickness and stiffness of the supraspinatus tendon and muscle, and upper trapezius muscle. Moreover, acromiohumeral distance was also evaluated using B-mode ultrasound and shear-wave elastography. Intervention: The thickness and stiffness of the supraspinatus and upper trapezius muscle were assessed at 3 angles of abduction (0°, 60°, and 90°) and 3 levels of contraction (0%, 10%, and 20% of the maximal voluntary isometric contraction) using ultrasonography with shear-wave imaging. Moreover, the acromiohumeral distance was measured to establish the occupation ratio during passive movement. Results: The supraspinatus and upper trapezius muscle thickness and stiffness were significantly greater at 60° shoulder abduction compared with 0°, and 90° compared with 60°, as well as significantly greater at 20% maximal voluntary isometric contraction compared with 0% and 10% maximal voluntary isometric contraction. Thickness and stiffness were significantly greater in the supraspinatus compared with the upper trapezius muscle at all 3 angles of shoulder abduction for all 3 level of contractions. The acromiohumeral distance decreased significantly from 0° to 60° and from 60° to 90°. Conclusion: Morphological and mechanical properties of the supraspinatus and upper trapezius muscles depended on the relative level of muscle contraction and the angle of shoulder abduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explanatory models of the mind inform our working assumptions about mental illness with direct implications for clinical practice. Neurobiological models assert that the mind can be understood in terms of genetics, chemistry, and neuronal circuits. Growing evidence suggests that clinical deployment of neurobiological models of illness may have unintended adverse effects on patient attitudes, public perception, provider empathy, and the effectiveness of psychiatric treatment. New approaches are needed to find a better language for describing (let alone explaining) the experience of mental illness. To address this gap, we draw upon interdisciplinary sources and semiotic theory to characterize the role of metaphor in the conceptualization and communication of psychopathology. We examine the metaphors recruited by contemporary neurobiological models and metaphors role in facilitating descriptive clarity or evocative creativity, depending on intention and context. These multiple roles reveal the implications of metaphorical reasoning in clinical practice, including cognitive flexibility, personalized communication, and uncertainty tolerance. With this analysis, we propose a clinical approach that embraces the meta-process of ongoing novel metaphor generation and co-elaboration, or languaging metaphors of psychopathology. Our goal is to bring attention to the value of employing ever-evolving, shapeable metaphorical depictions of psychiatric illness: metaphors that enable a capacity for change in individuals and society, reduce stigma, and nurture recovery.

This article examines the contributions made to Arctic knowledge by Kallihirua, a member of the Inughuit community of Northern Greenland who was abducted by the crew of the Assistance during the 1850–51 expedition in search of the missing ships Erebus and Terror. Unpacking this important moment of cultural encounter, the article explores the ways in which Kallihirua's presence on board the ship became embroiled in wider scholarly debates pertaining to the 'origins of the Inuit' and to the historical migrations of human beings around the world. Furthermore, it studies the ways in which this 'indigenous intermediary' became an important influence on the emergent scholarly disciplines of anthropology and geography which were undergoing a process of institutionalization and professionalization during this period. The article therefore contributes new insights into the fundamental, yet overlooked, roles that Arctic indigenous peoples have historically played in shaping non-indigenous knowledge about the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of the transverse tarsal arch (TTA) has recently been extensively reevaluated and has even been considered to play a greater role in foot stability than the medial longitudinal arch (MLA). However, the relevance of this observation in the context of common clinical foot disorders, such as progressive collapsing foot deformity (PCFD), has not yet been fully clarified. In this biomechanical study, we examined ten pairs of human cadaveric feet by serial weight‐bearing cone‐beam computed tomography under controlled loading using a custom‐designed testing machine. The MLA and TTA were transected separately, alternating the order in two study groups. A semiautomated three‐dimensional evaluation of their influence on three components of PCFD, namely collapse of the longitudinal arch (sagittal Meary's angle), hindfoot alignment (sagittal talocalcaneal angle), and forefoot abduction (axial Meary's angle), was performed. Both arches had a relevant effect on collapse of the longitudinal arch, however the effect of transecting the MLA was stronger compared to the TTA (sagittal Meary's angle, 7.4° (95%CI 3.8° to 11.0°) vs. 3.2° (95%CI 0.5° to 5.9°); p = 0.021). Both arches had an equally pronounced effect on forefoot abduction (axial Meary's angle, 4.6° (95%CI 2.0° to 7.1°) vs. 3.0° (95%CI 0.6° to 5.3°); p = 0.239). Neither arch showed a consistent effect on hindfoot alignment. In conclusion, weakness of the TTA has a decisive influence on radiological components of PCFD, but not greater than that of the MLA. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding and further development of treatment concepts for flatfoot disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In digital cartography, Google Maps and Google Street View (GSV) are often used side-by-side at the computer interface. This study consists of an analysis of recordings of Geoguessr, an online game that presents players with GSV imagery and challenges them to guess the location of the images on a digital map. Gameplay requires semiotic moves that put the diagrammatic signs of the GSV images and the map into a dynamic interplay. By specifying these practices, the present analysis offers a processual, practice-oriented perspective on theoretical debates in the study of digital mapping. Rather than existing a priori, the constructed or transparent nature of the map, as well as the kind of cartographical subject involved in manipulations of the map both emerge and change through the practical use of the two representations. Furthermore, the abductive inferences that characterize particular moments of gameplay constitute an intersection of reasoning and play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the qualification features of illegal deprivation of liberty or abduction of a person by a representative of the authorities under martial law. It is concluded that the qualification of illegal deprivation of liberty or abduction of a person by a representative of the authorities in the conditions of martial law has been not the subject of an indepe ndent scientific analysis. The aim of the research is to determine the algorithm for the qualification of illegal actions of a representative of the authorities, which are related to the illegal deprivation of liberty or abduction of a person under martial law. To realize the aim of the article, the following scientific methods have been used, such as: formaldogmatic one has been used for legal analysis of the powers of servicemen of the Territorial centers of recruitment and social support and policemen during mobilization measures; the method of comparative analysis makes it possible to compare the degree of social danger of individual criminal offenses associated with liberty deprivation of a person by a representative of the authorities; the statistical method makes it possible to determine the quantitative indicators of individual criminal offenses related to the deprivation of liberty of a person by a representative of authorities. The methods of analysis and synthesis makes it possible to propose specific algorithms for criminal offenses qualification related to the deprivation of liberty of a person by a representative of the authorities. The research emphasizes that the mechanism of limiting constitutional human rights and freedoms in Ukraine under martial law conditions does not determine the possibility of limiting the rights and freedoms guaranteed in Art. 29 (right to freedom and personal integrity), Art. 55 (right to judicial protection), Art. 62 (presumption of innocence), Art. 63 (right to protection) of the Constitution of Ukraine. It was established that due to incorrectly set priorities and the absence of a clear mechanism for the implementation of mobilization norms, some representatives of the authorities distorted the mobilization by committing criminal offenses, in particular, illegal deprivation of liberty or abduction of a person. Artificial latency of criminal offenses related to mobilization committed by representatives of the authorities has been established. Qualification algorithms of the government representative actions who commits certain illegal actions during mobilization under martial law are proposed, such as: according to Art. 365 of the CC of Ukraine; Part 5 of Art. 426-1 of the CC of Ukraine; according to Part 1 of Art. 146-1 of the CC of Ukraine; according to Art. 186 of the CC of Ukraine; according to Art. 187 of the CC of Ukraine; according to Art. 397 of the CC of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major open question in the borderlands between epistemology and philosophy of science concerns whether Bayesian updating and abductive inference are compatible. Some philosophers—most influentially Bas van Fraassen—have argued that they are not. Others have disagreed, arguing that abduction, properly understood, is indeed compatible with Bayesianism. Here we present two formal results that allow us to tackle this question from a new angle. We start by formulating what we take to be a minimal version of the claim that abduction is a rational pattern of reasoning. We then show that this minimal abductivist principle, when combined with Bayesian updating by conditionalization, places surprisingly strong and controversial constraints on how we must measure explanatory power. The lesson is not that Bayesianism is definitely incompatible with abduction, but that both compatibilism and incompatibilism have hitherto unrecognized consequences. We end the paper by formulating these consequences in the form of a trilemma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to outline the effective integration of semiotic methods, particularly the Peircean approach, with research on human creative cognition. The aim is to elucidate the involvement of the mind and neurological mechanisms in the process of semiosis. By examining how the mind externalizes thoughts and ideas, the article offers a fresh perspective on how external models and representations serve as essential anchors of meaning. Furthermore, this integrated approach provides a deeper understanding of how meaning is constructed and communicated, highlighting the importance of considering both internal cognitive processes and external manifestations in the study of semiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a brief consideration of the development of meta-analyses as a joint discussion of results from a research area across development stages 0, 1, 2, it is concluded that the present form 2.0 is unsuitable to serve as a basis for theory building. Further development of this tool into a meta-analysis 3.0 is necessary for this purpose which requires the validity of the independent variables in the primary studies, the reduction of the error variance of the dependent variables, a stability of the effects over the primary studies and a quantitative comparison between observed and predicted effects in the primary studies. In the current meta-analyses 2.0, a concrete single-case approach creates the impression that mainly everyday ideas are investigated, which one would like to generalize to a population of other conditions. Furthermore, the results of the existing meta-analyses are either homogeneous and very small or heterogeneous. Meta-analysis 2.0 searches for the instability of the measurements under a specific topic with methods of induction. The procedure of a meta-analysis 3.0 is described in general and carried out hypothetically and with an empirical example. It searches for the stability of quantitative reconstructions of data over different topics with the method of abduction. The conclusion can be summarized as that meta-analysis 3.0 is indispensable as a tool for theorizing, and theorizing presupposes meta-analysis 3.0. The link between this interdependence is abduction in contrast to induction as a research strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent calls to take up data science either revolve around the superior predictive performance associated with machine learning or the potential of data science techniques for exploratory data analysis. Many believe that these strengths come at the cost of explanatory insights, which form the basis for theorization. In this paper, we show that this trade-off is false. When used as a part of a full research process, including inductive, deductive and abductive steps, machine learning can offer explanatory insights and provide a solid basis for theorization. We present a systematic five-step theory-building and theory-testing cycle that consists of: 1. Element identification (reduction); 2. Exploratory analysis (induction); 3. Hypothesis development (retroduction); 4. Hypothesis testing (deduction); and 5. Theorization (abduction). We demonstrate the usefulness of this approach, which we refer to as co-duction, in a vignette where we study firm growth with real-world observational data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how rigour is achieved in the Abductive Research Strategy (ARS). It begins with a review of some of the arguments about objectivity and rigour in social sciences, which shows that quantitative and qualitative researchers hold different meanings of objectivity and therefore different ways of achieving rigour in their research. ARS as a qualitative methodology is then described and, using a study of the experience of work of life insurance sales workers in the state of Penang, rigour in the ARS is illustrated. Three ways of establishing rigour in ARS are stated and expounded. While two of them are from the traditions of doing qualitative research, the third is from the logic of abduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses abduction to propose a theory of addictive desire that is based on a dual dysfunction in learning and motivation. The theory is termed the Coherent Dual Theory of Addictive Desire (CDT) because it proposes that a dual dysfunction lies at the heart of addictive desire. This paper first lays out CDT in psychological terms. It then focuses on how CDT coheres with both the neurobiology and phenomenology of addictive desire, granting the theory empirical support and more explanatory power. The paper concludes by addressing an objection from opponent process theory. The result is a theory of addictive desire that contains multiple abductive virtues: It is simple, general, testable, and coherent on the levels of neurobiology, psychology, and phenomenology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radical critique and praxis today face an unprecedented challenge because neoliberal rationalities partly succeeded in encroaching upon emancipatory ambitions. On the one hand, as critical sociology informs us, this is because many of the utilitarian tenets of neoliberal rationalities have become naturalized in everyday conduct. On the other hand, as pragmatic sociology shows, because neoliberalism has succeeded in incorporating critical activity into its mode of functioning, challenging neoliberalism comes at the cost of its partial reproduction. Against this backdrop, the goal of this article is to reconsider both the role of critique in neoliberalism and the mode of inquiry of critique, in order to map out an 'alter-neoliberal analysis': a normative mode of critical inquiry that seeks to discover what would need to be the case for a future beyond neoliberalism to be conceivable. Building on the inferential logic of abduction, alter-neoliberal analysis (1) defamiliarizes the opaque ways in which neoliberal rationalities encroach upon practices, so as to (2) critique them in ways that curtail their reproduction and (3) radically imagine politico-epistemological positions that are unintelligible to neoliberal rationalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovid’s Metamorphoses has long served as a window into Greco-Roman culture and mythology. However, the ways in which the Metamorphoses may be shaped by, and in turn shape, the interactions between myths and cultures beyond the Greco-Roman world are underexplored. The Ramayan, a seminal South Asian mythological text, has received less attention in scholarship in the Global North, in part due to the overwhelming focus on the Greco-Roman canon. This article highlights stark narrative parallels between the abduction of Proserpina in the Metamorphoses and the abduction of Sita in the Ramayan. Given that these texts are genetically and geographically distinct, tracing the origin of these parallels remains challenging. Here, I leverage a Jungian analytical framework to propose that “narrative archetypes”—collections of images stored in the collective unconscious which manifest in myths across cultures—may explain why episodic details are conserved between the Metamorphoses and the Ramayan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of new techniques in both microbial biotechnology and artificial intelligence (AI) is opening up a completely new field for monitoring and sometimes even controlling the evolution of pathogens. However, the now famous generative AI extracts and reorganizes prior knowledge from large datasets, making it poorly suited to making predictions in an unreliable future. In contrast, an unfamiliar perspective can help us identify key issues related to the emergence of new technologies, such as those arising from synthetic biology, whilst revisiting old views of AI or including generative AI as a generator of abduction as a resource. This could enable us to identify dangerous situations that are bound to emerge in the not‐too‐distant future, and prepare ourselves to anticipate when and where they will occur. Here, we emphasize the fact that amongst the many causes of pathogen outbreaks, often driven by the explosion of the human population, laboratory accidents are a major cause of epidemics. This review, limited to animal pathogens, concludes with a discussion of potential epidemic origins based on unusual organisms or associations of organisms that have rarely been highlighted or studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroscientists routinely use reverse inference (RI) to draw conclusions about cognitive processes from neural activation data. However, despite its widespread use, the methodological status of RI is a matter of ongoing controversy, with some critics arguing that it should be rejected wholesale on the grounds that it instantiates a deductively invalid argument form. In response to these critiques, some have proposed to conceive of RI as a form of abduction or inference to the best explanation (IBE). We side with this response but at the same time argue that a defense of RI requires more than identifying it as a form of IBE. In this paper, we give an analysis of what determines the quality of an RI conceived as an IBE and on that basis argue that whether an RI is warranted needs to be decided on a case-by-case basis. Support for our argument will come from a detailed methodological discussion of RI in cognitive neuroscience in light of what the recent literature on IBE has identified as the main quality indicators for IBEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the widespread public concern regarding abduction, research on this type of crime is scarce. This lack of research is even more pronounced when looking at cases that end with the death of the victim. In fact, all of the research looking at lethal outcomes in cases of abductions has focused exclusively on child victims and has failed to consider the interactions at the multivariate level between the factors related to the death of the victim. Therefore, the aim of the study is to identify offender and crime characteristics – as well as their interactions – associated with a lethal outcome in sexually-motivated abductions using a combination of logistic regression and neural network analyses on a sample of 281 cases (81 cases ending with a lethal outcome, random sample of 200 comparison cases). Findings show that sexually-motivated abductions ending with a lethal outcome are more likely to be characterized by an offender who is a loner, forensically aware, and who who uses a weapon and restraints, and who sexually penetrates and beats a known victim. The neural network analysis show that three different pathways lead to a lethal outcome in sexually-motivated abductions. Such findings are important for correctional practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the enduring social crimes throughout history is kidnapping. While its manifestations are global, there are distinct local variations in its specifics. This social malady has surged with alarming frequency, especially over the past decade in Nigeria, bringing with it significant impacts on the stability of the country. Thus, it becomes crucial to delve into its patterns, various occurrences, and to comprehend the theoretical foundations that underlie it. In order to uncover the sociological underpinnings of this crime, and the intertwined triggers, this study extensively reviewed relevant literature. The argument presented in this paper delineates the annals of kidnapping in Nigeria into two phases: the slavery and precolonial era, and the contemporary period. Triggers for kidnapping were analyzed and categorized into distinct clusters: an underlying cluster (socio-economic disparities, a dysfunctional law enforcement and judicial system, and longstanding conflicts); a remote cluster (political instability, the presence of militant groups, and insurgency); and an immediate cluster (vulnerable demographics, lack of robust security measures, and instances of diverse unrest). Moreover, the paper contends that the persistence of kidnapping is exacerbated by the flourishing economy it has spawned. Through an examination of theories associated with kidnapping, a comprehensive conceptual framework was developed, integrating the multifaceted factors relevant to the Nigerian context. It is anticipated that the findings of this study will contribute to the formulation of new policies, and the refinement of existing ones, aimed at fostering a safe, secure, and peaceful socioeconomic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Optimal glenoid positioning in reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) is crucial to provide impingement-free range of motion (ROM). Lateralization and inclination correction are not yet systematically used. Using planning software, we simulated the most used glenoid implant positions. The primary goal was to determine the configuration that delivers the best theoretical impingement-free ROM. Methods: With the use of a 3D planning software (Blueprint) for RSA, 41 shoulders in 41 consecutive patients (17 males and 24 females; means age 73 years (SD 7)) undergoing RSA were planned. For the same anteroposterior positioning and retroversion of the glenoid implant, four different glenoid baseplate configurations were used on each shoulder to compare ROM: 1) no correction of the RSA angle and no lateralization (C-L-); 2) correction of the RSA angle with medialization by inferior reaming (C+M+); 3) correction of the RSA angle without lateralization by superior compensation (C+L-); and 4) correction of the RSA angle and additional lateralization (C+L+). The same humeral inlay implant and positioning were used on the humeral side for the four different glenoid configurations with a 3 mm symmetric 135° inclined polyethylene liner. Results: The configuration with lateralization and correction of the RSA angle (C+L+) led to better ROM in flexion, extension, adduction, and external rotation (p ≤ 0.001). Only internal rotation was not significantly different between groups (p = 0.388). The configuration where correction of the inclination was done by medialization (C+M+) led to the worst ROM in adduction, extension, abduction, flexion, and external rotation of the shoulder. Conclusion: Our software study shows that, when using a 135° inlay reversed humeral implant, correcting glenoid inclination (RSA angle 0°) and lateralizing the glenoid component by using an angled bony or metallic augment of 8 to 10 mm provides optimal impingement-free ROM. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(10):851–857.

Aims: This study aimed to analyze kinematics and kinetics of the tibiofemoral joint in healthy subjects with valgus, neutral, and varus limb alignment throughout multiple gait activities using dynamic videofluoroscopy. Methods: Five subjects with valgus, 12 with neutral, and ten with varus limb alignment were assessed during multiple complete cycles of level walking, downhill walking, and stair descent using a combination of dynamic videofluoroscopy, ground reaction force plates, and optical motion capture. Following 2D/3D registration, tibiofemoral kinematics and kinetics were compared between the three limb alignment groups. Results: No significant differences for the rotational or translational patterns between the different limb alignment groups were found for level walking, downhill walking, or stair descent. Neutral and varus aligned subjects showed a mean centre of rotation located on the medial condyle for the loaded stance phase of all three gait activities. Valgus alignment, however, resulted in a centrally located centre of rotation for level and downhill walking, but a more medial centre of rotation during stair descent. Knee adduction/abduction moments were significantly influenced by limb alignment, with an increasing knee adduction moment from valgus through neutral to varus. Conclusion: Limb alignment was not reflected in the condylar kinematics, but did significantly affect the knee adduction moment. Variations in frontal plane limb alignment seem not to be a main modulator of condylar kinematics. The presented data provide insights into the influence of anatomical parameters on tibiofemoral kinematics and kinetics towards enhancing clinical decision-making and surgical restoration of natural knee joint motion and loading. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2024;13(9):485–496.

In Malaysia, even the ghosts are transnational. Rani Manicka’s 2002 debut novel The Rice Mother follows the intergenerational narratives of a diasporic Ceylonese family in Malaysia. As they reflect on the atrocities of the Second World War and Japanese Occupation – notably the abduction and presumed murder of the eldest daughter, Mohini, by Japanese soldiers – each family member shares their haunted relationship with Mohini’s ghost. While Avery Gordon and Kathleen Brogan have examined how hauntings can characterize social or ethnic loss, Mohini’s hauntings are unique to the Ceylonese diaspora in Malaysia. In addition to the family members encountering her ghost through dreams – significant connections to the spiritual world in Hindu mythology – Mohini’s character is inspired by the mohini pey, a legendary ghost from Southern India and Sri Lanka. However, the discrepancy between mohini the ghost and Mohini the character interrogates the malleability of memory across generations. How might hauntings – manifestations of the traumatic past – change as generations evolve and reaffiliate cultural memory over time? Drawing on Marianne Hirsch’s concept of postmemory, this paper examines the family’s evolving relationship with Mohini’s ghost and argues that the residual power of diasporic heritage inherited through storytelling provides a path for generational healing in a new homeland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Methods Results Conclusions Level of Evidence Different methods for quantifying joint‐line obliquity (JLO) have been described, including joint‐line obliquity angle (JLOA), Mikulicz joint‐line angle (MJLA) and medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA). The goal of the present study was to quantify the variation of JLOA based on the position of the hip. The hypothesis of our study is that JLO is significantly influenced by the abduction/adduction of the limb, unlike MJLA.One hundred long‐leg‐weightbearing X‐rays were used. At time 0 and after 30 days, two observers performed different measurements, including (1) distance between pubic symphysis and center of the femoral head, (2) distance between center of the femoral head and center of the ankle joint, (3) distance between center of the ankle and medial malleolus, (4) hip‐knee‐ankle angle, (5) MPTA, (6) lateral distal femoral angle, (7) joint‐line congruency angle, (8) JLOA, (9) MJL and (10) angle between Mikulicz line and line perpendicular to the ground. The changes of the JLOA based on the position of the hip (abducted, neutral, bipedal stance adduction and monopodal stance adduction) were calculated with trigonometric formulas and with simulation on an orthopaedic planning digital software.The JLOA change between adducted and abducted positions was on average 12.8° (SD 0.9 mm). The MJL did not vary significantly based on hip position.The adduction/abduction of the lower limb has a considerable impact on JLOA. Methods like MJLA which are not affected by hip position should be preferred for JLO evaluation.Diagnostic study, level III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the issue of abduction and kidnapping in the modern world. This issue is analyzed in two legal systems: the canon law of the Latin Rite Catholic Church and Polish penal law. The choice of these two systems aims to highlight the consistency in understanding and penalizing the offence of abduction (kidnapping). A mixed-method approach, incorporating both analysis and synthesis, is employed in this study. The analysis is comprehensive and multifaceted, while the synthesis aids in organizing and integrating the findings on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Exotropia-hypotropia complex is an uncommon phenomenon associated with high myopia. However, some literature reports cases of the exotropia-hypotropia complex where residual hypotropia is managed through a secondary surgery following the conventional recession-resection of the lateral rectus (LR) and medial rectus (MR). Nasal Loop myopexy as a primary surgical procedure for the management of exotropia-hypotropia complex has been rarely reported in the literature. Methods: A 24-year-old male with unilateral high myopia presented with a large angle exotropia-hypotropia complex with limitation of elevation in abduction in his left eye. His ocular deviation was successfully managed through a nasal loop myopexy of the superior rectus (SR) and MR using a non-absorbable suture, combined with large LR recession and MR resection. Results: Postoperatively, the patient had satisfactory ocular alignment with improved hypotropia and normal elevation in abduction, contributing to enhanced binocular vision and better cosmesis. Discussion: Managing the exotropia-hypotropia complex in the context of high myopia demands a comprehensive approach that addresses both vertical and horizontal deviations. The surgical strategy employed in this case, which included loop myopexy of SR and MR along with LR recession and MR resection, achieved positive outcomes regarding alignment, elevation, and binocular vision. The case supports variations in muscle path and the potential benefits of tailored surgical strategies for complex strabismus cases associated with high myopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we argue that one way to approach what is known in the literature as the “Trust Gap” in Medical AI is to focus on explanations from an Explainable AI (xAI) perspective. Against the current framework on xAI – which does not offer a real solution – we argue for a pragmatist turn, one that focuses on understanding how we provide explanations in Traditional Medicine (TM), composed by human agents only. Following this, explanations have two specific relevant components: they are usually (i) social and (ii) abductive. Explanations, in this sense, ought to provide understanding by answering contrastive why-questions: “Why had P happened instead of Q?” (Miller in AI 267:1–38, 2019) (Sect. 1). In order to test the relevancy of this concept of explanation in medical xAI, we offer several reasons to argue that abductions are crucial for medical reasoning and provide a crucial tool to deal with trust gaps between human agents (Sect. 2). If abductions are relevant in TM, we can test the capability of Artificial Intelligence systems on this merit. Therefore, we provide an analysis of the capacity for social and abductive reasoning of different AI technologies. Accordingly, we posit that Large Language Models (LLMs) and transformer architectures exhibit a noteworthy potential for effective engagement in abductive reasoning. By leveraging the potential abductive capabilities of LLMs and transformers, we anticipate a paradigm shift in the integration of explanations within AI systems. This, in turn, has the potential to enhance the trustworthiness of AI-driven medical decisions, bridging the Trust Gap that has been a prominent challenge in the field of Medical AI (Sect. 3). This development holds the potential to not only improve the interpretability of AI-generated medical insights but also to guarantee that trust among practitioners, patients, and stakeholders in the healthcare domain is still present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second-year undergraduate Organic Chemistry course sequence is often cited as one of the most, if not the most, challenging for students in the US. Thus, a persistent question remains: What is it about Organic Chemistry that makes the course so difficult for students? Herein, we put forward the hypothesis that a new mode of thinking and problem solving is expected of the students; these skills have not yet been developed in their prior scientific coursework and are often not deliberately taught in Organic Chemistry. This form of reasoning and problem solving, known as abductive reasoning, is highlighted for its connection to medical diagnosis and scientific thinking. We provide examples to showcase how instructors could explicitly foreground the reasoning process in their classroom. Ultimately, we argue that teaching how to reason using abduction may benefit students in both the short term (in the course) and the long term (in their careers as scientists and medical practitioners). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors argue that hitherto separate methodological conversations about abduction and comparison can be fruitfully brought together to generate novel, well-founded insights and retheorize an object of study in multiple-case qualitative inquiry. The authors call this abductive cross-case comparison and illustrate it by way of a collective study of how professional boundary work is changing under transnational conditions. In this study, the authors faced a common challenge in qualitative-comparative research: what to do when initial observations generate "surprises" that seem to confound the theoretical frameworks undergirding the comparison? To discuss how abductive inferences supported the authors' response to this challenge, they explicate the acts of discovery and (re)conceptualization involved through various steps in a team-based research process. Building on the existing qualitative comparison literature, the authors suggest that such procedures fill a methodological gap and may hold great promise for overcoming obstacles in designing and implementing comparative research. Overall, the authors explicate and illustrate the method of abductive cross-case comparison, including their work as a research team. The aim of this article is thus to help sociologists implement better qualitative research that leverages a fuller potential of comparative designs to push beyond established knowledge and frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: Many strategy studies implicitly rely upon inference to the best explanation (IBE) or modern abduction. We leverage recent work in the philosophy of science to consider how we arrive at "best" explanations, explanations that are lovely, in the sense that they are useful, general, and provide meaning, and likely, in the sense that they are close to the truth. Interpretation of observational results requires an understanding of context that statistical analysis alone cannot provide. At that point of encounter, historical methods—hermeneutics, contextualization and source criticism—can improve IBE by helping scholars (1) generate new candidate explanations and (2) systematically judge, privilege, and balance the explanatory virtues that constitute the loveliness and likeliness of explanations. Managerial Summary: Many strategy studies iteratively use data and theory to inference to the best explanation of observed phenomena. We leverage recent work in the philosophy of science to consider how we arrive at best explanations that are useful, general, provide meaning, and, at the same time, are close to the truth. Interpreting observational results requires an understanding of the context that statistical analysis alone cannot provide. At that point of encounter, methodological tools from the field of history can improve the process of determining the best explanation by helping scholars (1) generate new candidate explanations and (2) systematically judge and privilege explanations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peirce's pragmatic maxim is closely related to his conception of abduction. The acquisition of the actual effect required by the method of scientific reasoning expressed by Peirce's maxim must be accomplished by resorting to abductive logic. Abductive logic starts from a surprising fact, derives a hypothetical explanation about that fact, and finally arrives at the possibility that the hypothesis is true. This is the process of abductive reasoning, as provided by Peirce, which is distinct from induction and deduction and generates explanatory views. Peirce opposed a unified and unchangeable concept of causality. He used different interpretations of causality to illustrate the considerable differences in people's understanding of cause and effect in different periods. The concept of pragmatism, as developed from the pragmatic maxim to abduction and then to scientific inference to the best explanation, is precisely what Peirce initially proposed, and inference to the best explanation is the starting point and the final result of the pragmatic maxim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are various theories regarding the logical structure of abduction. Peirce, the logician who introduced this type of reasoning, placed it alongside deductive and inductive reasoning. However, the logical form and inferential process involved in abduction remain unclear, leading to questions about whether abduction is truly an argumentative process. In this article, we aim to support this perspective by demonstrating that Peirce's writings implicitly suggest that abduction is instinctive, and if abduction is indeed instinctive, it cannot be considered an argument. Additionally, drawing on the views of earlier thinkers such as Avicenna, we argue that abduction may be related to the faculty of estimation, which is common to both humans and other animals. This perspective helps explain why animals can transcend mere sensory data and engage in something akin to forming natural or causal hypotheses. Furthermore, findings from contemporary experimental psychology indicate that the human mind employs multiple systems for decision-making and judgment, not all of which are argumentative. For instance, Daniel Kahneman identifies two decision-making systems in humans: the first is non-argumentative and evolutionary, while the second is logical. Based on examples of abduction, it can be considered a process belonging to System 1 of the mind, which operates quickly and non-argumentatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Logical abductivism features in the recent literature as a new epistemology for logic, in connection with logical anti-exceptionalism. According to this account, (i) logical knowledge is obtained by the justified choice of a logical theory using abduction, which (ii) replaces problematic approaches in traditional logical epistemology. We argue that such claims are not properly warranted; they conflate justification and theory choice methods. Abduction requires that one starts with justified data, and justification, in such cases, needs to appeal to sources that are not granted by abduction. In this sense, abduction cannot be all there is to the epistemology of logic. Some abductivists, we shall see, even appeal to methods of the traditional epistemology to obtain the data. Keeping justification and theory choice separated may contribute to avoid obscurities in discussion of the nature of data in logic and in understanding more clearly how to frame the anti-exceptional nature of logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, sexually motivated abductions have not received as much attention from researchers in comparison to the acts of abduction and sexual assault alone. Further, the majority of research that is conducted on abductions focuses solely on child victims, creating a gap in the literature. The current study was set forth to identify qualitatively different subgroups of offenders who commit sexually motivated abductions. Using victim, crime, and offender characteristics taken from sexual abduction cases (n = 1288), a latent class analysis was conducted. Results from the latent class analysis revealed that four subgroups of sexually motivated abductors exist: Convenience Opportunist, Strategic Opportunist, Child Opportunist, and Familiar Opportunist. In addition, bivariate analyses were run to test the latent class solution with different characteristics; results suggest that these subgroups of sexually motivated offenders may not be dependent on some victim lifestyle characteristics. These results provide evidence that there are qualitatively different subgroups of offenders who commit sexually motivated abductions, which may be useful for law enforcement when conducting investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the reflexive activity of field agents in a training device created for the nuclear industry. Designed by the researchers and a trainer, this device, known as scenarioinquiry, is intended to help trainees gain an understanding of the spatial and functional characteristics of a complex industrial building, essential knowledge for their future job as field operators. The device might be described as hybrid in the sense that it combines various teaching spaces and methods (a virtual environment for trainees to browse, an onsite training workplace, a traditional classroom) as well as several technical objects (a complete 3D digital model of the building, full-scale models of valves and operational technical documentation used in work situations). The semio-logical analysis stemming from the course-of-action framework, and its dialogical relationship with Peirce's semiotics, serve as the foundation for understanding the operators' training activities. Abduction, deduction, and induction are the three types of inference that define their interpretative activity when using the scenario-inquiry device. Abductive inference is the process of formulating explanatory hypotheses enabling the discovery and creation of novelty. Our results indicate (i) the determining role of abductive reasoning in the creation, reinforcement, invalidation and connection of knowledge, and (ii) the essential role of analogies in the linking of acquired knowledge and new knowledge by abduction. This article offers the opportunity to critically examine training scenarios that place emphasis on inductions and deductions. Offering educational resources that support abductive reasoning-such as "curiosity laboratories," which are learning settings that inspire people to explore and go beyond the boundaries of what is expected of them--would be ideal. This will encourage trainees to switch between a range of semiotic registers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The thorax, clavicula, scapula and humerus comprise the finite element musculoskeletal model of the shoulder mechanism, which has been used to analyse its kinematic and dynamic behaviour. The study aims to reflect upon the analysis of the kinematic and dynamic behaviour of the shoulder mechanism. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify the relevant literature. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar were used to search for literature published between 2000 and 2023. Results: The scapulothoracic gliding plane’s motion restrictions, which convert the shoulder girdle into a closed-chain mechanism, are represented in the model along with 16 muscles, 3 joints and 3 extracapsular ligaments. The locations of the humerus and shoulder girdle that were recorded in ten subjects during loaded and unloaded humeral abduction and anteflexion are the input variables. Conclusion: The length dependence of electromyography (EMG) amplitude and the unknown force-length relationship makes it difficult to compare muscle force predictions and EMG measurements. The conclusion is that complicated musculoskeletal models cannot be validated using EMG amplitude. The force and moment balance of the three joints are used to examine the function of the muscles. This model allows for an investigation of the function of morphological components and offers useful insight into the mechanics of the shoulder mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability (RASI) is commonly treated with arthroscopic techniques, though their effectiveness in providing stability may diminish in cases of critical glenoid bone loss. This study aimed to compare the stability outcomes and range of motion (ROM) associated with an arthroscopic subscapular sling procedure (SSP), first introduced in 2015. Methods: Sixteen fresh‐frozen human cadaveric shoulder specimens were biomechanically evaluated in four conditions: native, injured, post‐SSP and post‐LP. Glenohumeral translations were measured under anterior, anteroinferior and inferior loading, while external rotation ROM was assessed in neutral and abducted positions. Testing was conducted using a robotic system for precise force and torque application. Specimens were prepared with a 20% glenoid bone defect and subjected to stability testing sequentially. Results: The SSP significantly reduced glenohumeral translations compared to LP, particularly under anterior loading in neutral (p < 0.001), external rotation (p = 0.007) and abduction (p < 0.001) positions. Although the SSP demonstrated superior stability in these key positions, it did not consistently outperform the LP across all scenarios, as stability was similar between the two in the abducted and rotated position under anterior loading (p = 0.379). Under anteroinferior loading, the SSP showed comparatively better stability at neutral (p = 0.003) and abduction (p < 0.001), whereas the LP led to greater anteroinferior translations in these same positions (p = 0.002 and p = 0.014, respectively). The SSP outperformed the LP under inferior loading in neutral (p = 0.005) and abduction (p = 0.02) positions, though it did not fully restore stability to native shoulder levels. The SSP maintained ROM similar to native shoulders. LP allowed greater ROM, potentially compromising stability. Conclusion: The SSP provided greater stability than the open Latarjet in most positions and did not limit ROM, suggesting it could be a viable, less invasive option for managing shoulder instability. Level of Evidence: Not applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I outline a pragmatist epistemology of logic inspired by later work of Charles S. Peirce that shares many features with an anti-exceptionalism about logic but, I argue, can better respond to a key problem that plagues the anti-exceptionalist. I first lay out what I take to be the tenets of anti-exceptionalism, discussing some difficulties in formulating the position that make it difficult to definitively label the position discussed here. I then analyze a key problem for the anti-exceptionalist, the background logic problem, and suggest that when framed as a problem for certain types of inquiry, it shares a presupposition about the priority of logic with other problems in the epistemology of logic. Turning to a discussion of Peirce from the 1903 Lowell Lectures, I then outline a pragmatism about logic that rejects the priority claims underlying the problems for inquiry in logic and, I argue, can resolve the background logic problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have indicated that Camitz transfer for severe carpal tunnel does not adequately restore thumb opposition. The aim of this study was to determine whether modification of the distal insertion of the transferred palmaris longus tendon could provide more effective opposition. We used 12 fresh-frozen upper extremity specimens. For spatial analysis, we used a three-dimensional motion-tracking device. At 0 N and 5 N of traction force, the pronation angle was significantly larger for the modified procedure than for the conventional procedure. There was no significant difference in the palmar abduction angle between the two groups. The modified palmaris longus tendon insertion on the ulnar side of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint provides more effective thumb pronation than conventional Camitz opponensplasty in a cadaver model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The aim of the report is to report the outcomes of the medial rectus (MR) disinsertion procedure for the management of large-angle esotropia (ET) patients. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective case series of patients with large-angle ET who underwent an MR disinsertion procedure between March 2012 to April 2022. The procedure happened accidentally during muscle surgery. The demographic and clinical data, including sex, age, visual acuity, pre- and postoperative angle of strabismus, duction limitations, results of intraoperative forced duction tests, and follow-up duration were collected from medical records. Results: Five patients were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 62.2 ± 9.8 years, and the mean follow-up was 24.8 ± 8.7 months. The ET at the primary position of gaze was 92.0 ± 17.9 prism diopters (PD) before MR disinsertion and 38.0 ± 29.5 PD after MR disinsertion only. Abduction deficiency was −4 before after MR disinsertion, which improved to −1 at the last follow-up. Conclusions: The results of MR disinsertion were not as frustrating as anticipated. MR disinsertion may be considered in patients with large-angle sensory ET who refuse surgery on the opposite eye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a brief consideration of the development of meta-analyses as a joint discussion of results from a research area across development stages 0, 1, 2, it is concluded that the present form 2.0 is unsuitable to serve as a basis for theory building. Further development of this tool into a meta-analysis 3.0 is necessary for this purpose which requires the validity of the independent variables in the primary studies, the reduction of the error variance of the dependent variables, a stability of the effects over the primary studies and a quantitative comparison between observed and predicted effects in the primary studies. In the current meta-analyses 2.0, a concrete single-case approach creates the impression that mainly everyday ideas are investigated, which one would like to generalize to a population of other conditions. Furthermore, the results of the existing meta-analyses are either homogeneous and very small or heterogeneous. Meta-analysis 2.0 searches for the instability of the measurements under a specific topic with methods of induction. The procedure of a meta-analysis 3.0 is described in general and carried out hypothetically and with an empirical example. It searches for the stability of quantitative reconstructions of data over different topics with the method of abduction. The conclusion can be summarized as that meta-analysis 3.0 is indispensable as a tool for theorizing, and theorizing presupposes meta-analysis 3.0. The link between this interdependence is abduction in contrast to induction as a research strategy.