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Aim: To clarify the concept of fear of childbirth among pregnant women and to examine its current measure tools. Background: Fear of childbirth is a psychological symptom, prevalent among pregnant women, which negatively impacts women's health and well‐being. It has become an increasingly concerning issue in perinatal mental health. However, due to its poor conceptualization, it presents difficulty in conducting reliable assessments and identifying risk factors. Methods: The Walker and Avant approach to concept analysis guided this review. Six bibliographic databases were systematically searched for published research from their inception date to May 2023. Additional records were identified by manually searching the reference lists of relevant studies. Quantitative and qualitative studies investigating fear of childbirth in pregnant women were included. Results: Three critical attributes have been identified: cognitive impairments, affective disorders and somatic symptoms. Antecedents include perceived a real or anticipated threat of pregnancy or its outcomes, low perceived self‐coping ability and unmet social support needs. Consequences include processing and avoiding behaviours. This study also identified the dimensions of fear of childbirth, including 6 primary categories and 14 subcategories. The content of five scales was analysed and none covered all domains. Conclusions: The current analysis provides healthcare providers with a more comprehensive framework to assess and identify fear of childbirth. Further research is needed to develop a suitable instrument that covers all the attributes and dimensions of this concept and assesses its severity. Impact: This conceptual analysis provides a comprehensive insight into the phenomenon of fear of childbirth. This will help family members, healthcare providers and policymakers to identify the psychological needs of pregnant women and improve the quality of antenatal care. Patient or Public Contribution: Not applicable as no new data were generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anemia is a common complication in patients with progressive chronic kidney disease. This cohort study evaluated the prevalence, clinical features and prognosis of membranous nephropathy (MN) with anemia. We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of MN patients diagnosed using renal biopsy between February 2012 and February 2018. The clinical and pathological characteristics at baseline were recorded, and the outcomes (hemoglobin, proteinuria and renal function) during follow-ups were also evaluated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the independent risk factors for anemia in MN patients. The MN patients were divided according to the therapeutic effect they experienced as follows: without-anemia, completely corrected anemia, standard anemia treatment and nonstandard anemia treatment groups. We compared the rate of complete remission of MN and renal end-point events among the four groups. The median age of 483 patients was 42.43 (26.59, 50.20) years at the time of MN diagnosis. The prevalence of anemia at baseline was 23.81%, and the cumulative prevalence was 50.72%. There were 133 cases of mild anemia, 103 cases of moderate anemia and 9 cases of severe anemia; in addition, there were 228 cases of normocytic anemia and 17 cases of microcytic hypochromic anemia. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that acute renal tubule injury >5% (OR = 1.634, 95% CI 1.034, 2.581; p = 0.035), total protein level (OR = 0.949, 95% CI 0.923, 0.975; p < 0.001), cholesterol level (OR = 0.833, 95% CI 0.749, 0.926, p = 0.001), hypokalemia (OR = 2.612, 95% CI 1.227, 5.560, p = 0.013) and hypophosphatemia (OR = 2.653, 95% CI 1.303, 5.403, p = 0.007) were independent risk factors for anemia in MN patients. The complete remission rate of MN patients without anemia was significantly higher than that of anemia patients who exhibited treatment failure. The incidence of renal endpoint events was different among the four groups. The anemia experienced by MN patients is mainly mild and moderate, normocytic anemia. The pathological features of acute renal tubular injury and clinical nutritional status are independent risk factors for anemia. There were differences in renal prognosis among anemia patients with different treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]