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Ecological design concept is a design concept aimed at advocating green environmental protection and sustainable development, which is widely used in different cases of environmental design including urban and kindergarten. In our study, using literature research, case reference, and field research as research methods, through the theoretical research of domestic and foreign kindergarten environment design and interpretation of typical cases to summarize the ecological design method and design strategy, can be further applied in larger field such as urban, basin, and/or region. Then, take “Chenguang” kindergarten in Beijing as example to analyze ecological element in there. Aiming at ecological landscape, ecological humanities, and ecological experience as the goal, the kindergarten’s architectural appearance and indoor and outdoor environment have been transformed and redesigned. Ecological principle and ecological strategy from our study present an important reference meaning in improving the quality of urban space environment and shaping a good city image which are of great significance.

Control over supramolecular recognition between proteins and nanoparticles (NPs) is of fundamental importance in therapeutic applications and sensor development. Most NP-protein binding approaches use 'tags' such as biotin or His-tags to provide high affinity; protein surface recognition provides a versatile alternative strategy. Generating high affinity NP-protein interactions is challenging however, due to dielectric screening at physiological ionic strengths. We report here the co-engineering of nanoparticles and protein to provide high affinity binding. In this strategy, 'supercharged' proteins provide enhanced interfacial electrostatic interactions with complementarily charged nanoparticles, generating high affinity complexes. Significantly, the co-engineered protein-nanoparticle assemblies feature high binding affinity even at physiologically relevant ionic strength conditions. Computational studies identify both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions as drivers for these high affinity NP-protein complexes.

Autophagy is a catabolic cellular process in which unwanted proteins and organelles are degraded by lysosomes. It is characterized by the formation of the double-membrane autophagosome decorated with LC3B, a protein that mediates autophagosomal fusion with lysosomes. The cysteine protease ATG4b acts at two stages in the life cycle of LC3B. We set out to characterize the protein-protein interaction between LC3B and ATG4b. Through biochemical and biophysical studies, we show that the ubiquitin-like core of LC3B (residues 1-115; "LC3B-115"), which lacks the C-terminal cleavage site (between residue 120 and 121), binds to full-length ATG4b with a surprisingly tight dissociation constant (KD) in the low nanomolar range; 10-30-fold tighter than that of the substrate pro-LC3B (residues 1-125) or the product LC3B-I (residues 1-120). Consequently, LC3B-115 is a potent inhibitor of the ATG4b-mediated cleavage of pro-LC3B (IC50 = 15 nM). Binding of the LC3B-115 has no effect on the conformation of the active site of ATG4b, as judged by the turnover of a peptide substrate ("substrate-33"), derived from LC3B-I residues 116-120. Conversely, truncations of ATG4b show that binding and proteolysis of LC3B critically depend on the C-terminal tail of ATG4b, whereas proteolysis of the peptide substrate-33 does not require the C-terminal tail of ATG4b. These results support a bipartite model for LC3B-ATG4b binding in which the core of LC3B binds to ATG4b and the C-terminal tail of pro-LC3B organizes the ATG4b active site; additionally, the C-terminal tail of ATG4b contributes at least 1000-fold higher binding affinity to the LC3B-ATG4b interaction and likely wraps around the LC3B-ubiquitin core. PPIs are often described as containing an energetic "hot spot" for binding; in the case of LC3B-ATG4b, however, the substrate-enzyme complex contains multiple, energetically relevant domains that differentially affect binding affinity and catalytic efficiency.

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) form complex networks to drive cellular signaling and cellular functions. Precise modulation of a target PPI helps explain the role of the PPI in cellular events and possesses therapeutic potential. For example, valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) is a hub protein that interacts with more than 30 adaptor proteins involved in various cellular functions. However, the role of each p97 PPI during the relevant cellular event is underexplored. The development of small-molecule PPI modulators remains challenging due to a lack of grooves and pockets in the relatively large PPI interface and the fact that a common binding groove in p97 binds to multiple adaptors. Here, we report an antibody fragment-based modulator for the PPI between p97 and its adaptor protein NSFL1C (p47). We engineered these antibody modulators by phage display against the p97-interacting domain of p47 and minimizing binding to other p97 adaptors. The selected antibody fragment modulators specifically disrupt the intracellular p97/p47 interaction. The potential of this antibody platform to develop PPI inhibitors in therapeutic applications was demonstrated through the inhibition of Golgi reassembly, which requires the p97/p47 interaction. This study presents a unique approach to modulate specific intracellular PPIs using engineered antibody fragments, demonstrating a method to dissect the function of a PPI within a convoluted PPI network.

The numerical solution of coupled nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations on unbounded domains is considered by applying the artificial boundary method. Based on the unified approach to overcome the coupled nonlinearity, local artificial boundary conditions are designed on the introduced artificial boundaries. The original problem is reduced to an initial boundary value problem on a bounded domain, which can be efficiently solved by the finite difference method. Some numerical examples are provided to verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method.

With the intervention of digital art in recent years, the quality and vitality of urban public space have been greatly enhanced. However, with the wide application of digital art and the gradual maturity of communication technology, especially in the upcoming 6G era, the application scenario of digital art will be an extension of the “line” to “surface” and then to “body.” Digital art design is no longer a single surface or a single dimension, but a comprehensive design in terms of the breadth and depth of information; the network and the user are seen as a unified body, and the user’s needs will be deeply explored and realized. With the most cutting-edge means of communication, artificial intelligence, and big data, these technologies and art merge to create a new way to appreciate art. To this end, digital art will also be in this artificial intelligence and human intelligence in a harmonious symbiosis of the environment in the depth of the user’s needs and the formation of a new dimension of interaction. Based on the “five-in-one” theory, the study introduces media literacy, technology acceptance model, and user experience theory as influencing factors and explores the influence of emotional experience, interaction experience, sensory experience, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and media literacy on users’ willingness to continuously participate through qualitative comparative analysis. The results of the study show that there are three paths that influence users’ willingness to continuously engage, namely, affective experience ∗ interactive experience ∗ sensory experience ∗ perceived usefulness ∗ perceived ease of use; affective experience ∗ interactive experience ∗ perceived usefulness ∗ perceived ease of use ∗ perceived entertainment ∗ medium literacy, and ~ affective experience ∗ interactive experience ∗ sensory experience ∗ ~perceived ease of use ∗ perceived usefulness ∗ medium literacy. The paths suggest that users’ willingness to sustain participation is influenced by a variety of factors, among which interactive experience and perceived usefulness are essential factors affecting the users’ willingness to participate. User participation is an important manifestation of the vitality of urban public space, and the analysis of the factors influencing users’ willingness to sustain participation provides theoretical guidance for the design and application of digital art in the upcoming Internet of everything space.

This paper discusses the origin and evolution of saline springs in north and central Laos, based on chemical and stable isotopes (δD, δ18O, δ11B, and δ37Cl). All the saline springs in this study are of the Na–Cl geochemical type. The geochemical and water isotope values suggest that the saline springs in this study are mainly derived from meteoric water and/or ice and snow melt from the surrounding mountains and that they also experienced strong evaporation and intense rock–water interactions. The ionic ratios, characteristic coefficients, ternary Ca–SO4–HCO3 phase diagrams, and saturation indices of minerals show that the dissolution of halite, sulfate, and carbonate rocks may be the solute sources for saline springs in this study, whereas the underground brines in the Thakhek potash mining area are geochemically influenced by the dissolution of carnallite and sylvite. The global geothermal δ11B–Cl/B relationship and δ11B values (5.50 to 36.01‰) of saline springs suggest a continental origin of B. This B is most likely derived from marine carbonate rocks and marine evaporates (gypsum and halite) of the late Cretaceous, which is similar to the saline springs of the Nangqen–Qamdo–Simao Salt Basin. The δ37Cl value (−0.12 to +0.79) and the Cl/Br ratio (4076 to 9853) show that dissolution of late cretaceous marine halite layers, atmospheric precipitation, and water–rock interactions between volcanic rocks, mudstones, and sandstone can restrict the δ37Cl values in saline springs. Results from silica geothermometry and multi–mineral equilibrium diagrams indicate that the reservoir temperatures for the saline springs range from 87–137 °C and experience deep circulation. Hydrochemical characteristic coefficients suggest that saline springs in the Muang Say basin may have leached sylvinite and carnallite and that the potash exploration prospect in this area is relatively good.

Due to the adverse effects of free drugs on the fetus, placental-mediated pregnancy complications still lack effective pharmacotherapy. This study aims to construct a non-spherical drug delivery system based on folate-conjugated pullulan acetate (FPA) for placental targeting and translocation. By adjusting the initial solvent system, FPA nanoparticles with different morphologies were prepared using dialysis method without a surfactant. Cytotoxicity and lactate dehydrogenase release assays indicated the good biocompatibility of FPA nanoparticles in BeWo b30 cells. Cellular uptake and in vitro placental barrier transportation studies showed that FPA nanoparticles entered the cells and transported across the cell monolayer, benefiting from the active target effect mediated by the folate receptor. Moreover, non-spherical FPA nanoparticles showed nuclear translocation due to their shape effect. These findings provide a novel aspect in placental-mediated pregnancy treatment and applications in the obstetrics field of drug use during pregnancy.

It is hard to determine secondary microbial gas from deep burial reservoirs with multiple generations of petroleum charge. Herein, oils at depths from 5000 m to 6500 m in the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, Tarim basin, are found to have been biodegraded to secondary microbial gas. These oils experienced severe biodegradation and thus contain abundant 25-norhopanes and 17-nortricyclic terpanes. The associated gases have methane δ13C1 from −51.9‰ to −47.3‰ and δ2H1 from −327.8‰ to −192.4‰, and CO2 δ13CCO2 from −0.7‰ to +15.3‰. These features suggest that the gases are secondary microbial gas, generated predominantly via CO2 reduction with preferential reduction of 13C-depleted CO2 and contribution of methane hydrogen from formation water in closed environments. The secondary microbial gas may have generated from biodegradation of oils at reservoir temperatures of about

It is hard to distinguish pyrites generated by microbial sulfate reduction (MSR) from thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). The upper Ediacaran Dengying Formation (ca 551–541 Ma) of Sichuan basin is chosen to study for this purpose by means of petrological, bulk and micrometer-scale analyses on barite, pyrite, calcite, and dolomite for carbon and sulfur isotope and rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) compositions. We find that MSR-derived pyrites precipitated from near-surface to shallow burial settings are characterized by seawater-like REY patterns and superchondritic Y/Ho ratios (74.3 ± 9.5), and have δ34Spyrite values in a wide range from −36.8‰ to 34.8‰, positively correlated with arsenic contents, likely through cryptic sulfur cycles driven by arsenic. In contrast, TSR-derived pyrites generated during deep burial settings have REY characterized by non-seawater-like patterns and chondritic Y/Ho ratios (33.6 ± 5.1), and show small sulfur isotopic fractionations (~10.5‰). TSR-pyrites yield both U-shaped and bell-shaped δ34S transects compared with U-shaped distributions of MSR-pyrites. The calcites associated with the TSR-pyrites show LREE enrichment, elevated Y/Ho ratios (85.8 ± 14.2) and negative δ13C values, likely resulting from decomposition of organic matter. This study highlights a combination method from REY patterns, δ13C and δ34S values from analyses on micro-sized pyrite and the associated calcites can be used to effectively distinguish MSR from TSR.