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Key to Dimelaena species with usnic acid: 1. Marginal lobes convex, loosely attached to the substrate; edges of the areolae usually dark; pycnidia numerous............. D. oreina - Marginal lobes plane and closely attached to the substrate; edges of the areolae rarely dark; pycnidia rare....................................2 2. Apothecia adnate and apothecia margins obvious, upper surface grayish-yellow, with whitish pruina............................. D. tibetica - Apothecia innate and apothecia margins absent or not obvious, upper surface yellowish-green, without pruina........... D. altissima, Published as part of Ai, Min, Zhong, Qiuyi, Scheidegger, Christoph, Wang, Lisong & Wang, Xinyu, 2022, Revision of Dimelaena Norman (Caliciaceae, Ascomycota) species containing usnic acid reveals a new species and a new combination from China, pp. 259-272 in Phytotaxa 574 (4) on page 264, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7389058

Dimelaena oreina (Ach.) Norman (1852: 231) MycoBank no. 384375 Lecanora straminea var. oreina Acharius (1810: 432). Type:— SWITZERLAND. ‘In alpibus Helvetiae’, Schleicher, 1018A (H-ACH, lectotype!). For further synonyms see Sheard & Ahti (1975). (Fig. 4) Thallus crustose, thick or thin, loosely attached to the substrate, areolate at center and radiate-plicate at margin, areolae large, up to 2.00 mm long, 1.15 mm wide, irregular in shape, usually darkened around the areolae and surface margin; marginal lobes narrow, Apothecia cryptolecanorine to lecanorine, innate to adnate, often touching each other, roundish, 0.18–1.20 mm in diam., disc black, disc margin concolorous with thallus; epihymenium brown; hymenium hyaline, 80–100 μm high, inspersed with oil droplets; hypothecium hyaline, 80–125 μm high; asci clavate, Bacidia - type, 8-spored; ascospores brown, 1-septate, thin walled, 8.5–13 × 4.5–7 μm, markedly constricted at septum when mature. Pycnidia numerous, immersed; conidia bacilliform, 3–6 × 0.7–1 μm. Chemistry: Usnic and gyrophoric acids, occasionally with stictic acid in our examined specimens from China. Ecology and distribution: This species usually grows on exposed siliceous rock, at elevations of 2798–3942 m. Distributed in North America, South America (rare), Europe, Asia and South Africa (rare) (Sheard & Ahti 1975, Mayrhofer et al. 1996). Notes: Dimelaena oreina is the type species of Dimelaena. One specimen from Switzerland (where D. oreina was originally described) has a newly generated molecular profile to confirm the phylogenetic position of the genus Dimelaena. Specimens of D. oreina from China cluster with those from Europe in the phylogenetic tree. Furthermore, the specimens in this clade contain gyrophoric acid, which is consistent with spot test results from the type specimen (K–; KC–). The species still needs further study by molecular and chemical analysis including all the five chemotypes from Europe. Additional specimens examined. CHINA. Gansu Province: Subei Co., Nanshan Mt., near 29th Mengke Glacier, 3942 m, 39°12′42.51″N, 95°23′00.50″E, 23 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-59460; Subei Co., Nanshan Mt., near 29th Mengke Glacier, 3909 m, 39°12′43.08″N, 95°22′59.77″E, 23 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-59432; Subei Co., Nanshan Mt., near 29th Mengke Glacier, 3942 m, 39°12′43.93″N, 95°23′00.32″E, 23 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-59450; Subei Co., Nanshan Mt., near 29th Mengke Glacier, 3885 m, 39°12′40.74″N, 95°23′03.95″E, 23 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-58504; Sunan Co., on the route from Sunan to Qilian, 3492 m, 38°39′16.51″N, 99°29′29.16″E, 30 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-58843; Yumen Ci., Yuerhong Vil., 3332 m, 39°38′13.77″N, 97°09′15.57″E, 27 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-58641; Yumen Ci., Yuerhong Vil., 3291 m, 39°38′14.84″N, 97°09′15.94″E, 27 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-59552. Qinghai Province: Huangyuan Co., rocky slope beside G315, 2798 m, 36°46′53.65″N, 101°07′21.77″E, 18 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-58134., Published as part of Ai, Min, Zhong, Qiuyi, Scheidegger, Christoph, Wang, Lisong & Wang, Xinyu, 2022, Revision of Dimelaena Norman (Caliciaceae, Ascomycota) species containing usnic acid reveals a new species and a new combination from China, pp. 259-272 in Phytotaxa 574 (4) on pages 266-268, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7389058, {"references":["Norman, J. M. (1852) Conatus praemissus redactionis novae generum nonnullorum lichenum in organis fructificationis vel sporis fundatae. Nytt Magazin Naturvidenskapene 7: 213 - 252.","Acharius, E. (1810) Lichenographia Universalis. Gottingae, Apud Iust. Frid. Danckwerts. 689 pp.","Sheard, J. W. & Ahti, T. (1975) The lichen Dimelaena oreina in east-central Asia, with notes on its typification and chemical races. Annales Botanici Fennici 12: 89 - 92.","Mayrhofer, H., Matzer, M., Wippel, A. & Elix, J. A. (1996) The genus Dimelaena (lichenized Ascomycetes, Physciaceae) in the southern hemisphere. Mycotaxon 58: 293 - 311."]}

Dimelaena tibetica M. Ai & Xin Y. Wang, sp. nov. MycoBank No. 841524 Characterized by a grayish yellow surface, usual covered in white pruina, and by a plane, radiate-plicate thallus margin, a crustose, areolate thallus, adnate apothecia and numerous pycnidia. Type:— CHINA. Qinghai Prov.: Huangyuan Co., 36°39′55.26″N, 101°24′32.23″E, 2430 m, on siliceous rock, 18 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-58092 (KUN, holotype!). Etymology: The epithet ‘tibetica’ refers to its distribution being mainly in the Tibetan Plateau. (Fig. 5) Thallus crustose, rarely bulging and verrucous, thick or thin, tightly attached to the substrate, areolate at center and plane, radiate-plicate at margin, cracks obvious, areolae large, 2.00–3.00 mm wide; marginal lobes slim and long, up to 4.00 mm long, 1.00 mm wide, tightly attached to the substrate, apex lobes multilobed; thallus grayish yellow with usnic acid in cortex, usually a covering of white pruina near the thallus tip; medulla white, without the lower cortex. Apothecia cryptolecanorine to lecanorine, one or more apothecia in each areola, sessile, scattered, roundish, 0.20–0.60 mm in diam., disc black, disk margin obvious or concolorous with thallus; epihymenium brown; hymenium hyaline, 50–75 µm high, inspersed with oil droplets; hypothecium hyaline, 75–100 µm high; asci clavate, Bacidia - type, 8-spored; ascospores brown, 1-septate, thin walled, 8–12 × 4–7 μm, markedly constricted at septum when mature. Pycnidia rare, immersed; conidia bacilliform, 6 × 1 µm. Chemistry: Usnic, stictic, norstictic and hypostictic acids. Ecology and distribution: This species usually grows on exposed siliceous rock, at elevations of 1366–4232 m. Distributed in Xizang, Qinghai and Ningxia provinces in China (Fig. 2). Notes: The new species D. tibetica is similar to D. oreina, but with a plane, radiate-plicate thallus margin, and the apothecia of the new species are raised, the upper surface has a grayish covering of white pruina, and the margins of the areoles are not darkened. The apothecia of D. oreina are innate to adnate, the upper surface is bright yellowish-green without pruina, the edge of the areolae is darkened and pycnidia are numerous. Furthermore, gyrophoric acid has not been reported in D. tibetica while D. oreina in China always contains this compound. Obermayer et al. (2004, Figure 5) displayed two types of apothecia in Dimelaena oreina s.l. Based on phylogenetic analysis, these should belong to distinct species: 5A is similar to D. tibetica and 5B is D. altissima. Additional material studied. CHINA. Ningxia Province: Helan Mt., dakouzi, 1366 m, 38°35′32″N, 105°56′31″E, 24 September 2010, Niu Dongling 10-0259 (NXAC); Helan Mt., Xiangshuigou, 2189 m, 38°46′30.9″N, 105°54′48.8″E, 10 June 2017, Niu Dongling 17-0417 (NXAC). Qinghai Province: Huangyuan Co., by the side of the Qinghai Lake, 2441 m, 36°39′57.41″N, 101°24′32.03″E, 18 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-59122; Huangyuan Co., 2430 m, 36°39′55.26″N, 101°24′32.23″E, 18 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-58092; Huangyuan Co., on the route to Qinghai Lake, 2473 m, 36°39′57.15″N, 101°24′32.28″E, 18 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-58119. Xizang Province: Gongjue Co., Xiangpi Vil., 3578 m, 31°00′46.41″N, 98°15′24.14″E, 24 September 2020, Wang Lisong et al. 20-68977; Mangkang Co., Bangda Town beside the G318 national road, 3690 m, 29°27′46.30″N, 98°38′26.57″E, 20 September 2016, Wang Lisong et al. 16-50799; Zhada Co., Tuolin Town, 4232 m, 31°43′00.68″N, 79°44′56.99″E, 23 July 2019, Wang Lisong et al. 19-65539; Gongjue Co., Xiangpi Vil., 3590 m, 31°00′45.79″N, 98°15′24.00″E, 24 September 2020, Wang Lisong et al. 20-67410., Published as part of Ai, Min, Zhong, Qiuyi, Scheidegger, Christoph, Wang, Lisong & Wang, Xinyu, 2022, Revision of Dimelaena Norman (Caliciaceae, Ascomycota) species containing usnic acid reveals a new species and a new combination from China, pp. 259-272 in Phytotaxa 574 (4) on pages 268-269, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7389058, {"references":["Obermayer, W., Blaha, J. & Mayrhofer, H. (2004) Buellia centralis and chemotypes of Dimelaena oreina in Tibet and other Central-Asian regions. Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 34: 327 - 342."]}

Dimelaena altissima (H. Magn.) M. Ai & Xin Y. Wang, comb. nov. MycoBank no. 841532 Rinodina altissima H. Magnusson (1940: 155). Type:— CHINA. Gansu Province: Taben-Buluk, 4000 m, 1931, Birger Bohlin 35a (S, holotype!). Rinodina altissima var. exalbescens H. Magnusson (1940: 156); Dimelaena oreina var. exalbescens (H. Magn.) Wei (1991: 89). Type:— CHINA. Gansu Province: Ehr-tao-ch’uan (Nan-shan), at about 4200 m, on rock facing the South, 5 January 1932, Birger Bohlin 74b (S, holotype !). (Fig. 3) Thallus crustose, thick or thin, closely attached to the substrate, areolate at center and radiate-plicate at margin, areolae 0.55–0.90 mm wide, sometimes darkened around the areolae; marginal lobes flat and narrow, Apothecia cryptolecanorine to lecanorine, immersed, often touching each other, irregularly rounded, 0.18–0.63 mm in diam., disc black, disc margin not obvious or absent; epihymenium brown; hymenium hyaline, 60–80 μm high, inspersed with oil droplets; hypothecium hyaline, 80–135 μm high; asci clavate, Bacidia - type, 8-spored; ascospores brown, 1-septate, thin walled, 8.5–13 × 4.5–7 μm, markedly constricted at septum when mature. Pycnidia rare, immersed; conidia bacilliform, 6 × 1 μm. Chemistry: Usnic and gyrophoric acids, sometimes with hypostictic, stictic and norstictic acids. Ecology and distribution: This species usually grows on exposed siliceous rock, at elevations of 2737–4805 m. Distributed in Sichuan, Xizang, Qinghai and Gansu provinces in China (Fig. 2). Notes: Dimelaena altissima is characterized by having a plane lobed thallus margin, tightly attached to the substrate, innate and irregularly rounded apothecia. It differs from D. oreina by lacking convex marginal lobes and well-defined apothecia margins. Sheard & Ahti (1975) regarded Rinodina altissima as a synonym for D. oreina due to similar anatomical features, and because morphological characters did not correlate with chemical ones. Obermayer et al. (2004) agreed with this treatment. Now, however, morphological differences, supported by molecular data, lead to the division of these species. There is no reason to subsume several chemotypes within a species. Gyrophoric acid was detected in D. altissima. In addition, stictic acid and hypostictic acid were detected in some specimens. Additional specimens examined. CHINA. Gansu Province: Sunan Co., on the route from Sunan to Qilian, 3479 m, 38°39′16.58″N, 99°29′30.87″E, 30 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-59774; Sunan Co., on the route from Sunan to Qilian, 3928 m, 38°37′45.45″N, 99°28′31.76″E, 30 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-58855; Subei Co., Nanshan Mt., near 29th Mengke Glacier, 3392 m, 39°13′52.53″N, 95°24′18.40″E, 23 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-58543 . Qinghai Province: Huangyuan Co., on the route to Qinghai Lake, 2737 m, 36°45′54.72″N, 101°08′05.79″E, 18 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-59138; Huzhu Co., beside Weibei road, 3060 m, 37°00′26.52″N, 102°08′16.81″E, 31 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-59930; Qilian Co., on the route from Sunan to Qilian, 2807 m, 38°13′44.92″N, 99°59′48.79″E, 30 May 2018, Wang Lisong et al. 18-59878; Zaduo Co., 4090 m, 32°52′43.78″N, 95°20′28.55″E, 20 September 2020, Wang Lisong et al. 20-68622 . Sichuan Province: Rangtang Co., Haizishan, 4237 m, 32°20′02.40″N, 101°25′00.23″E, 9 June 2020, Wang Lisong et al. 20-66696. Xizang Province: Cuoqin Co., 4805 m, 31°11′37.70″N, 85°03′32.37″E, 20 July 2019, Wang Lisong et al. 19-65370; Kangma Co., Nanni Vil., 4136 m, 28°46′16.29″N, 89°38′48.64″E, 24 July 2019, Wang Xinyu et al. xy19-1416; Zhongba Co., Zhuzhu Vil., 4647 m, 29°47′17.16″N, 83°54′09.76″E, 25 July 2019, Wang Lisong et al. 19-63935; Zhongba Co., Zhuzhu Vil., 4650 m, 29°47′17.29″N, 83°54′09.74″E, 25 July 2019, Wang Lisong et al. 19-63938; Zhongba Co., Zhuzhu Vil., 4639 m, 29°47′16.57″N, 83°54′09.61″E, 25 July 2019, Wang Lisong et al. 19-63927; Kangma Co., Nanni Vil., 4120 m, 28°46′14.32″N, 89°38′48.78″E, 24 July 2019, Wang Xinyu et al. XY19-2343; Yadong Co., Kangbu Vil., 4039 m, 27°45′41.83″N, 88°58′58.41″E, 27 July 2019, Wang Xinyu et al. XY19-1719 ., Published as part of Ai, Min, Zhong, Qiuyi, Scheidegger, Christoph, Wang, Lisong & Wang, Xinyu, 2022, Revision of Dimelaena Norman (Caliciaceae, Ascomycota) species containing usnic acid reveals a new species and a new combination from China, pp. 259-272 in Phytotaxa 574 (4) on pages 264-265, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7389058, {"references":["Magnusson, A. H. (1940) Lichens from central Asia I. In: Hedin, S. (Ed.) Reports Scientific Exped. Nort-West provinces of China (the SinoSwedish Expedition). Publication 13, XI. Botany 1, Stockholm, Aktiebolaget Thule, pp. 1 - 168.","Wei, J. C. (1991) An Enumeration of Lichens in China. International Academic Publishers, Beijing. 278 pp.","Obermayer, W., Blaha, J. & Mayrhofer, H. (2004) Buellia centralis and chemotypes of Dimelaena oreina in Tibet and other Central-Asian regions. Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 34: 327 - 342.","Sheard, J. W. & Ahti, T. (1975) The lichen Dimelaena oreina in east-central Asia, with notes on its typification and chemical races. Annales Botanici Fennici 12: 89 - 92."]}