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After‐school tutoring has risen globally despite limited evidence of effectiveness. We implement a randomized after‐school tutoring program in rural China where many children are left‐behind by parents in care of grandparents. Compared to tutees cared for by parents, those in care of grandparents reported much smaller home‐tutoring reductions but larger test‐score gains. We interpret our data analysis with a model with tutoring efficacy and substitution between private and public inputs both differing by family background: Increased public tutoring generates larger test‐score gains for children who experience greater tutoring efficacy and lesser substitution with household inputs, consistent with our estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of unobserved earnings-related endowments on marital outcomes, focusing on potential gender differences. Using a less stringent, more plausible assumption that monozygotic twins share more similar endowments relative to dizygotic twins, we develop a novel identification strategy from the twins experiment. Using unique Chinese twins survey data, we find that men with genetic endowments related to higher earnings marry earlier and have younger, taller wives; such women marry later and have older husbands with higher education and income. Results cast doubt on the conventional assumption of independence between unobservables and observable marital attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do high housing prices reduce the demand for sons? As Chinese parents need to acquire houses for their sons' marriage, high housing prices increase the cost of sons relative to daughters. We exploit China's housing reform in the 1990s as a natural experiment to identify the effect of housing prices on demand for sons. We find that housing prices have no effect on the probability of having a son at the first birth. High housing prices reduce the probability of having a son at the second birth, especially when the first‐born is a daughter. A 10% increase in housing prices reduces the probability of having a son at the second birth by 0.78 percentage points. The findings remain robust when using aggregate prefecture‐cohort data for the post‐reform period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hole-transport-layer (HTL)-free, carbon-based all-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are attracting a great interest owing to a low cost and an advanced stability in ambient environment. However, the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) for this kind of PSCs was far lower than expected. Interface engineering is a promising method to enhance PSCs efficiency through improving the interface charge transfer. In our work, we introduce a simple, clean interfacial engineering method of deionized water (DI) spin-coating to treat the F-doped SnO2 (FTO). And then ZnO was spin-coated on the treated FTO. A compact and highly uniform ZnO film was obtained. Excess CsBr was added into CsPbI3 precursor solution to obtain stable black phase CsPbI3 at a low temperature (120 °C). HTL-free, carbon-based all-inorganic CsPbI3−xBrx (x < 1) perovskite solar cells are fabricated with the structure of FTO/DI/ZnO/CsPbI3−xBrx (x < 1)/C. After DI treatment, the defect density of device is greatly decreased so that carriers transport at the interface is accelerated and the charge recombination is effectively suppressed. The champion PCE has been improved from 10.95 to 12.39%, obtaining an improved PCE about 13%, which is the highest PCE for HTL-free, carbon-based all-inorganic PSCs until now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]