Search

Objective To evaluate the impacts of equal ratio ventilation (ERV) mode on lung morphology, gastric inflation and laryngeal mask airway ventilation during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy by lung ultrasound（LUS） and gastric ultrasound. Methods A prospective study was performed in 60 patients with prostate cancer undergoing laparoscopy from June 2021 to May 2022 in Nanjing First Hospital. The patients were randomly divided into ERP group (group E) and conventional ventilation group (group C,n=30, each). After induction of routine intravenous anesthesia and mechanical ventilation with laryngeal mask airway, and the ventilation mode was set as follows: the inspiratory-to-expiratory ratio in group E was 1∶1, while that in group C was 1∶2. After anesthesia induction (T0), 30 minutes after surgery begin (T1), 60 minutes after surgery begin (T2) and 10 minutes after surgery (T3), the peak airway pressure (Ppeak), airway plateau pressure(Pplat), mean airway pressure (Pmean),end-expiratory partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PETCO2) and minute ventilation (MV) were observed and compared between two groups. The LUS score, the cross-sectional area of gastric antrum and fundus and the incidence of airway complications were recorded in two groups. Results At T1 and T2, Ppeak in group E was significantly lower than that in group C(P＜0.05), and Pmean was significantly higher than that in group C(P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in PETCO2 and MV between two groups at different time points (P＞0.05). The LUS and the incidence of atelectasis in group E were statistically lower than those in group C (P＜0.05), and there was no significant difference in the cross-sectional area of gastric antrum and fundus（P＞0.05） and the incidence of airway complications（30.0% vs 32.1%，χ2=0.031，P=0.860) between two groups. Conclusion ERV mode during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy can reduce Ppeak, leakage rate of laryngeal mask, atelectasis and LUS scores without increasing the incidence of gastric inflation and laryngeal mask-related adverse complications.

Extreme weather poses huge challenges for animals that must adapt to wide variations in environmental temperature and, in many cases, it can lead to the local extirpation of populations or even the extinction of an entire species. Previous studies have found that one element of amphibian adaptation to environmental stress involves changes in mitochondrial gene expression at low temperatures. However, to date, comparative studies of gene expression in organisms living at extreme temperatures have focused mainly on nuclear genes. This study sequenced the complete mitochondrial genomes of five Asian hylid frog species: Dryophytes japonicus, D. immaculata, Hyla annectans, H. chinensis and H. zhaopingensis. It compared the phylogenetic relationships within the Hylidae family and explored the association between mitochondrial gene expression and evolutionary adaptations to cold stress. The present results showed that in D. immaculata, transcript levels of 12 out of 13 mitochondria genes were significantly reduced under cold exposure (p < 0.05); hence, we put forward the conjecture that D. immaculata adapts by entering a hibernation state at low temperature. In H. annectans, the transcripts of 10 genes (ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4, ND4L, ND5, ND6, COX1, COX2 and ATP8) were significantly reduced in response to cold exposure, and five mitochondrial genes in H. chinensis (ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4L and ATP6) also showed significantly reduced expression and transcript levels under cold conditions. By contrast, transcript levels of ND2 and ATP6 in H. zhaopingensis were significantly increased at low temperatures, possibly related to the narrow distribution of this species primarily at low latitudes. Indeed, H. zhaopingensis has little ability to adapt to low temperature (4 °C), or maybe to enter into hibernation, and it shows metabolic disorder in the cold. The present study demonstrates that the regulatory trend of mitochondrial gene expression in amphibians is correlated with their ability to adapt to variable climates in extreme environments. These results can predict which species are more likely to undergo extirpation or extinction with climate change and, thereby, provide new ideas for the study of species extinction in highly variable winter climates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Lamiinae is the largest subfamily among the Cerambycidae (longhorn beetles), and its members are distributed worldwide. The monophyly of Lamiinae is generally recognized, but there are still diverse ideas as to whether the tribes belonging to Lamiinae are monophylic. Ambiguous classification boundaries and the existence of synonyms are major issues leading to controversies over Lamiinae classification. It is not enough to conduct research solely on the morphological characteristics and simple molecular loci of longhorn beetles. Mitochondrial genomes have proven to be reliable markers and can shed more light on phylogenetic relationships among Lamiinae. The present study resolved infra-subfamilial relationships among Lamiinae and provides more mitochondrial data for further phylogenetic research on longhorn beetles. Lamiinae is the largest subfamily of the Cerambycidae (longhorn beetles), with approximately 21,863 described species. Previous phylogenetic studies of Lamiinae showed that this subfamily was monophyletic, but the relationship between the tribes of Lamiinae is still controversial. Partial molecular data and species morphological characteristics are not sufficient to resolve species phylogenetic studies perfectly. At the same time, the full mitochondrial genome contains more comprehensive genetic data. Benefiting from the development of next-generation sequencing (NGS), mitochondrial genomes can be easily acquired and used as reliable molecular markers to investigate phylogenetic relationships within Cerambycidae. Using NGS technology, we obtained 11 mitochondrial genome sequences of Lamiinae species. Based on this newly generated mitochondrial genome dataset matrix, we reconstructed the phylogeny of Lamiinae. The Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood analyses strongly support the monophyly of four tribes (Lamiini, Batocerini, Mesosini, and Saperdini), whereas the tribe Acanthocinini was identified as paraphyletic. Other mitochondrial structural features were also observed: the start codon in the nad1 gene of all 11 mitochondrial genomes is TTG; 17–22 bp intergenic spacers (IGS) with a 'TACTA' motif were found between trnS2 and nad1. Moreover, two long IGS were found in Mesosa myops and Batocera sp. Tandem repeats were found in the IGS of Batocera sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chiral amines are commonly used in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries1. The strong demand for unnatural chiral amines has driven the development of catalytic asymmetric methods1,2. Although the N-alkylation of aliphatic amines with alkyl halides has been widely adopted for over 100 years, catalyst poisoning and unfettered reactivity have been preventing the development of a catalyst-controlled enantioselective version3–5. Here we report the use of chiral tridentate anionic ligands to enable the copper-catalysed chemoselective and enantioconvergent N-alkylation of aliphatic amines with α-carbonyl alkyl chlorides. This method can directly convert feedstock chemicals, including ammonia and pharmaceutically relevant amines, into unnatural chiral α-amino amides under mild and robust conditions. Excellent enantioselectivity and functional-group tolerance were observed. The power of the method is demonstrated in a number of complex settings, including late-stage functionalization and in the expedited synthesis of diverse amine drug molecules. The current method indicates that multidentate anionic ligands are a general solution for overcoming transition-metal-catalyst poisoning.The chemoselective and enantioconvergent N-alkylation of aliphatic amines, including ammonia, is achieved using chiral tridentate anionic ligands and a copper catalyst; the method shows excellent enantioselectivity and functional-group tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Twenty-seven complete mitochondrial genomes of Phasmatodea have been published in the NCBI. To shed light on the intra-ordinal and inter-ordinal relationships among Phasmatodea, more mitochondrial genomes of stick insects are used to explore mitogenome structures and clarify the disputes regarding the phylogenetic relationships among Phasmatodea. We sequence and annotate the first acquired complete mitochondrial genome from the family Pseudophasmatidae (Peruphasma schultei), the first reported mitochondrial genome from the genus Phryganistria of Phasmatidae (P. guangxiensis), and the complete mitochondrial genome of Orestes guangxiensis belonging to the family Heteropterygidae. We analyze the gene composition and the structure of the three mitochondrial genomes. We recover the monophyly of Phasmatodea and show the sister-group relationship between Phasmatodea and Mantophasmatodea after removal of the Embioptera and Zoraptera species. We recover the monophyly of Heteropterygidae and the paraphyly of Diapheromeridae, Phasmatidae, Lonchodidae, Lonchodinae, and Clitumninae. Insects of the order Phasmatodea are mainly distributed in the tropics and subtropics and are best known for their remarkable camouflage as plants. In this study, we sequenced three complete mitochondrial genomes from three different families: Orestes guangxiensis, Peruphasma schultei, and Phryganistria guangxiensis. The lengths of the three mitochondrial genomes were 15,896 bp, 16,869 bp, and 17,005 bp, respectively, and the gene composition and structure of the three stick insects were identical to those of the most recent common ancestor of insects. The phylogenetic relationships among stick insects have been chaotic for a long time. In order to discuss the intra- and inter-ordinal relationship of Phasmatodea, we used the 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) of 85 species for maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses. Results showed that the internal topological structure of Phasmatodea had a few differences in both ML and BI trees and long-branch attraction (LBA) appeared between Embioptera and Zoraptera, which led to a non-monophyletic Phasmatodea. Consequently, after removal of the Embioptera and Zoraptera species, we re-performed ML and BI analyses with the remaining 81 species, which showed identical topology except for the position of Tectarchus ovobessus (Phasmatodea). We recovered the monophyly of Phasmatodea and the sister-group relationship between Phasmatodea and Mantophasmatodea. Our analyses also recovered the monophyly of Heteropterygidae and the paraphyly of Diapheromeridae, Phasmatidae, Lonchodidae, Lonchodinae, and Clitumninae. In this study, Peruphasma schultei (Pseudophasmatidae), Phraortes sp. YW-2014 (Lonchodidae), and species of Diapheromeridae clustered into the clade of Phasmatidae. Within Heteropterygidae, O. guangxiensis was the sister clade to O. mouhotii belonging to Dataminae, and the relationship of (Heteropteryginae + (Dataminae + Obriminae)) was recovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enantioconvergent C(sp 3 )-N cross-coupling of racemic alkyl halides with (hetero)aromatic amines represents an ideal means to afford enantioenriched N -alkyl (hetero)aromatic amines yet has remained unexplored due to the catalyst poisoning specifically for strong-coordinating heteroaromatic amines. Here, we demonstrate a copper-catalyzed enantioconvergent radical C(sp 3 )-N cross-coupling of activated racemic alkyl halides with (hetero)aromatic amines under ambient conditions. The key to success is the judicious selection of appropriate multidentate anionic ligands through readily fine-tuning both electronic and steric properties for the formation of a stable and rigid chelating Cu complex. Thus, this kind of ligand could not only enhance the reducing capability of a copper catalyst to provide an enantioconvergent radical pathway but also avoid the coordination with other coordinating heteroatoms, thereby overcoming catalyst poisoning and/or chiral ligand displacement. This protocol covers a wide range of coupling partners (89 examples for activated racemic secondary/tertiary alkyl bromides/chlorides and (hetero)aromatic amines) with high functional group compatibility. When allied with follow-up transformations, it provides a highly flexible platform to access synthetically useful enantioenriched amine building blocks.