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Additional file 2: Table S2. The percentage of mosquitoes with Plasmodium-positive by the different methods in Asian countries.

Additional file 2: Using NC_009915.1 reference sequence as the template of pvmdr1 gene for designment the different primers.

Additional file 6: Fig. S1 The subfigure of SNPs composition at 2014, Fig. S2 The subfigure of SNPs composition at 2020, Fig. S3 The subfigure of SNPs composition at 2021 and Fig. S4 Subfigure of SNPs composition at 2022, respectively.

Additional file 7. The composition of 105 haplotypes identified from 624 pvmdr1 gene sequences.

Additional file 8: Fig.S1 The subfigure of haplotypes composition at 2014, Fig. S2 The subfigure of haplotypes composition at 2020, Fig. S3 The subfigure of haplotypes composition at 2021, Fig. S4 The subfigure of haplotypes composition at 2022, respectively.

Additional file 4: Electrophoresis of PCR amplification products of pvmdr1 gene in P. vivax from vivax malaria cases in Yunnan Province.

Additional file 3: The distribution of vivax malaria cases diagnosed in different years and prefectures.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Genus/Species compositions of Anopheles mosquitoes trapped by the different methods in Siem Pang, Loum and Pangkhom villages.

Additional file 5: Identify true base substitutions.

Additional file 1: Confirmation of malaria case infected with mono-Plasmodium vivax in Yunnan Province.

Additional file 9. The difference of multiplicity degree in 90 haplotypes identified by between gene sequence alignment and network evolutionary analysis.

Additional file 6: Table S4. Mean intra- and interspecific K2P distances of the ITS2 sequence (a) and COII sequence (b) in 12 Anopheles species. The numbers of intraspecific distances are shown in boldface for clarity. Numbers underlined indicate the highest intraspecific distance and the lowest interspecific distance. Abbreviations: n, no. of sequences; na, not applicable; arg., An. argyropus; nig., An. nigerrimus; nit., An. nitidus; ped., An. peditaeniatus; sin., An. sinensis; niv., An. nivipes; tes., An. tessellatus; dir., An. dirus; mac., An. maculatus; phi., An. philippinensis; koc., An. kochi; vag., An. vagus.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Malaria area stratification and interventions in border areas, Yunnan, 2003‒2013. Table S2. The annual coverage of laboratory tests for malaria parasites and preventive treatment in the Yunnan border area, 2003‒2020. Table S3. The annual parasite incidence (API) in the Yunnan border area, 2003‒2013. Table S4. The number of malaria cases detected and the categories in the Yunnan border area, 2014‒2020. Table S5. Annual parasite incidence (API) in 25 border counties, Yunnan 2003, 2006, 2010 and 2013. Table S6. Malaria cases detected and categories in 25 border counties, Yunnan, 2014‒2020. Table S7. High risk villages of imported malaria by parasite-infected anophelines in 2018.

Additional file 7: Table S4. Genetic differentiation and Gene flow among the Geographic Groups based on COII. The pairwise FST values and Nm values based on the COII are shown below and above the diagonal, respectively. Characters in bold indicate the significance (P

Additional file 9: Figure S5. Phylogenetic tree based on 18 ITS2 sequences (a) and 15 COII sequences (b) of Anopheles tessellatus from GenBank and our original data. Bootstrap values (1000 replicates) of maximum likelihood analyses are shown above/below the main lineages. Lineage designation is indicated on the right. Bars represent 2.0 substitutions per site based on ITS2 and 0.6 substitutions per site based on COII.

Additional file 5: Figure S2. Distribution heatmap of haplotype based on COII. KH-St-Sp, Siem Pang County (Stung treng, Cambodia); MM, Myanmar; TH, Thailand; IN-Pun-Ba, Bathinda (Punjab, India); IN-Pun-Ch, Cheema (Punjab, India); IN-Tri, Tripura (India); IN-Meg, Meghalaya (India); IN-Ass, Assam (India); IN-Nag, Nagaland (India); IN-Miz, Mizoram (India). The numbers of haplotypes are shown on the right side of the figure. The color scale ranges from blue to red, showing a range from minimum number (0) to maximum numbers (19) for each haplotype.

Additional file 8: Figure S4. Cluster analysis based on COII sequences in Anopheles nivipes populations. UPGMA dendrogram based on Nei ���s unbiased genetic distance between different populations of An. nivipes. Bars represent 0.7 substitutions per site based on COII. KS, Siem Pang County (Stung treng, Cambodia); IN_Tri, Tripura (India); IN_Pun_Ch, Cheema (Punjab, India); IN_Pun_Ba, Bathinda (Punjab, India); IN_Nag, Nagaland (India); IN_Ass, Assam (India); MM, Myanmar; TH, Thailand; IN_Miz, Mizoram (India); IN_Meg, Meghalaya (India).

Additional file 4: Figure S1. Map of the populations from different geographical regions. Populations of mitochondrial COII sequences: KH, Siem Pang County (Stung treng, Cambodia); Tri, Tripura (India); Ch, Cheema (Punjab, India); Ba, Bathinda (Punjab, India); Nag, Nagaland (India); Ass, Assam (India); MM, Myanmar; TH, Thailand; Miz, Mizoram (India); Meg, Meghalaya (India). The map was prepared by using LocaSpace Viewer.

Additional file 9: Figure S5. Mismatch distribution graphs for Siem Pang population. The X and Y-axis show the number of pairwise differences and the frequency of the pairwise comparisons, respectively. The observed frequencies are represented by a dotted line. The frequency expected under the hypothesis of the constant population model is depicted by a solid line. (a) all populations-COII; (b) Siem Pang population-COII.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Full list of 53 Anopheles nivipes specimens which were classified by both molecular and morphological identifications, with morphology species ID, molecular species ID based on ITS2, molecular species ID based on COII, geographical location, latitude, and longitude.

Additional file 2: Table S2. Genus/Species compositions of mosquitoes trapped by CDC lamp in SIEM PANG County, Stung treng Province. Adult mosquitoes were collected by using overnight trapping with the battery-operated CDC light traps. ** indicated the genus or species composition of mosquitoes which were described in percentage. (%)** indicated the genus or species composition of mosquitoes which were described in numbers.

Additional file 5: Figure S2. Phylogenetic tree based on 1264 COII sequences (507 haplotypes) from GenBank and our original data. Bootstrap values (1000 replicates) of maximum likelihood analyses are shown above/below the main lineages. Lineage designation is indicated on the right. Bars represent 5.0 substitutions per site based on COII.

Additional file 8: Figure S4. ITS2 and COII sequence divergence. Each dot represents a species, with interspecific distance on the y-axis and intraspecific distance on the x-axis. The minimum interspecific (intergroup) divergence is plotted against the maximum intraspecific divergence. Red and green dots indicate the ITS2 and COII sequence divergence of 12 species including An. argyropus, An. nigerrimus, An. nitidus, An. peditaeniatus, An. sinensis, An. nivipes, An. tessellatus, An. dirus, An. maculatus, An. philippinensis, An. kochi and An. vagus.

Additional file 6: Figure S3. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree of An. nivipes haplotypes based on COII sequences from GenBank and original data in this study. Bootstrap values (1000 replicates) of Neighbor-Joining analyses are shown above/below the main lineages. Lineage designation is indicated on the right. Bars represent 2.0 substitutions per site based on COII. Different colors indicated different population groups of An. nivipes.

Additional file 3: Table S3. COII sequences of Anopheles nivipes were downloaded from the NCBI. * indicated the longitude and latitude coordinates to the geographical center of a certain province, due to the samples being initially collected from various sampling sites in a certain province. An. niv, Anopheles nivipes.