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Purpose: Radiation-induced sarcomas (RISs) have poor prognosis and lack effective treatments. Its genome and tumor microenvironment are not well characterized and need further exploration. Experimental Design: Here, we perform whole exome (WES) and mRNA sequencing (mRNA-seq) on patient with RISs and primary sarcomas (WES samples 46 vs 48, mRNA-seq samples 16 vs 8, mainly in head and neck), investigate the anti-tumor effect of PD-1 blockade in RIS-PDX models, and analyze clinical data of RIS patients treated with chemotherapy alone or combined with an anti-PD-1 antibody. Results: Compared to primary sarcomas, RISs manifested different pattern of copy number variations, significantly higher number of predicted strong MHC-binding neoantigens, and significantly increased immune cell infiltration. Clinical data showed that the combinatorial use of chemotherapy and PD-1 blockade achieved a higher overall response rate (ORR) (36.67% vs 8.00%, p = 0.003), longer overall survival (31.9 months vs 14.8 months, p = 0.014) and longer progression free survival (4.7 months vs 9.5 months, p = 0.032) in RIS patients compared to single chemotherapy. Conclusion: Elevated genomic instability and higher immune cell infiltrations was found in RISs than primary sarcomas. Moreover, higher efficacy of chemotherapy plus PD-1 blockade was observed in animal experiment and clinical practice. These evidence indicated the promising application of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of RISs.

Waste sediment generated during tunnel construction is applied to prepare synchronous grouting material, where the influences of fly ash, slag powder, and bentonite on the rheological properties (such as consistency, fluidity, setting time, drainage rate, and stone rate) are studied. The results show that adding fly ash content increases the initial consistency, setting time, and fluidity of grouting material, but also increases its drainage rate and decreases its stone rate. The addition of slag powder results in a slight increase in the setting time and fluidity of the grouting material, yet a decrease in the initial consistency value. In contrast, with the addition of bentonite, both the initial consistency and fluidity of the grouting material decrease. Finally, the optimal mix ratio of high-performance and low-cost grouting materials is fixed to be 30% fly ash, 50% slag powder, and 10% bentonite. Therefore, the fluidity of grouting material can be 170 mm, with an initial consistency of 122 mm, setting time of 1050 min, stone rate of 96.2%, drainage rate of 1.5%, and 28-day compressive strength of 8.3 MPa.