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Hypoxia plays a crucial role in cell physiology. Defining the oxygen level that induces cell death within 3D tissues is vital for understanding tissue hypoxia; however, obtaining accurate measurements has been technically challenging. In this study, we introduce a non-invasive, high-throughput methodology to quantify critical survival partial oxygen pressure (pO₂) with high spatial resolution within spheroids by employing a combination of controlled hypoxic conditions, semi-automated live/dead cell imaging, and computational oxygen modeling. The oxygen-permeable, micro-pyramid patterned culture plates created a precisely controlled oxygen condition around the individual spheroid. Live/dead cell imaging provided the geometric information of the live/dead boundary within spheroids. Finally, computational oxygen modeling calculated the pO₂ at the live/dead boundary within spheroids. As proof of concept, we determined the critical survival pO₂ in two types of spheroids: isolated primary pancreatic islets and tumor-derived pseudo-islets (2.43 ± 0.08 vs. 0.84 ± 0.04 mmHg), indicating higher hypoxia tolerance in pseudo-islets due to their tumorigenic origin. We also applied this method for evaluating graft survival in cell transplantations for diabetes therapy, where hypoxia is a critical barrier to successful transplantation outcomes; thus, designing oxygenation strategies is required. Based on the elucidated critical survival pO₂, 100% viability could be maintained in a typically sized primary islet under the tissue pO₂ above 14.5 mmHg. This work presents a valuable tool that is potentially instrumental for fundamental hypoxia research. It offers insights into physiological responses to hypoxia among different cell types and may refine translational research in cell therapies.

Abstract Understanding the interface between nanomaterials and lipoproteins is crucial for gaining insights into their impact on lipoprotein structure and lipid metabolism. Here, we use graphene oxide (GOs) nanosheets as a controlled carbon nanomaterial model to study how surface properties influence lipoprotein corona formation and show that GOs have strong binding affinity with low-density lipoprotein (LDL). We use advanced techniques including X-ray reflectivity, circular dichroism, and molecular simulations to explore the interfacial interactions between GOs and LDL. Specifically, hydrophobic GOs preferentially associate with LDL’s lipid components, whereas hydrophilic GOs tend to bind with apolipoproteins. Furthermore, these GOs distinctly modulate a variety of lipid metabolism pathways, including LDL recognition, uptake, hydrolysis, efflux, and lipid droplet formation. This study underscores the importance of structure analysis at the nano-biomolecule interface, emphasizing how nanomaterials’ surface properties critically influence cellular lipid metabolism. These insights will inspire the design and application of future biocompatible nanomaterials and nanomedicines.

Abstract Purpose The potential efficacy of metformin in breast cancer (BC) has been hotly discussed but never conclusive. This genetics-based study aimed to evaluate the relationships between metformin targets and BC risk. Methods Metformin targets from DrugBank and genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from IEU OpenGWAS and FinnGen were used to investigate the breast cancer (BC)-metformin causal link with various Mendelian Randomization (MR) methods (e.g., inverse-variance-weighting). The genetic association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the drug target of metformin was also analyzed as a positive control. Sensitivity and pleiotropic tests ensured reliability. Results The primary targets of metformin are PRKAB1, ETFDH and GPD1L. We found a causal association between PRKAB1 and T2D (odds ratio [OR] 0.959, P = 0.002), but no causal relationship was observed between metformin targets and overall BC risk (PRKAB1: OR 0.990, P = 0.530; ETFDH: OR 0.986, P = 0.592; GPD1L: OR 1.002, P = 0.806). A noteworthy causal relationship was observed between ETFDH and estrogen receptor (ER)-positive BC (OR 0.867, P = 0.018), and between GPD1L and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative BC (OR 0.966, P = 0.040). Other group analyses did not yield positive results. Conclusion The star target of metformin, PRKAB1, does not exhibit a substantial causal association with the risk of BC. Conversely, metformin, acting as an inhibitor of ETFDH and GPD1L, may potentially elevate the likelihood of developing ER-positive BC and HER2-negative BC. Consequently, it is not advisable to employ metformin as a standard supplementary therapy for BC patients without T2D.

Abstract Large‐area graphene is typically synthesized on rolled‐annealed copper foils, which require transferring to other substrates for applications. This study examines large‐area graphene growth on electrodeposited (ED) copper foils—used in lithium‐ion batteries and printed circuit boards—via plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). It reveals that, for a set plasma power, a minimum growth time ensures full graphene coverage, leading to monolayer and then multilayer graphene, showing PECVD growth on ED copper is not self‐limited. The process also beneficially modifies the ED copper substrate, like removing the surface zinc layer and changing copper grain size and orientation, thus improving graphene growth. Additionally, the study includes high‐frequency scattering parameter (S‐parameter) measurements in a coplanar waveguide (CPW) system. This involves graphene on a sapphire substrate with a silver electrode. The S‐parameter data indicate that the CPW with graphene shows reduced insertion losses in high‐frequency circuits compared to those without graphene. This underscores graphene's role in reducing insertion losses between metallic and dielectric layers in high‐frequency settings, offering valuable insights for industrial and technological applications.

Abstract Background The development of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is influenced by the amount and duration of alcohol consumption. The resulting liver damage can range from reversible stages, such as steatosis, steatohepatitis and alcoholic fibrosis, to the advanced and irreversible stage of cirrhosis. Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1 (AKR1A1) is a member of the aldo-keto reductase family that catalyzes the reduction of aldehyde groups to their corresponding alcohols in an NADPH-dependent manner. AKR1A1 was found to be downregulated in patients diagnosed with ALD. This study aims to interpret the protective effects of AKR1A1 on the development of ALD. Methods A 5% alcohol-fed (AF) Akr1a1 knockout (Akr1a1 −/−) mouse model and an AML12 hepatocyte model were used. The effects of AKR1A1 on liver function, inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid accumulation, and fibrosis were assessed by ELISA, western blotting, RT‒PCR, and a variety of histological staining methods in AF-induced wild-type (WT) and Akr1a1 −/− mice compared to control liquid diet-fed (PF) WT and Akr1a1 −/− mice. Results The results demonstrated that AF-WT mice expressed higher levels of AKR1A1 than WT mice fed a control diet, and they did not show any noticeable liver steatosis. However, AF-Akr1a1 −/− mice displayed a lower survival rate and more severe liver injury than AF-WT mice, as demonstrated by increased proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, lipid accumulation, fibrosis, and reduced antioxidant enzymes in their livers. Additionally, elevated levels of 4-HNE and p53 phosphorylation were observed in AF-Akr1a1 −/− mice, suggesting that the loss of AKR1A1 led to increased 4-HNE accumulation and subsequent activation of p53, which contributed to the progression of ALD. Furthermore, in AML12 hepatocytes, Akr1a1 knockdown aggravated oxidative stress and steatosis induced by palmitic acid/oleic acid (P/O) inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and fibrosis induced by TGF-β1. Conclusions This loss-of-function study suggests that AKR1A1 plays a liver-protective role during chronic alcohol consumption by reducing the accumulation of 4-HNE and inhibiting 4-HNE-mediated p53 activation.

The need for maintaining cell-spheroid viability and function within high-density cultures is unmet for various clinical and experimental applications, including cell therapies. One immediate application is for transplantation of pancreatic islets, a clinically recognized treatment option to cure type 1 diabetes; islets are isolated from a donor for subsequent culture prior to transplantation. However, high seeding conditions cause unsolicited fusion of multiple spheroids, thereby limiting oxygen diffusion to induce hypoxic cell death. Here we introduce a culture dish incorporating a micropyramid-patterned surface to prevent the unsolicited fusion and oxygen-permeable bottom for optimal oxygen environment. A 400µm-thick, oxygen-permeable polydimethylsiloxane sheet topped with micropyramid pattern of 400µm-base and 200µm-height was fabricated to apply to the 24-well plate format. The micropyramid pattern separated the individual pancreatic islets to prevent the fusion of multiple islets. This platform supported the high oxygen demand of islets at high seeding density at 260 islet equivalents cm-2, a 2-3-fold higher seeding density compared to the conventional islet culture used in a preparation for the clinical islet transplantations, demonstrating improved islet morphology, metabolism and function in a 4 d-culture. Transplantation of these islets into immunodeficient diabetic mice exhibited significantly improved engraftment to achieve euglycemia compared to islets cultured in the conventional culture wells. Collectively, this simple design modification allows for high-density cultures of three-dimensional cell spheroids to improve the viability and function for an array of investigational and clinical replacement tissues.

Pancreatic islet transplantation is one of the clinical options for certain types of diabetes. However, difficulty in maintaining islets prior to transplantation limits the clinical expansion of islet transplantations. Our study introduces a dynamic culture platform developed specifically for primary human islets by mimicking the physiological microenvironment, including tissue fluidics and extracellular matrix support. We engineered the dynamic culture system by incorporating our distinctive microwell-patterned porous collagen scaffolds for loading isolated human islets, enabling vertical medium flow through the scaffolds. The dynamic culture system featured four 12 mm diameter islet culture chambers, each capable of accommodating 500 islet equivalents (IEQ) per chamber. This configuration calculates > five-fold higher seeding density than the conventional islet culture in flasks prior to the clinical transplantations (442 vs 86 IEQ/cm 2 ). We tested our culture platform with three separate batches of human islets isolated from deceased donors for an extended period of 2 weeks, exceeding the limits of conventional culture methods for preserving islet quality. Static cultures served as controls. The computational simulation revealed that the dynamic culture reduced the islet volume exposed to the lethal hypoxia (< 10 mmHg) to ~1/3 of the static culture. Dynamic culture ameliorated the morphological islet degradation in long-term culture and maintained islet viability, with reduced expressions of hypoxia markers. Furthermore, dynamic culture maintained the islet metabolism and insulin-secreting function over static culture in a long-term culture. Collectively, the physiological microenvironment-mimetic culture platform supported the viability and quality of isolated human islets at high-seeding density. Such a platform has a high potential for broad applications in cell therapies and tissue engineering, including extended islet culture prior to clinical islet transplantations and extended culture of stem cell-derived islets for maturation.

Antibiotic beads can be used to treat surgical infections. In this study, polylactide–polyglycolide (PLGA) was mixed with vancomycin, the osteogenic enhancer lithium chloride (LiCl), and hot compression to form PLGA-vancomycin-LiCl delivery beads to treat bone infection. An elution method was used to characterize in vitro release characteristics of vancomycin and Li over a 42-day period. The release profiles lasted for more than 42 days for vancomycin and 28 days for Li. The concentration of vancomycin in each sample was well above the breakpoint sensitivity. Lithium cotreatment enhanced the bactericidal effect of vancomycin. Released Li and vancomycin increased the mRNA or protein expressions of osteogenic markers of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In vivo, the PLGA delivery systems were implanted into the distal femoral cavities of rabbits, and the cavity fluid content was aspirated and analyzed at each time point. The released Li and vancomycin lasted more than 6 weeks, and the vancomycin concentrations were much greater than the breakpoint sensitivity. Four rabbits in each group were sacrificed at 8 weeks for histological observation. More mature bone tissue was observed in the Li treatment group. This study provides a PLGA drug delivery system to meet the requirements of patients with bone infections.

Purpose: This study aimed to translate and validate a Chinese version of the Comprehensive assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy processes (CompACT-C), a 23-item questionnaire for measuring an individual's level of psychological flexibility among Chinese breast cancer survivors for utilisation of Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)-based interventions in breast cancer patients. Methods: Six translators translated the original English version into Chinese according to Brislin's Translation Model. Psychometric properties tests were conducted on the CompACT-C, including internal consistency, test–retest reliability (two-week interval), face validity, content validity, convergent validity with experiential avoidance, and construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis). Results: 308 Chinese breast cancer survivors with mastectomies were conveniently recruited. The translated scale showed satisfactory test–retest reliability (two-week interval, r = 0.53–0.72, p

ObjectiveAtherosclerosis is a chronic immuno-inflammatory condition emerging in arteries and considered the cause of a myriad of cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerotic lesion characterization through invasive imaging modalities is essential in disease evaluation and determining intervention strategy. Recently, electrical properties of the lesions have been utilized in assessing its vulnerability mainly owing to its capability to differentiate lipid content existing in the lesion, albeit with limited detection resolution. Electrical impedance tomography is the natural extension of conventional spectrometric measurement by incorporating larger number of interrogating electrodes and advanced algorithm to achieve imaging of target objects and thus provides significantly richer information. It is within this context that we develop Outward Electrical Impedance Tomography (OEIT), aimed at intravascular imaging for atherosclerotic lesion characterization.MethodsWe utilized flexible electronics to establish the 32-electrode OEIT device with outward facing configuration suitable for imaging of vessels. We conducted comprehensive studies through simulation model and ex vivo setup to demonstrate the functionality of OEIT.ResultsQuantitative characterization for OEIT regarding its proximity sensing and conductivity differentiation was achieved using well-controlled experimental conditions. Imaging capability for OEIT was further verified with phantom setup using porcine aorta to emulate in vivo environment.ConclusionWe have successfully demonstrated a novel tool for intravascular imaging, OEIT, with unique advantages for atherosclerosis detection.SignificanceThis study demonstrates for the first time a novel electrical tomography-based platform for intravascular imaging, and we believe it paves the way for further adaptation of OEIT for intravascular detection in more translational settings and offers great potential as an alternative imaging tool for medical diagnosis.

Abstract Radiotherapy (RT) plays an important role in tumor therapy due to its noninvasiveness and wide adaptation. In recent years, radiation therapy has been discovered to induce an anti-tumor immune response, which arouses widespread concern among scientists and clinicians. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the applications of nano-biomaterials for radiotherapy-activated immunotherapy. We first discuss the combination of different radiosensitizing nano-biomaterials and immune checkpoint inhibitors to enhance tumor immune response and improve radiotherapy efficacy. Subsequently, various nano-biomaterials-enabled tumor oxygenation strategies are introduced to alleviate the hypoxic tumor environment and amplify the immunomodulatory effect. With the aid of nano-vaccines and adjuvants, radiotherapy refreshes the host's immune system. Additionally, ionizing radiation responsive nano-biomaterials raise innate immunity-mediated anti-tumor immunity. At last, we summarize the rapid development of immune modulatable nano-biomaterials and discuss the key challenge in the development of nano-biomaterials for tumor radio-immunotherapy. Understanding the nano-biomaterials-assisted radio-immunotherapy will maximize the benefits of clinical radiotherapy and immunotherapy and facilitate the development of new combinational therapy modality. Graphical Abstract