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Ternary and quaternary compounds offer vast potential for tailoring material properties through compositional adjustments and complex interactions among their constituent elements. However, many of their compositional possibilities still need to be investigated. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) is crucial for determining elemental composition but is inadequate for identifying chemical bonds and physical properties. This work introduces a novel methodology using a stoichiometric deviation vector (SDV) to estimate the physical and compositional feature characteristics of Si, N, and O compounds by comparing actual molar ratios with ideal stoichiometric references. We validated this method by estimating Si-O bonds in silicon oxynitride samples, demonstrating strong agreement with FTIR and refractive index results. We also extended our proof of principle for SiAlON compounds and established an adaptable procedure to analyze compounds with more than three elements. This flexible methodology will significantly value the materials research community, providing valuable compositional features and physical insights by performing elemental EDX characterizations.

Computer-assisted preparation of porcelain laminate veneers (PLVs) using stereolithographic templates has been developed to enhance the accuracy of tooth preparation. However, the digital workflows involved in guided PLV preparation remain inconsistently defined across various practices. Therefore, this scoping review aimed to examine publications on computer-assisted PLV preparation to identify the key stage of digital workflows involved in designing and fabricating stereolithographic templates, as well as to highlight the limitations of various template designs. This scoping review aimed to identify publications on digital workflows for designing and fabricating stereolithographic templates in computer-assisted porcelain laminate veneer preparation. A systematic search on MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus identified English-language articles published from 2014 to March 2024. Eligible articles focused on digitally designed and fabricated tooth reduction templates for porcelain laminate veneers, excluding conventional tooth preparation procedures for tooth reduction assessment. Seven clinical reports were included, demonstrating various 3D data acquisition techniques for virtual patient generation. All articles described virtual diagnostic wax-ups on digital casts, with two using a virtual articulator. Only five articles documented chair-side mock-ups with resin trial restorations to evaluate planned dental esthetics. Additionally, virtual tooth preparation prior to templates design was included in only four articles. The templates were designed using different software and ranged from simple designs with access windows to complex stacked templates with rotary instrument sleeved windows. Each template design had limitations affecting tooth reduction accuracy. All articles reported printing templates in clear acrylic resin using different technologies. In conclusion, the review highlights a lack of standardization in the digital workflow for designing stereolithographic templates for PLVs. Establishing a sound protocol for designing the tooth reduction templates is essential to ensure the accuracy and consistency of veneer preparation.

This study investigates the effects of boron concentration on boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes for electrochemical sensors of ciprofloxacin. The effects of boron concentration, scan rate, and pH of BDD electrodes with boron concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 1% were examined to determine the optimal conditions. Furthermore, square wave voltammetry (SWV) in phosphate buffer pH 7 was used to analyze the electrochemical behavior of ciprofloxacin. The results revealed a linear calibration curve in the concentration range of 30–100 μM with a recovery of 85–110%. Meanwhile, BDD electrode with the highest boron concentration in this experiment (1%) showed a very low limit of detection of 0.17 μM, meaning that 1% BDD gave a highly sensitive and significant measurement result for the electrochemical sensor of ciprofloxacin. With the results given, this study provides new insights for controlling boron concentrations in diamond electrodes for the electrochemical sensors of quinolone antibiotics.

For enhanced applications of solar cells, organic luminescence materials like long persistent luminescence (LPL) present one of the promising avenues for light enhancement. Currently, most existing luminescent materials are based on an inorganic system that requires rare elements such as europium and dysprosium, with a very high processing temperature. Adopting organic luminescence materials that are free from rare elements is necessary, considering the low-temperature fabrication and low material cost. In this work, we investigate the optical properties of an organic luminescence blend consisting of 2,8-bis(diphenylphosphoryl)dibenzo [b,d]thiophene (PPT) and N,N,N′,N'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) through computational studies and experimental validations. Optical characteristics of the luminescence materials like optical absorption, photoluminescence, and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy are characterized. To validate the functionality of the organic luminescence blend, the material is incorporated into the perovskite solar cell structure. Unfortunately, the blend is unable to emit sufficient illumination over extended periods due to its low intersystem crossing efficiency and weak spin-orbit coupling. Although the power conversion efficiency of the Luminescence/FTO/TiO2/Perovskite/Carbon structure is observed to be small under dark conditions, the application of organic luminescence materials can be further enhanced and explored.

The uncontrolled use of ciprofloxacin (CIP) has led to increased resistance in patients and potential health issues such as kidney disorders, digestive disorder, and liver complications. This study addresses these concerns by introducing an innovative electrochemical sensor utilizing a screen-printed electrode (SPE) enhanced with a novel rGO-SnO2 nanocomposite for the precise monitoring of CIP concentration. Through square wave voltammetry (SWV), this sensor demonstrates unparalleled sensitivity and accuracy in determining CIP levels. These analyses validated the superior performance of the SPE/rGO-SnO2 electrode, revealing CIP potential range of 0.85–1.50 V with irreversible oxidation reaction and an exceptional signal-to-background (S/B) ratio of 1.91, surpassing the 1.21 ratio achieved by the SPE/rGO electrode. The SPE/rGO-SnO2 electrode also exhibited the highest active surface area (0.0252 cm2), facilitating faster transfer electron. Crucially, the SPE/rGO-SnO2 electrode exhibited an impressively low limit of detection (LOD) at 2.03 μM within a concentration range of 30–100 μM for CIP, setting a new benchmark for sensitivity (9.348 μA/μM) in CIP detection. The %RSD value was less than 5 % indicating that this modified electrodes exhibit good precision and stability. The real-world applicability of this developed methods was exemplified through its successful implementation in the analysis of river water and milk, achieving remarkable recovery rates of 101.2 % and 97.7 %, respectively. Consequently, the SPE modified with rGO-SnO2 nanocomposite emerges as a highly promising and effective tool for precise and sensitive CIP measurement, offering unparalleled performance metrics and opening avenues for enhanced environmental and health monitoring.

Perovskite materials are the well-known of solar cell applications and have excellent characteristics to study and explain the photocatalytic research. Exchange generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof-PBE correlation functionals and density functional theory (DFT)-based Cambridge Serial Total Energy Package (CASTEP) software are used to inspect the structural, electrical, mechanical, and the optical aspects of Zinc-based cubic perovskite RbZnO3. The compound is found to be in a stable cubic phase according to our study. The predicted elastic characteristics also satisfy the mechanical criterion for stability. Pugh's criterion indicates that RbZnO3 is brittle. The examination shows that the electronic band structure, RbZnO3 possesses an indirect bandgap (BG) that has 4.23eV. Findings of BG analysis agree with currently available evidence. Total and partial density of states (DOS) are used in the confirmation of degree of a localized electrons in special band. Optical transitions in compound are evaluated by adjusting damping ratio for the appropriate peaks of the notional dielectric functions. On one hand, the material is a semiconductor at absolute zero. On the other hand, the dielectric function's fictitious element dispersion illustrates the wide range of values for energy transparency. This substance might therefore be used in a solar cell to capture ultraviolet light.

Background This study aimed to evaluate the load capacity of maxillary central incisors with simulated flared root canal restored with different fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) post cemented with either self-adhesive or self-etch resin cement and its mode of fracture. Methods Sixty-five extracted maxillary incisors were decoronated, its canal was artificially flared and randomly categorized into group tFRC (tapered FRC post) (n = 22), mFRC (multi-FRC post) (n = 21), and DIS-FRC (direct individually shaped-FRC (DIS-FRC) post) (n = 22), which were further subdivided based on cementation resin. The posts were cemented and a standardized resin core was constructed. After thermocycling, the samples were loaded statically and the maximum load was recorded. Results The load capacity of the maxillary central incisor was influenced by the different FRC post system and not the resin cement (p = 0.289), and no significant interaction was found between them. Group mFRC (522.9N) yielded a significantly higher load capacity compared to DIS-FRC (421.1N). Overall, a 55% favorable fracture pattern was observed, and this was not statistically significant. Conclusion Within the limitation of the study, it can be concluded that prefabricated FRC posts outperform DIS-FRC posts in terms of the load capacity of a maxillary central incisor with a simulated flared root canal. The cementation methods whether a self-adhesive or self-etch resin cement, was not demonstrated to influence the load capacity of a maxillary central incisor with a flared root canal. There were no significant differences between the favorable and non-favorable fracture when FRC post systems were used to restored a maxillary central incisor with a flared root canal.

Accurate spectral irradiance measurement in the near-infrared range is significant for the design and characterization of photodetector and photovoltaic cells. Approximation method is commonly used to solve for the input power using estimated spectral irradiance, where the dependency on wavelength and temperature remains uncertain. This study aims to determine the power spectrum at different radiation temperatures using a single pixel photodetector, taking into consideration factors such as transmission spectra of alumina radiator, CaF2 collimating lens, responsivity, and measured photocurrent information of photodetectors. Utilizing predictive mathematical model, five commercial photodetectors, including Silicon, Germanium, In0.53Ga0.47As, In0.73Ga0.27As, and In0.83Ga0.17As were used to solve for the power densities as a function of wavelengths at radiation temperatures of 1000 °C and 1500 °C. The spectral irradiance of photodetectors was determined with a percentage difference of

In this study, a low-sophistication low-cost spray pyrolysis system built by undergraduate students is used to grow aluminum-doped zinc oxide thin films (ZnO:Al). The pyrolysis system was able to grow polycrystalline ZnO:Al with a hexagonal wurtzite structure preferentially oriented on the c-axis, corresponding to a hexagonal wurtzite structure, and exceptional reproducibility. The ZnO:Al films were studied as transparent conductive oxides (TCOs). Our best ZnO:Al TCO are found to exhibit an 80% average transmittance in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum, a sheet resistance of 32 Ω/□, and an optical bandgap of 3.38 eV. After an extensive optical and nanostructural characterization, we determined that the TCOs used are only 4% less efficient than the best ZnO:Al TCOs reported in the literature. This latter, without neglecting that literature-ZnO:Al TCOs, have been grown by sophisticated deposition techniques such as magnetron sputtering. Consequently, we estimate that our ZnO:Al TCOs can be considered an authentic alternative to high-performance aluminum-doped zinc oxide or indium tin oxide TCOs grown through more sophisticated equipment.

Neat waste plastic oil (WPO) application as a fuel in engines reduces BTE and increases deleterious emissions of CO, UHC, NOx, and smoke due to the presence of insufficient oxygen and unbreakable hydrocarbon chains in WPO. Present investigation was performed to evaluate the impact of ZnO nanoparticles on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine operated with the waste plastic oil (WPO20) blend. The objective of doping ZnO nanoparticles with WPO20 was to enhance the oxidation reaction and heat transfer rate between fuel droplets during combustion, which aids in completing the combustion. The sol-gel technique was adopted to successfully synthesize the ZnO nanoparticles using zinc acetate (Zn(CH3CO2)2.2H2O) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) precursors. The structure and morphology of resulted particles were studied by XRD and FESEM tests. Both results indicate the stable formation of ZnO, and exhibit the crystallinity nature, spherical surface, and size consistency. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were infused in WPO20 blend in the amounts of 50, 100, and 150 ppm with the aid of the ultrasonication technique. Engine test was conducted with diesel fuel, WPO20 blend, and nano-infused fuels at a constant speed of 1500 rpm under various loads. The disparities in performance and emission characteristics were examined and compared with pure diesel fuel. The findings demonstrated that adding nanoparticles to WPO20 significantly lowers the smoke, CO, UHC, and NOx emissions and simultaneously improves the BTE and decreases the BSFC of the diesel engine. Optimum results were obtained for 100 ppm concentration of ZnO nanoparticles. Reduction of smoke by 11.86%, CO by 5.7%, UHC by 28%, and NOx by 14.93%, along with the enhancement of BTE by 2.47%, were noticed at maximum load with 100 ppm particles. Based on the test results, it is concluded that ZnO nanoparticles can be used as a suitable additive in WPO blends to improve the overall engine characteristics. Further scope of the present work is to study the effect of organic nanoparticles with WPO on engine behaviour, the detailed combustion of nanoparticles infused WPO, and the nanoparticles doped WPO on engine wear and corrosion.

The performance of a conventional metal oxide sensor (MOX) is highly dependent on its high operating temperature. Many researchers have tried to solve the problem by exploring hybrid materials. On the other hand, ternary hybrid materials have emerged as a promising class of materials with unique properties and potential applications in various fields, be it environmental or medical, such as in breath analyzers for prediabetes analysis. This article focuses on the synthesis method, characterization, and application of ternary hybrid materials for room-temperature sensors, as well as recent advances and future developments in the field. The materials consist of three different components, metal oxide (Fe3O4), polymer (polyaniline) and carbon-based materials (reduced graphene oxide), which were synthesized using in-situ methods. Five samples were prepared in different ratios. The properties of these materials were characterized using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD and Raman analyses showed the existence of all the individual constituents in the hybrid sample. SEM and TEM also showed a strong interaction between the constituent materials as a hybrid nanocomposite. The response and recovery time were studied against 1, 10 and 100 ppm acetone. The results show that the sample with 10 wt%Fe3O4-PANI-RGO (S2_10) has a reaction and recovery time < 32 s against the above ppm and has the highest sensing response at room temperature.

This paper presents a finger-actuated micropump with a consistent flow rate and no backflow. The fluid dynamics in interstitial fluid (ISF) extraction microfluidics are studied through analytical, simulation, and experimental methods. Head losses, pressure drop, diodocity, hydrogel swelling, criteria for hydrogel absorption, and consistency flow rate are examined in order to access microfluidic performance. In terms of consistency, the experimental result revealed that after 20 s of duty cycles with full deformation on the flexible diaphragm, the output pressure became uniform and the flow rate remained at nearly constant levels of 2.2 μL/min. The flow rate discrepancy between the experimental and predicted flow rates is around 22%. In terms of diodicity, when the serpentine microchannel and hydrogel-assisted reservoir are added to the microfluidic system integration, the diodicity increases by 2% (Di = 1.48) and 34% (Di = 1.96), respectively, compared to when the Tesla integration (Di = 1.45) is used alone. A visual and experimentally weighted analysis finds no signs of backflow. These significant flow characteristics demonstrate their potential usage in many low-cost and portable microfluidic applications.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus accounts for 90% of most diabetes cases. Many commercial drugs used to treat this disease come with adverse side effects and eventually fail to restore glucose homeostasis. Therefore, an effective, economical and safe antidiabetic remedy from dietary source is considered. Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg and Momordica charantia L. were chosen since both are used for centuries as traditional medicine to treat various ailments and diseases. In this study, the antidiabetic properties of a polyherbal combination of T. officinale and M. charantia ethanol extracts are evaluated. The bioactive solvent extracts of the samples selected from in vitro antidiabetic assays; α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition, and glucose-uptake in L6 muscle cells were combined (1:1) to form the polyherbal combination. The antidiabetic efficacy of polyherbal combination was evaluated employing the above stated in vitro antidiabetic assays and in vivo oral glucose tolerance test and streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA) induced diabetic rat model. A quadrupole time-of-flight liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (Q-TOF LCMS) analysis was done to identify active compounds. The polyherbal combination exerted improved antidiabetic properties; increased DPP-4, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibition. The polyherbal combination tested in vivo on diabetic rats showed optimum blood glucose-lowering activity comparable to that of Glibenclamide and Metformin. This study confirms the polyherbal combination of T. officinale and M. charantia to be rich in various bioactive compounds, which exhibited antidiabetic properties. Therefore, this polyherbal combination has the potential to be further developed as complex phytotherapeutic remedy for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Issues such as rising fuel prices, fuel costs, and lowering reserves highlight the importance of research into sustainable fuels derived from biological sources. This study is focused on experiments on a CI engine using ethanol and propanol-based ternary blends. Palm biodiesel is kept constant at 40% volumetric concentration, while diesel and ethanol/propanol are varied in different batches. The results obtained with ternary blends were compared with reference fuel diesel, pure palm biodiesel, and a palm biodiesel–diesel binary blend. The ternary blends exhibit lower brake thermal efficiency and higher brake specific energy consumption than diesel and binary blends due to their lower calorific value. Despite in-fuel oxygen presence, lower brake specific oxides of nitrogen and smoke opacity were observed for engine operation with a ternary blend due to the predominant role of higher latent heat of vaporization and volatility of alcohols, but unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions increased due to the interactive effect of a lower cetane number, higher latent heat of vaporization, and lower kinematic viscosity of alcohols when compared to reference fuels. Among the tested fuels, in-cylinder pressure was observed to decrease with ternary blends due to their lower calorific value, but a raised heat release rate was attributed to lower viscosity and faster burning of alcohols.

Diesel engines are one of the most popular reciprocating engines on the market today owing to their great thermal efficiency and dependability in energy conversion. Growing concerns about the depletion of fossil resources, fluctuating prices in the market, and environmental issues have prompted the search for renewable fuels with higher efficiencies compared with conventional fuels. Fuel derived from vegetable oils and animal fats has comparable characteristics to diesel fuel, but is renewable, despite being manufactured from various feedstocks. Nevertheless, the direct use of these fuels is strictly prohibited because it will result in many issues in the engine, affecting engine performance and durability, as well as emissions. To make biofuels as efficient as fossil fuels, it is essential to alter their characteristics. The use of emulsification techniques to obtain emulsified biofuels is one of the many ways to modify the fuel characteristics. Emulsification techniques allow for a decrease in viscosity and an increase in atomisation during injection. To date, emulsification techniques have been studied less thoroughly for use with vegetable oils and animal fats. This article will discuss the preparation and characterisation of emulsified biofuels made from vegetable oils and animal fats. This current paper reviewed research studies carried out on different emulsification techniques for biofuels used in diesel engines.

Most of the world’s energy requirements are still derived from natural resources. This will result in a catastrophic energy crisis with negative environmental consequences. The increased energy supply will result in greater consumption of non-renewable sources. The production of biomass producer gas (BPG) from biomass gasification has received significant attention as an alternative fuel due to the depletion of non-renewable resources. This experimental study aimed to determine the flame propagation, flame propagation speed, and chamber pressure trace of BPG at different equivalence ratios. Understanding the characteristics of the BPG’s combustion, finding lower greenhouse gas emissions of BPG, and minimizing the use of fossil fuels is necessary to mitigate these problems. Using the direct visualization technique, an optical constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) was developed to measure combustion characteristics. Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) was used to compare the flame propagation speed in the CVCC calibration. In comparison to wood pellet (WP), coconut husk (CH), and palm kernel shell (PKS), the chamber peak pressure at ϕ equal to 1 of CH for the combustion of BPG was the lowest at 20.84 bar. At ϕ of 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3, the chamber peak pressure of CH was discovered to be around 17.77, 18.12, 18.81, 20.84, 20.39, 17.25, and 16.37 bar, respectively. Compared to the other two types of BPG, CH produced the lowest emissions of CO2 and CO at 2.03% and 0.022%, respectively. In conclusion, the CH had the lowest chamber peak pressure and emissions due to the lower heating value (LHV) being relatively lower.

Research on enhancement green light emitter is important to obtain a perfect red-green-blue (RGB) induced white light source. Unfortunately the present of mixed phase in deposition of InGaN/GaN limited the potential LED efficiency. Therefore, we introduce a new method called as Low Temperature Ammonia Treatment (LTAT) to eliminate the mixed phase and to enhance the structure properties of InGaN/GaN. Two samples have been prepared, with LTAT (LED A) and without LTAT (LED B). Both samples have been characterized using optical microscope (OM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), X-ray rocking curve (XRC) and Electroluminescence (EL). On the structural characterization, the OM results show the present 3D island on LED B sample while sample LED A only shows 2D surface. The RMS surface roughness from AFM are 10.3 ± 0.4 nm and 13.5 ± 10.7 nm for LED A and LED B respectively. XRC analysis proved the LED A with LTAT has a homogenous XRD curve while LED B without LTAT has a mixed phase. The BSFs streak length measured as 1.42 nm−1 and 1.61 nm−1 for LED A and LED B respectively shows low crystallographic defect in LED A compared to LED B. For the EL characteristic, LED A shows a single sharp peak near 538.2 nm wavelength, while LED B shows a broad multi-peak profile at 435.7 nm, 480.6 nm and 520.5 nm. The single sharp peak shows enhancement in green light emission when LTAT is applied during deposition. Successful enhancement is structural and electroluminescence properties shows the effectiveness of LTAT proposed in this work for perfect RGB.

We present a case of a 77-year-old patient who presented with a stroke. She subsequently became unwell and was found to have a spontaneous infective native carotid artery pseudoaneurysm. The patient was managed conservatively as per her wishes. Despite the rarity of this clinical diagnosis, clinicians should be aware of the pathophysiology of this entity and the available literature on management.

Allogenic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) is a well-established curative modality for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), yet large amounts of data describing alloHCT outcomes in Philadelphia (Ph)-like ALL are lacking. We retrospectively analyzed archived DNA samples from consecutive adults with B-cell Ph-negative ALL who underwent alloHCT in complete remission (CR) (n = 127) at our center between 2006 and 2020. Identification of fusions associated with Ph-like ALL was performed using cumulative results from RNA-seq, conventional cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and whole genome array studies. Fusions associated with Ph-like ALL were detected in 56 (44%) patients, of whom 38 were carrying CRLF2r. Compared with other non-Ph-like ALL (n = 71), patients with fusions associated with Ph-like ALL were more frequently Hispanic (P = .008), were less likely to carry high-risk cytogenetics (P < .001), and were more likely to receive blinatumomab prior to HCT (P = .019). With the median followup of 3.5 years, patients with Ph-like ALL fusions had comparable posttransplant outcomes compared with other B-cell ALL: 3-year relapse-free survival (RFS) (41% vs 44%; P = .36), overall survival (OS) (51% vs 50%; P = .59), and relapse (37% vs 31%; P = .47). In multivariable analysis, age (P = .023), disease status at the time of transplant (P < .001), and donor type (P = .015) influenced OS. RFS (primary endpoint) was significantly influenced by disease status (P < .001) and conditioning regimen intensity (P = .014). In conclusion, our data suggest that alloHCT consolidation results in similarly favorable survival outcomes in adult patients with Ph-like fusions and other high-risk B-cell ALL., (© 2022 by The American Society of Hematology. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), permitting only noncommercial, nonderivative use with attribution. All other rights reserved.)

Objective: Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) pneumonia is the second-most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). This study aimed at investigating into the prevalence of macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae (MRMP) with respiratory virus co-infection and the antibiotic prescriptions in children with CAP in four provinces in Korea, and to assess the variations in the findings across regions and throughout the year., Patients and Methods: This prospective study was conducted in 29 hospitals in Korea between July 2018 and June 2020. Among the enrolled 1,063 children with CAP, all 451 patients with M. pneumoniae underwent PCR assays of M. pneumoniae and respiratory viruses, and the presence of point mutations of residues 2063 and 2064 was evaluated., Results: Gwangju-Honam (88.6%) showed the highest prevalence of MRMP pneumonia, while Daejeon-Chungcheong (71.3%) showed the lowest, although the differences in prevalence were not significant (p=0.074). Co-infection of M. pneumoniae pneumonia and respiratory virus was observed in 206 patients (45.4%), and rhinovirus co-infection (101 children; 22.2%) was the most frequent. The prevalence of MRMP pneumonia with respiratory virus co-infection and the antibiotic prescriptions differed significantly among the four provinces (p < 0.05). The monthly rate of MRMP pneumonia cases among all cases of M. pneumoniae pneumonia and tetracycline or quinolone prescriptions did not differ significantly among the four regions (trend p > 0.05) during the study period., Conclusions: The prevalence of M. pneumoniae pneumonia with virus co-infection and antibiotic prescriptions could differ according to region, although the MRMP pneumonia rate showed no difference within Korea.