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1. Long-Term Research & Design Strategies for Fusion Energy Materials

Author

Cohen-Tanugi, David, Stapelberg, Myles G., Short, Michael P., Ferry, Sara E., Whyte, Dennis G., Hartwig, Zachary S., and Buonassisi, Tonio

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

Fusion energy is at an important inflection point in its development: multiple government agencies and private companies are now planning fusion pilot plants to deliver electricity to the grid in the next decade. However, realizing fusion as a technically and economically viable energy source depends on developing and qualifying materials that can withstand the extreme environment inside a fusion power plant. This Perspective seeks to engage the broader materials science community in this long-term effort. We first outline the principal materials challenges and research opportunities for fusion. Next, we argue that fusion is distinct from other energy applications with respect to materials, not just in the magnitude and complexity of the technical challenges but also in the present level of uncertainty in materials design requirements. To address this, we finally propose a research framework based on an iterative co-evolution of materials science and fusion power plant design requirements., Comment: 27 pages, 3 figures

Published
2023

3. Design, Fabrication, and Assembly of the SPARC Toroidal Field Model Coil

Author

Vieira, Rui F., primary, Arsenault, David, additional, Barnett, Raheem, additional, Bartoszek, Larry, additional, Beck, William, additional, Chamberlain, Sarah, additional, Cheng, J. L., additional, Dombrowski, Eric, additional, Doody, Jeffrey, additional, Dunn, Darby, additional, Estrada, Jose, additional, Fry, Vincent, additional, Garberg, Sarah, additional, Golfinopoulos, Theodore, additional, Greenberg, Aliya, additional, Heller, Samuel, additional, Hubbard, Amanda, additional, Korsun, Daniel, additional, Kuznetsov, Sergey, additional, LaBombard, Brian, additional, Lammi, Chris, additional, Leccacorvi, Rick, additional, Levine, Matthew, additional, Mendoza, David Chavarria, additional, Metcalfe, Kristen, additional, Michael, Philip, additional, Mouratidis, Theodore, additional, Mumgaard, Robert, additional, Muncks, J. P., additional, Murray, Richard, additional, Nash, Daniel, additional, Pfeiffer, Andrew, additional, Pierson, Samuel, additional, Radovinsky, Alexi, additional, Rosati, Ron, additional, Rowell, Michael, additional, Salazar, Erica, additional, Schweiger, Shane, additional, Shiraiwa, Syun'ichi, additional, Sorbom, Brandon, additional, Stahle, Peter, additional, Stevens, Ken, additional, Tammana, Deepthi, additional, Toland, Thomas, additional, Vernacchia, Matthew, additional, Voirin, Erik, additional, Warner, Alex, additional, Watterson, Amy, additional, Whyte, Dennis G., additional, Wilcox, Sidney, additional, Zhou, Lihua, additional, Zhukovsky, Alexander, additional, and Hartwig, Zachary S., additional

Published
2024
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6. What Can Fusion Energy Learn From Biotechnology?

Author

LO, ANDREW W. and WHYTE, DENNIS G.

Subjects
*INVESTORS, *FINANCIAL engineering, *ENVIRONMENTAL physics, *VENTURE capital, *MERGERS & acquisitions, *FUSION reactors
Abstract

The article discusses the potential for fusion energy to learn from the biotechnology industry in order to overcome hurdles and achieve its potential. It highlights the similarities between the two industries, such as the need for significant upfront capital, long gestation periods, and low probabilities of success. The article proposes four initiatives that could accelerate fusion's progress, including standardizing milestones, involving universities in research and development, supporting a commercialization ecosystem, and fostering two-way engagement with the public. By learning from the successes and setbacks of the biotech industry, fusion energy production can become a practical reality. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2024
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8. The SPARC Toroidal Field Model Coil Program

Author

Hartwig, Zachary S., Vieira, Rui F., Dunn, Darby, Golfinopoulos, Theodore, LaBombard, Brian, Lammi, Christopher J., Michael, Philip C., Agabian, Susan, Arsenault, David, Barnett, Raheem, Barry, Mike, Bartoszek, Larry, Beck, William K., Bellofatto, David, Brunner, Daniel, Burke, William, Burrows, Jason, Byford, William, Cauley, Charles, Chamberlain, Sarah, Chavarria, David, Cheng, JL, Chicarello, James, Diep, Van, Dombrowski, Eric, Doody, Jeffrey, Doos, Raouf, Eberlin, Brian, Estrada, Jose, Fry, Vincent, Fulton, Matthew, Garberg, Sarah, Granetz, Robert, Greenberg, Aliya, Greenwald, Martin, Heller, Samuel, Hubbard, Amanda E., Ihloff, Ernest, Irby, James H., Iverson, Mark, Jardin, Peter, Korsun, Daniel, Kuznetsov, Sergey, Lane-Walsh, Stephen, Landry, Richard, Lations, Richard, Leccacorvi, Rick, Levine, Matthew, Mackay, George, Metcalfe, Kristen, Moazeni, Kevin, Mota, John, Mouratidis, Theodore, Mumgaard, Robert, Muncks, JP, Murray, Richard A., Nash, Daniel, Nottingham, Ben, O'Shea, Colin, Pfeiffer, Andrew T., Pierson, Samuel Z., Purdy, Clayton, Radovinsky, Alexi, Ravikumar, Dhananjay K., Reyes, Veronica, Riva, Nicolo, Rosati, Ron, Rowell, Michael, Salazar, Erica E., Santoro, Fernando, Sattarov, Akhdiyor, Saunders, Wayne, Schweiger, Patrick, Schweiger, Shane, Shepard, Maise, Shiraiwa, Syun'ichi, Silveira, Maria, Snowman, FT, Sorbom, Brandon N., Stahle, Peter, Stevens, Ken, Stillerman, Joshua, Tammana, Deepthi, Toland, Thomas L., Tracey, David, Turcotte, Ronnie, Uppalapati, Kiran, Vernacchia, Matthew, Vidal, Christopher, Voirin, Erik, Warner, Alex, Watterson, Amy, Whyte, Dennis G., Wilcox, Sidney, Wolf, Michael, Wood, Bruce, Zhou, Lihua, and Zhukovsky, Alex

Abstract

The SPARC Toroidal Field Model Coil (TFMC) Program was a three-year effort between 2018 and 2021 that developed novel rare earth barium copper oxide (REBCO) superconductor technologies and then successfully utilized these technologies to design, build, and test a first-in-class, high-field (∼20 T), representative-scale (∼3 m) superconducting toroidal field (TF) coil. The program was executed jointly by the MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) and Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS) as a technology enabler of the superconducting high-field pathway to fusion energy, and, in particular, as a risk retirement program for the no insulation (NI) TF magnet in the SPARC net-energy fusion tokamak. The TFMC achieved its programmatic goal of experimentally demonstrating a large-scale high-field REBCO magnet, achieving 20.1 T peak field-on-conductor with 40.5 kA of terminal current, 815 kN/m of Lorentz loading on the REBCO stacks, and almost 1 GPa of mechanical stress accommodated by the structural case. Fifteen internal demountable pancake-to-pancake joints operated in the 0.5 to 2.0 nΩ range at 20 K and in magnetic fields up to 12 T. The dc and ac electromagnetic performance of the magnet predicted by new advances in high-fidelity computational models was confirmed in two test campaigns while the parallel, single-pass, pressure-vessel style coolant scheme capable of large heat removal was validated. In the test facility, a feeder system composed of REBCO current leads and cables was experimentally qualified up to 50 kA, and a liquid-free cryocooler-based helium cryogenic system provided 600 W of cooling power at 20 K with mass flow rates up to 70 g/s at a maximum design pressure of 2 MPa for the test campaigns. Finally, the feasibility of using passive, self-protection against a quench in a fusion-scale NI TF coil was experimentally assessed. While the TFMC was intentionally not optimized for quench resiliency—and suffered localized thermal damage in response to an intentional open-circuit quench at 31.5 kA terminal current—the extensive data and validated models that it produced represent a critical step towards this important objective.

Published
2024
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9. The SPARC Toroidal Field Model Coil Program

Author

Hartwig, Zachary S., primary, Vieira, Rui F., additional, Dunn, Darby, additional, Golfinopoulos, Theodore, additional, LaBombard, Brian, additional, Lammi, Christopher J., additional, Michael, Philip C., additional, Agabian, Susan, additional, Arsenault, David, additional, Barnett, Raheem, additional, Barry, Mike, additional, Bartoszek, Larry, additional, Beck, William K., additional, Bellofatto, David, additional, Brunner, Daniel, additional, Burke, William, additional, Burrows, Jason, additional, Byford, William, additional, Cauley, Charles, additional, Chamberlain, Sarah, additional, Chavarria, David, additional, Cheng, JL, additional, Chicarello, James, additional, Diep, Van, additional, Dombrowski, Eric, additional, Doody, Jeffrey, additional, Doos, Raouf, additional, Eberlin, Brian, additional, Estrada, Jose, additional, Fry, Vincent, additional, Fulton, Matthew, additional, Garberg, Sarah, additional, Granetz, Robert, additional, Greenberg, Aliya, additional, Greenwald, Martin, additional, Heller, Samuel, additional, Hubbard, Amanda E., additional, Ihloff, Ernest, additional, Irby, James H., additional, Iverson, Mark, additional, Jardin, Peter, additional, Korsun, Daniel, additional, Kuznetsov, Sergey, additional, Lane-Walsh, Stephen, additional, Landry, Richard, additional, Lations, Richard, additional, Leccacorvi, Rick, additional, Levine, Matthew, additional, Mackay, George, additional, Metcalfe, Kristen, additional, Moazeni, Kevin, additional, Mota, John, additional, Mouratidis, Theodore, additional, Mumgaard, Robert, additional, Muncks, JP, additional, Murray, Richard A., additional, Nash, Daniel, additional, Nottingham, Ben, additional, O'Shea, Colin, additional, Pfeiffer, Andrew T., additional, Pierson, Samuel Z., additional, Purdy, Clayton, additional, Radovinsky, Alexi, additional, Ravikumar, Dhananjay K., additional, Reyes, Veronica, additional, Riva, Nicolo, additional, Rosati, Ron, additional, Rowell, Michael, additional, Salazar, Erica E., additional, Santoro, Fernando, additional, Sattarov, Akhdiyor, additional, Saunders, Wayne, additional, Schweiger, Patrick, additional, Schweiger, Shane, additional, Shepard, Maise, additional, Shiraiwa, Syun'ichi, additional, Silveira, Maria, additional, Snowman, FT, additional, Sorbom, Brandon N., additional, Stahle, Peter, additional, Stevens, Ken, additional, Stillerman, Joshua, additional, Tammana, Deepthi, additional, Toland, Thomas L., additional, Tracey, David, additional, Turcotte, Ronnie, additional, Uppalapati, Kiran, additional, Vernacchia, Matthew, additional, Vidal, Christopher, additional, Voirin, Erik, additional, Warner, Alex, additional, Watterson, Amy, additional, Whyte, Dennis G., additional, Wilcox, Sidney, additional, Wolf, Michael, additional, Wood, Bruce, additional, Zhou, Lihua, additional, and Zhukovsky, Alex, additional

Published
2023
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11. Overview of the SPARC tokamak

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Creeely, A. J., Greenwald, Martin J., Ballinger, Sean B, Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, Jeffrey, Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, Robert S., Gray, T. K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, James Henderson, Izzo, Viviana A., Kramer, G. J., Kuang, Adam QingYang, Labombard, Brian, Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N. C., Lore, J. D., Marmar, Earl S., Montes, Kevin J., Mumgaard, R. T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M. L., Rodriguez Fernandez, Pablo, Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, Francesco, Scott, S. D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P. B., Sorbom, B. N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, Roy Alexander, Tolman, Elizabeth Ann, Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, Dennis G, Wright, J.C., Wukitch, Stephen James, The SPARC Team, Zhu, Jiazhou, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Creeely, A. J., Greenwald, Martin J., Ballinger, Sean B, Brunner, D., Canik, J., Doody, Jeffrey, Fülöp, T., Garnier, D.T., Granetz, Robert S., Gray, T. K., Holland, C., Howard, N.T., Hughes, J.W., Irby, James Henderson, Izzo, Viviana A., Kramer, G. J., Kuang, Adam QingYang, Labombard, Brian, Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Logan, N. C., Lore, J. D., Marmar, Earl S., Montes, Kevin J., Mumgaard, R. T., Paz-Soldan, C., Rea, C., Reinke, M. L., Rodriguez Fernandez, Pablo, Särkimäki, K., Sciortino, Francesco, Scott, S. D., Snicker, A., Snyder, P. B., Sorbom, B. N., Sweeney, R., Tinguely, Roy Alexander, Tolman, Elizabeth Ann, Umansky, M., Vallhagen, O., Varje, J., Whyte, Dennis G, Wright, J.C., Wukitch, Stephen James, The SPARC Team, and Zhu, Jiazhou

Abstract

© 2020 The Author(s). The SPARC tokamak is a critical next step towards commercial fusion energy. SPARC is designed as a high-field (T), compact (m, m), superconducting, D-T tokamak with the goal of producing fusion gain 2$]]> from a magnetically confined fusion plasma for the first time. Currently under design, SPARC will continue the high-field path of the Alcator series of tokamaks, utilizing new magnets based on rare earth barium copper oxide high-temperature superconductors to achieve high performance in a compact device. The goal of 2$]]> is achievable with conservative physics assumptions () and, with the nominal assumption of, SPARC is projected to attain and MW. SPARC will therefore constitute a unique platform for burning plasma physics research with high density (), high temperature (keV) and high power density () relevant to fusion power plants. SPARC's place in the path to commercial fusion energy, its parameters and the current status of SPARC design work are presented. This work also describes the basis for global performance projections and summarizes some of the physics analysis that is presented in greater detail in the companion articles of this collection.

Published
2022

12. The LIBRA Experiment: Investigating Robust Tritium Accountancy in Molten FLiBe Exposed to a D-T Fusion Neutron Spectrum

Author

Ferry, Sara E., Woller, Kevin B., Peterson, Ethan E., Sorensen, Caroline, and Whyte, Dennis G.

Abstract

AbstractThe Liquid Immersion Blanket: Robust Accountancy (LIBRA) experiment will be a first-of-a-kind experiment to explore and develop the liquid immersion blanket (LIB) concept. The LIB is a radically simple molten–LiF-BeF2(FLiBe)–salt tritium breeding blanket for deuterium-tritium (D-T)–fueled fusion power plants (FPPs) achieving a high tritium breeding ratio (TBR) in neutronics models. However, tritium breeding in FLiBe is inherently difficult to study experimentally. As a result, the coupled issues of FLiBe radiochemistry and tritium (T) transport are poorly understood. LIBRA approaches this challenge by simulating an FPP blanket environment using a D-T neutron generator and 1000 kg of FLiBe. LIBRA will investigate T breeding, containment, and extraction, coupled with FLiBe redox control and radiochemistry. The primary goal of LIBRA is to demonstrate robust T accountancy in blanket prototypical conditions. Here, T accountancy encompasses accurate predictions of T breeding in the FLiBe; detection and measurement of all T bred in LIBRA; and speciation of the T extracted from the FLiBe. Initial neutronics simulations of LIBRA indicate that a global TBR of 1 is possible, where the TBR is defined as the number of tritons bred and extracted from FLiBe relative to the number of neutrons produced by D-T fusion reactions in the neutron generator. In this paper, we present the LIBRA concept and its scientific goals in the context of T breeding experiments. We also consider the potential impact of the LIB on the future fusion power industry, motivating further development of FLiBe-based T breeding research activities such as LIBRA.

Published
2023
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