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Research on the variation in soil water, heat, and salt in unsaturated zones during the freeze–thaw process has great significance in efficiently utilizing water resources and preventing soil salinization. The freeze–thaw field experiment was carried out with the lysimeter as the test equipment to analyze characteristics of the soil freeze–thaw process, profile water content, main ion content, and salt content of three textured soils with the groundwater table depth of 0.5 m. The results showed that the soil temperature gradient and freezing depth were greater as the average soil particle size increased. The increment of water content at the depth of 0 to 30 cm in sandy loam and loamy sand decreased by 40.20~93.10% and 28.14~65.52% compared with that in sandy soil, and the average increment of salt content at the depth of 0 to 30 cm decreased as the average soil particle size increased during the freeze–thaw period. The average content of Ca2+, Na+, Cl−, and SO42− in loamy sand and sandy soil decreased by 4.37~45.50% and 22.60~70.42% compared with that in sandy loam at the end of the freeze–thaw period, and the correlation between soil salt content and water content decreased with the increase in the average soil particle size. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for soil salinization prevention and crop production in shallow groundwater areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZrTe_{5} has recently attracted much attention due to the observation of intriguing nonreciprocal transport responses which necessitate the lack of inversion symmetry (I). However, there has been debate on the exact I-asymmetric structure and the underlying I-breaking mechanism. Here, we report a spontaneous I breaking in ZrTe_{5} films, which initiates from interlayer sliding and is stabilized by subtle intralayer distortion. Moreover, we predict significant nonlinear anomalous Hall effect (NAHE) and kinetic magnetoelectric effect (KME), which are attributed to the emergence of Berry curvature and orbital magnetization in the absence of I symmetry. We also explicitly manifest the direct coupling between sliding ferroelectricity, NAHE, and KME based on a sliding-dependent k·p model. By studying the subsurface sliding in ZrTe_{5} multilayers, we speculate that surface nonlinear Hall current and magnetization would emerge on the natural cleavage surface. Our findings elucidate the sliding-induced I-broken mechanism in ZrTe_{5} films and open new avenues for tuning nonreciprocal transport properties in Van der Waals layered materials.

Two-dimensional (2D) MXene-loaded single-atom (SA) catalysts have drawn increasing attention. SAs immobilized on oxygen vacancies (O V ) of MXene are predicted to have excellent catalytic performance; however, they have not yet been realized experimentally. Here Pt SAs immobilized on the O V of monolayer Ti 3 C 2 T x flakes are constructed by a rapid thermal shock technique under a H 2 atmosphere. The resultant Ti 3 C 2 T x -Pt SA catalyst exhibits excellent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance, including a small overpotential of 38 mV at 10 mA cm -2 , a high mass activity of 23.21 A mg Pt -1 , and a large turnover frequency of 23.45 s -1 at an overpotential of 100 mV. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations demonstrate that anchoring the Pt SA on the O V of Ti 3 C 2 T x helps to decrease the binding energy and the hybridization strength between H atoms and the supports, contributing to rapid hydrogen adsorption-desorption kinetics and high activity for the HER.