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The previous National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS) (2008-10) in Ireland collected dietary data using a 4-day weighed food record(1), however, the more recent NANS II (2020-21) used 2x24-hour dietary recalls as per EU guidance(2) (collected by telephone due to the Covid-19 pandemic social distancing guidelines). The aim of this study was to investigate the relative validity of two telephone 24-hour dietary recalls against a 4-day weighed food record to estimate energy, macronutrients, dietary fibre and salt intakes in a convenience sample of adults to ascertain comparability between the two methods. A total of 40 participants (19-64 years; 55% female) visited Munster Technological University on four occasions as part of this study. Participants were equally randomised (to complete the food record first followed by the dietary recalls or to complete one dietary recall first, then the food record followed by the 2nd dietary recall (corresponding to the last food record day)). Participants were trained in completing the food record (with researcher visits on day 2/3 and upon completion to review the record/check for completeness). The researcher-led 24-hour dietary recalls were conducted via telephone (at least 7 days apart) (photographic food atlas provided to participants in advance). For both methods, a high level of researcher interaction was employed with detailed dietary data collected at brand level for updating of food composition tables. UK and Irish food composition tables were used to estimate energy and nutrient intakes (food sources only) and mean daily intakes of energy, macronutrients, total sugars, saturated fat, dietary fibre and salt (g, % total energy (%TE), g/10MJ) were estimated from both methods. Differences between methods were assessed using; mean percent difference (calculated as ((mean food record-mean 24-hour recall)/mean food record)*100), paired sample t -tests (to examine differences between mean intakes), Pearson coefficient analyses (to investigate the strength and direction of associations) and cross-classification tertile analysis (nutrient-specific; to quantify the level of agreement between the categorisation of estimates)(3). The mean percent difference between methods was acceptable (1-10% difference) for all nutrients except total sugars in both grams (13% difference) and %TE (11% difference). Paired-samples t -tests showed no significant difference between methods. Correlations ranged from 0.53−0.86 (good) for energy and nutrients, except dietary fibre (0.48: acceptable) (p<0.001). Fifty to eighty percent of participants were classified in the 'exact agreement' category of intake by cross-classification with 90-100% of participants classified in the 'exact agreement/adjacent category'. These findings suggest that two 24-hour telephone dietary recalls may be comparable with a 4-day weighed food record for the estimation of energy, macronutrients, dietary fibre and salt intakes in adults. The methodologies used for both methods (high researcher involvement, brand level data, matching food composition databases) are important for accuracy and their similarities may have improved comparability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to higher education (HE) constitutes a prime opportunity for intervention to address the sub-optimal dietary behaviours (low intake of fruit and vegetables (F&V), infrequent breakfast consumption [BC]), clinically-relevant gains in body mass, and hazardous alcohol consumption (HAC) patterns that have been reported amongst international HE student cohorts(1,2). To inform such interventions, the current cross-sectional study aimed to explore gender differences in habitual F&V consumption, BC, body mass index (BMI), and HAC among first-year undergraduates at a multi-campus university in Ireland. A 42-item web-based questionnaire was distributed by e-mail to first-year undergraduate students across the university's six campuses in semester 1 of 2022/23 (Wave 1) and was repeated in semester 1 of 2023/24 (Wave 2), supplemented by in-class recruitment. Participants met the inclusion criteria if they were a full-time first-year student, and were aged ≥18 years. Participants were asked to quantify their daily servings of F&V (serving defined as 1 piece of fruit, or 3 dessertspoons of vegetables). Habitual BC (days) were reported (weekdays: 0-5, weekend days: 02) and BMI [kg/height(m)2] was calculated from self-reported height and body mass. The AUDIT-C scale (range 0-12) was used to identify HAC on the basis of previously-reported sex-specific threshold scores(3) (females ≥5 and males ≥6). Between-gender differences were examined using Chi-Squared Tests for Independence (categorical data) or Mann-Whitney U Tests (non-parametric continuous data). The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Overall response rate (W1/W2 combined) was 19.0%, (n = 1910, 54.9% female, mean age 19.7 ± 4.0). Median number of F&V servings per day was 4.0 (IQR ± 3.0), with 35.7% reporting ≥5 servings. A significantly higher proportion of females reported consuming ≥5 daily servings of F&V, compared to males (38.6% vs. 32.2%, p = 0.007). In total, 36.4% reported consuming breakfast on all weekdays, whilst 54.4% reported consuming breakfast on both weekend days. Males reported significantly more frequent BC than females on all weekdays (43.7% vs. 35.2%) and weekend days (64.4% vs. 53.4%, p<0.01). In terms of BMI, 7.8% of students were classified with underweight (males: 6.6%, females: 8.8%), 61.0% with normal weight (males: 60.7%, females: 61.4%), 22.1% with overweight (males: 24.5%, females: 20.1%) and 9.1% with obesity (males: 8.3%, females 9.8%). The majority (89.9%) of students reported consuming alcohol, and 65.9% exceeded sex-specific HAC thresholds (males: 70.3% vs. females: 62.5%, p<0.01). The current study has served to highlight sub-optimal dietary behaviours amongst a cohort of firstyear undergraduate students in Ireland. A concerning prevalence of overweight and obesity was also observed, and HAC was prevalent amongst 65.9%. Males appeared to exhibit less favourable behavioural patterns than females in terms of F&V intake and HAC. These findings will inform targeted 'life-course' interventions aimed at improving dietary and health related behaviours within the transformative setting of higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adequate nutrition is important for health at all life stages with micronutrients having an important role in long term health, cognition, healthy development and ageing(1). The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of inadequate intakes and risk of excessive intakes of micronutrients among adults aged 19-64 years and 65 years and over, from a nationally representative sample of adults in Ireland. Analyses were based on the National Adult Nutrition Survey II (NANS II) (2020-21) of 19-92 year olds in the Republic of Ireland (n 1000) (19-64y: 718, ≥65y: 282) (www.iuna.net). Food and beverage intake data (including nutritional supplements) were collected via two independent 24-hour telephone dietary recalls (at least 7 days apart, with each day of the week accounted for in the sampling plan). To assist with the recall, older adults (≥65years) were asked to record their foods the day before the dietary recall and all participants were provided with a photographic food atlas before the scheduled dietary recall. Nutrient intakes were estimated using Nutritics© based on UK food composition data which was updated to include recipes of composite dishes, nutritional supplements, fortified foods and generic Irish foods that were commonly consumed. Usual intakes of micronutrients were calculated via the NCI-method using SAS© Enterprise Guide. The prevalence of inadequate intakes of micronutrients (excluding energy under-reporters)(2) was estimated using estimated average requirements established by the US Institute of Medicine (IOM) (vitamin D)(3), the UK Department of Health (DOH) (thiamin, vitamin B12)(4) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (all other micronutrients)(5). The risk of excessive intake was evaluated by comparing intakes to tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) established by the US Food and Nutrition Board (vitamin C, iron)(6) and EFSA (all other micronutrients)(7). Among those aged 19-64 years, a large proportion of adults had inadequate intakes of vitamin D (61%), vitamin C (41%), folate (37%), calcium (32%), zinc (28%), vitamin B6 (26%), riboflavin (23%), vitamin A (16%) and iron (8%; up to 14% for females). Similarly, a large proportion of adults aged 65 years and over had inadequate intakes of vitamin D (48%), vitamin C (43%), folate (36%), zinc (35%), calcium (31%), vitamin B6 (29%), riboflavin (21%), vitamin A (13%) and iron (11%; up to 13% for females). The proportion of adults with intakes exceeding the UL was negligible for retinol, vitamins D, E, C, B6, preformed niacin, folic acid, calcium and iron (19-64y: <0.3%; ≥65y: <0.7%) and for zinc (19-64y: 2%; ≥65y: 1%). These findings indicate that based on current dietary patterns, significant numbers of adults in Ireland have inadequate intakes of key micronutrients and highlight the need to investigate targeted dietary strategies to address these low intakes among this population group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mathematical model for vacuum evaporation process was developed, which was experimentally validated at different initial pHs and temperatures for ammonia removal from anaerobically digested sludge. Six scenarios were evaluated by combining vacuum evaporation process with anaerobic digestion using anaerobic digestion model 1. These scenarios included a control, a pretreatment by vacuum evaporation, a post-treatment by vacuum evaporation at pH 9, a post-treatment by conventional evaporation (100 °C), an intensification with vacuum-concentrated recycled digestate back to the digester, and a second intensification at pH 9. Results indicated that using the evaporator as post-treatment at pH 9 or for intensification at pH 9 were the most favorable options, recovering more than 76 % of the nitrogen present in influent sludge with no negative effect on methane production. An economic analysis showed that the intensification at pH 9 was cost-neutral, significantly higher than the net present value of the control scenario (-22 M$)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

There is a pressing need to improve risk stratification and treatment selection for HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) due to the adverse side effects of treatment. One of the most important prognostic features is lymph nodes involvement. Previously, we demonstrated that tumor formation in patient-derived xenografts (i.e. engraftment) was associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with HPV-negative HNSCC. However, assessing engraftment is challenging in clinical settings. Here, we perform transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of 88 HNSCC patients and find the relationship between engraftment and clinical outcomes is recapitulated by molecular phenotype. We identify LAMC2 and TGM3 as candidate prognostic biomarkers and validated their utility in an independent cohort containing 404 HPV-negative HNSCC patients. Strikingly, these markers significantly improve prediction of outcomes beyond nodal status alone and can significantly stratify patients without any nodal involvement. Overall, our study demonstrates how the molecular characteristics of engraftment can inform patient prognostication., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Individuals with atopic dermatitis are susceptible to frequent viral skin infections due to compromised epidermal barrier function and immune dysregulation. The diagnosis and management of viral infections in atopic dermatitis can be challenging due to various clinical phenotypes and overlapping clinical features. We reviewed the literature for the diagnosis, aetiology, management, differential diagnoses and complications of these viral infections to provide an up-to-date clinical overview for clinicians involved in caring for patients with atopic dermatitis, including features specific to patients with skin of colour. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate management in cases of uncertainty are crucial due to the risk of life-threatening complications with some viral infections. The differing presentations of these infections in patients with skin of colour are highlighted, as this is an underrepresented area of research. Future research with greater diversity of patients is needed for patients with atopic dermatitis complicated by viral skin infections., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of British Association of Dermatologists. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The teenage years represent a crucial period of physical and cognitive growth and development with sufficient micronutrient intakes necessary to meet high nutritional requirements. This review examines current micronutrient intakes in teenagers in the Western world in the context of public health implications including the prevalence of inadequate intakes and risk of excessive intakes. Intakes of vitamins A, D, E and C, folate, calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc and potassium in teenagers are low when compared to generally accepted recommendations, while there is little risk of excessive micronutrient intakes based on current dietary patterns. Therefore, strategies should focus on increasing micronutrient intakes in order to decrease the risk of negative impacts resulting from these low intakes. These strategies should be mindful of guidance towards an environmentally sustainable diet whilst ensuring that nutrient intakes in teenagers are not further negatively impacted. In order to identify, implement and monitor the effectiveness of such strategies, intakes of micronutrients should be continually monitored in nationally representative samples of the population for all age groups including this vulnerable cohort of teenagers.

Background: Skin concerns are frequent among urban-living Aboriginal children, yet specialist dermatology consultations are limited with studies highlighting the need for improved cultural security. Through newly established paediatric dermatology clinics at two urban Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations (ACCHOs), we aimed to describe clinic and patient data, including disease frequencies and associations, to inform dermatology service provision and advocacy., Methods: A prospective cohort study of Aboriginal children and young people (CYP, 0-18 years) attending Aboriginal Health Practitioner (AHP) co-ordinated paediatric dermatology clinics at two urban ACCHOs., Results: Data were collected from 32 clinics over 19 months, with 335 episodes of care and a mean attendance rate of 74%. From 78 new patients, 72 (92%) were recruited into the study, only one of whom had previously received dermatologist assessment. Eczema, tinea or acne accounted for 47% (34/72) of referrals, and 60% of patients received their first appointment within 4 weeks of referral. In 47/72 (65%) consultations, the GP referral and dermatologist diagnosis concurred. The most frequent diagnoses (primary or secondary) at first consultation were atopic dermatitis (26%, 19/72), dermatophyte infections (25%, 18/72), acne (21%, 15/72), bacterial skin infections (18%, 13/72) and post-inflammatory dyspigmentation (18%, 13/72). Three categories of the 2022 Australasian College of Dermatologists curriculum (infections, eczema/dermatitis, pigmentary disorders) accounted for 59% of all diagnoses., Conclusions: This study highlights the specialist dermatology needs of urban-living Aboriginal CYP. ACCHO-embedded dermatology clinics co-ordinated by AHPs demonstrated benefits for Aboriginal CYP in accessing care. Opportunities to embed dermatology practice within ACCHOs should be prioritised., (© 2024 The Author(s). Australasian Journal of Dermatology published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Australasian College of Dermatologists.)

Background and Objectives: Despite increasing urbanisation, little is known about skin health for urban-living Aboriginal children and young people (CYP, aged <18 years). This study aimed to investigate the primary care burden and clinical characteristics of skin conditions in this cohort., Method: A one-year retrospective cohort study of urban-living Aboriginal CYP presenting for general practitioner (GP) consultation at an Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation (ACCHO) was conducted., Results: At least one dermatological diagnosis was made in 27% (253/939) of GP face-to-face consultations for the 585 urban-living Aboriginal CYP included. Infections and dermatitis accounted for 54% (152/284) and 18% (50/284) of all dermatological diagnoses, respectively. Bacterial skin infection (BSI) cumulative incidence was 13% (74/585; 95% CI 10-16%), with recurrent BSI affecting <1% (5/585; 95% CI 0.3-2%) and hospitalisation required in 1% (1/82; 95% CI 0.06-7%) of incident BSI cases., Discussion: We present a culturally secure, multidisciplinary skin health assessment model within an urban ACCHO, where dermatological conditions account for a significant proportion of GP workload.

Objective: To conduct an exhaustive scoping search of existing literature, incorporating diverse bibliographic sources to elucidate the relationships between metabolite biomarkers in human fluids and dietary intake., Background: The search for biomarkers linked to specific dietary food intake holds immense significance for precision health and nutrition research. Using objective methods to track food consumption through metabolites offers a more accurate way to provide dietary advice and prescriptions on healthy dietary patterns by healthcare professionals. An extensive investigation was conducted on biomarkers associated with the consumption of several food groups and consumption patterns. Evidence is integrated from observational studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses to achieve precision nutrition and metabolism personalization., Methods: Tailored search strategies were applied across databases and gray literature, yielding 158 primary research articles that met strict inclusion criteria. The collected data underwent rigorous analysis using STATA and Python tools. Biomarker-food associations were categorized into 5 groups: cereals and grains, dairy products, protein-rich foods, plant-based foods, and a miscellaneous group. Specific cutoff points (≥3 or ≥4 bibliographic appearances) were established to identify reliable biomarkers indicative of dietary consumption., Results: Key metabolites in plasma, serum, and urine revealed intake from different food groups. For cereals and grains, 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid glucuronide and 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid were significant. Omega-3 fatty acids and specific amino acids showcased dairy and protein foods consumption. Nuts and seafood were linked to hypaphorine and trimethylamine N-oxide. The miscellaneous group featured compounds like theobromine, 7-methylxanthine, caffeine, quinic acid, paraxanthine, and theophylline associated with coffee intake., Conclusions: Data collected from this research demonstrate potential for incorporating precision nutrition into clinical settings and nutritional advice based on accurate estimation of food intake. By customizing dietary recommendations based on individualized metabolic profiles, this approach could significantly improve personalized food consumption health prescriptions and support integrating multiple nutritional data.This article is part of a Nutrition Reviews special collection on Precision Nutrition., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Life Sciences Institute. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

In addition to the ubiquitous loss of the VHL gene in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), co-deletions of chromatin-regulating genes are common drivers of tumorigenesis, suggesting potential vulnerability to epigenetic manipulation. A library of chemical probes targeting a spectrum of epigenetic regulators is screened using a panel of ccRCC models. MS023, a type I protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) inhibitor, is identified as an antitumorigenic agent. Individual knockdowns indicate PRMT1 as the specific critical dependency for cancer growth. Further analyses demonstrate impairments to cell cycle and DNA damage repair pathways upon MS023 treatment or PRMT1 knockdown. PRMT1-specific proteomics reveals an interactome rich in RNA binding proteins and further investigation indicates significant widespread disruptions in mRNA metabolism with both MS023 treatment and PRMT1 knockdown, resulting in R-loop accumulation and DNA damage over time. Our data supports PRMT1 as a target in ccRCC and informs a mechanism-based strategy for translational development., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Biofortification (increasing the micronutrient content of food before harvest) has been successfully used to nutritionally improve staple foods in low- and middle-income countries. This approach could also help address micronutrient shortfalls in at-risk populations in high-income countries (HICs), however, the potential of biofortification interventions in this context is not well understood. The aim of this scoping review is to assess the nature and extent of available research evidence on biofortified foods in relation to human consumption in HICs. Literature searches were conducted in MEDLINE, WoS, ProQuest, CINAHL, AGRIS and Epistemonikos. Forty-six peer-reviewed articles were included. Most research was conducted in the USA ( n  = 15) and Italy ( n  = 11), on cereal crops ( n  = 14) and vegetables ( n  = 11), and on selenium ( n  = 12) and provitamin A ( n  = 11). Seven research domains were identified in the literature: bioavailability ( n  = 17); nutrient stability ( n  = 11); opinions and attitudes ( n  = 9); functionality ( n  = 9); sensory properties ( n  = 2); safety ( n  = 1); and modeling ( n  = 1). Evidence from HICs in each domain is limited. There is a need for more research particularly in areas sensitive to the cultural and socio-economic context.

Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) may experience a variety of medical, behavioral, and educational concerns. The primary objective of this study was to assess barriers to health care for patients with WS, primarily using the Barriers to Care Questionnaire (BCQ), and to assess whether various demographic factors are correlated with these barriers. A REDCap survey was distributed using the Williams Syndrome Association Research Registry. 319 caregivers of individuals with WS in the United States completed the BCQ. On the BCQ, lower scores indicate more barriers to care. Younger age was associated with lower scores for both the pragmatics and the skills subscales while lower income levels and increased distances to providers knowledgeable about WS were consistently associated with lower total BCQ scores., (© 2024. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.)

Introduction: Cases of nitrous oxide (N 2 O)-induced myeloneuropathy are increasing at UK hospitals. At our centre, a dedicated ambulatory care pathway, endorsed nationally, was established to treat and monitor patients with N 2 O-myeloneuropathy in 2021 and refined through three audit cycles. We analysed the outcomes of patients on this pathway to better understand factors associated with non-engagement. Alongside, a novel approach using WhatsApp for questionnaire delivery was trialled in an attempt to improve engagement with treatment., Methods: Patients on the N 2 O ambulatory care pathway were identified from MDT meeting lists from 9 September 2022 to 25 April 2023. Clinical data were collected via electronic clinical records, including the most recent neurological examination and reason for discharge from the pathway. Patients identified from MDT lists from 27 January 2023 to 14 March 2023 were approached to participate in weekly 12-item surveys, delivered via WhatsApp. This was approved as a service development project with approval for WhatsApp use given by the chief clinical information officer., Results: 35/56 (62.5%) patients were discharged from ambulatory care due to non-attendance and 17/56 (30.4%) completed their treatment course. The median time from initial presentation to discharge was 49 days. 24/40 (60.0%) of patients with a final neurological examination documented had a residual deficit, with objective sensory deficits most common. 12 patients were approached to receive weekly questionnaires via WhatsApp. 5/8 who expressed interest returned a consent form. All participants were withdrawn due to non-response or participant choice. 1/5 returned more than two surveys., Conclusion: Despite poor participation in surveys delivered via WhatsApp, novel approaches are needed to improve engagement with patients on the N 2 O ambulatory care pathway., Competing Interests: Competing interests: DM leads the educational campaign N2O: Know the Risks. AJN reports grants from the Queen Mary Impact Fund and Tower Hamlets Council related to nitrous oxide educational programmes and clinical service development and sits on the ACMD advisory council., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objectives: Predeath grief conceptualizes complex feelings of loss experienced for someone who is still living and is linked to poor emotional well-being. The Road Less Travelled program aimed to help carers of people with rarer dementias identify and process predeath grief. This study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of this program., Design: Pre-post interventional mixed methods study., Setting: Online videoconference group program for carers across the UK held in 2021., Participants: Nine family carers of someone living with a rare form of dementia. Eight were female and one male (mean age 58) with two facilitators., Intervention: The Road Less Travelled is an online, facilitated, group-based program that aims to help carers of people with rarer dementias to explore and accept feelings of grief and loss. It involved six fortnightly 2-hour sessions., Measurements: We collected measures for a range of well-being outcomes at baseline (T1), post-intervention (T2), and 3 months post-intervention (T3). We conducted interviews with participants and facilitators at T2., Results: Participant attendance was 98% across all sessions. Findings from the semistructured interviews supported the acceptability of the program and identified improvements in carer well-being. Trends in the outcome measures suggested an improvement in quality of life and a reduction in depression., Conclusion: The program was feasible to conduct and acceptable to participants. Qualitative reports and high attendance suggest perceived benefits to carers, including increased acceptance of grief, and support the need for a larger-scale pilot study to determine effectiveness.

Background: The study aimed to elucidate the prevalence of nitrous oxide (N2O) usage in patients with unexplained venous thromboembolism (VTE), highlighting the potential association with hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcy)., Methods: We conducted a retrospective study at the Royal London Hospital, examining cases of N2O-related VTE from March to August 2023. Among 50 patients identified, four (8%) had recent unprovoked VTE. Patient data were collected based on N2O ambulatory emergency care pathway admissions., Results: Among the 50 patients identified, four (8%) had recent or concurrent VTE. Three were male (75%), with an ethnic distribution of 50% Asian or Asian British and 50% Black or Black British. Patients were distributed across quintiles of the index of multiple deprivation. All had actual or functional vitamin B12 deficiency., Discussion: The association between N2O use and VTE requires further investigation, though a plausible mechanism involving HHcy has been proposed. Clinicians should be vigilant for VTE in N2O users, especially those presenting with unexplained symptoms. VTE prophylaxis may be worth considering, particularly if continued exposure to nitrous oxide is anticipated., Conclusion: N2O misuse may increase the risk of VTE, warranting attention from healthcare providers. Further research is needed to elucidate this association and inform preventive strategies. Public awareness about the risks of N2O remains essential., Competing Interests: Competing interests: AN reports grants from the Queen Mary Impact Fund and Tower Hamlets Council related to nitrous oxide educational programmes and clinical service development. DM leads the educational campaign N2O: Know the Risks. All other authors declare no competing interests., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objective: To identify the main foods determining SFA intakes and model the impact of food exchanges to improve compliance with dietary fat recommendations in Irish children., Design: Estimated food and nutrient intakes were obtained from a cross-sectional study, the National Children's Food Survey II. Participants were categorised into low, medium and high SFA consumers, and the contribution of food categories to SFA intakes was compared. A food-exchange model was developed, whereby a selected range of high SFA foods was exchanged with lower SFA or unsaturated fat alternatives., Setting: Participants were randomly selected from primary schools throughout the Republic of Ireland., Participants: A representative sample of 600 Irish children (5-12 years)., Results: The main determinants of low and high SFA consumers were milk, cheese and butter. These foods, including snack foods and meat and meat products, were considered exchangeable foods within the model. Compared with baseline data, modelled intakes for total fat, SFA, MUFA and trans -fat presented decreases of 3·2, 2·7, 1·6 and < 0·1 % of total energy (% TE), respectively. PUFA, n -6, n -3 and alpha-linolenic acid showed increases of 1·0, 0·8, 0·2 and 0·1 % TE, respectively. Compliance with total fat, MUFA and trans -fat recommendations remained adequate (100 %). Adherence to SFA and PUFA recommendations improved from 18 to 63 % and 80 to 100 %, respectively., Conclusion: The food-exchange model decreased SFA intakes and increased PUFA intakes, suggesting modest dietary changes to children's diets can effectively improve their overall dietary fat profile.

Meme-making is an effective method for engaging students and enhancing the learning environment. Memes are a social media cultural phenomenon that the majority of those in Higher Education are exposed to on an almost daily occurrence. This research examined the use of meme-making within the forensic sciences to allow students to reflect on their knowledge. Students studying modules in forensic science across six universities in the UK and USA participated in the study. At the end of a teaching session, students produced a meme (using Meme Generator) to reflect on what they had learned; memes were then shared with the class anonymously via Padlet. This allowed all class members to see and engage with the memes created. At the end of the activity students were anonymously surveyed on their experience using Microsoft Forms and analysis of the results were undertaken using SPSS software. Meme-making was found to be an inclusive learning activity with no limitations, including age (part-time, distance learning and visually impaired students were not part of the study parameters). Results showed that not only did students find the practice fun, but it also helped with the retention of the class content suggesting that the meme-making process is an effective way to enhance the learning environment while engaging students. Student feedback suggests that to maximise participation the educator should stress reflection and learning as the key purpose of generating a meme, rather than being witty or entertaining. The forensic science educator should be mindful of selecting appropriate subject matter for this often-humorous activity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)