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Improving the performance of solar modules requires the implementation of both spectral and directional irradiance optimization. The performance of bifacial four-terminal tandem minimodules with a 100 cm2 area is reported, both indoor and outdoor measurements. We demonstrate a 24.5 mW/cm2 (bifacial irradiance 200 W/m2) bifacial tandem power density, measured according to a tandem adapted IEC60904-1-2 protocol, which constitutes a 3 mW/cm2 gain with respect to monofacial use. In addition, we show that in outdoor measurements bifacial four terminal tandems outperform identical monofacial four terminal tandems by 26% on average, depending on incident angle, injection level and temperature, in a 10% albedo environment. The average gain is higher for outdoor performance than for indoor performance, due to variations in relative rear irradiance.

Single junction crystalline silicon (c‐Si) solar cells are reaching their practical efficiency limit whereas perovskite/c‐Si tandem solar cells have achieved efficiencies above the theoretical limit of single junction c‐Si solar cells. Next to low‐thermal budget silicon heterojunction architecture, high‐thermal budget carrier‐selective passivating contacts (CSPCs) based on polycrystalline‐SiOx (poly‐SiOx) also constitute a promising architecture for high efficiency perovskite/c‐Si tandem solar cells. In this work, we present the development of c‐Si bottom cells based on high temperature poly‐SiOx CSPCs and demonstrate novel high efficiency four‐terminal (4T) and two‐terminal (2T) perovskite/c‐Si tandem solar cells. First, we tuned the ultra‐thin, thermally grown SiOx. Then we optimized the passivation properties of p‐type and n‐type doped poly‐SiOx CSPCs. Here, we have optimized the p‐type doped poly‐SiOx CSPC on textured interfaces via a two‐step annealing process. Finally, we integrated such bottom solar cells in both 4T and 2T tandems, achieving 28.1% and 23.2% conversion efficiency, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently perovskite/crystalline Si (cSi) tandem cells draw considerable attention because their high efficiency can reduce the levelized cost of electricity and increase the power density of photovoltaics (PVs) to accelerate the energy transition. While the theoretical limits for tandem cells are well known, the practical limits are less clear. Herein, a new method is presented to calculate the efficiency of a four-terminal (4T) tandem based on the performance of singlejunction perovskite and cSi cells, using their detailed-balance efficiency fraction. This calculation method is validated with experiments on 4T perovskite/cSi tandem cells that provide a maximum efficiency of 28.0% and with the literature data available for similar configurations. A maximum efficiency of about 36% is estimated for 4T perovskite/cSi tandem cells that would use present record perovskite and cSi PV cells. This can be regarded as the practical efficiency limit for 4T perovskite/cSi tandem devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the performance of solar modules requires the implementation of both spectral and directional irradiance optimization. The performance of bifacial four-terminal tandem minimodules with a 100 cm2 area is reported, both indoor and outdoor measurements. We demonstrate a 24.5 mW/cm2 (bifacial irradiance 200 W/m2) bifacial tandem power density, measured according to a tandem adapted IEC60904-1-2 protocol, which constitutes a 3 mW/cm2 gain with respect to monofacial use. In addition, we show that in outdoor measurements bifacial four terminal tandems outperform identical monofacial four terminal tandems by 26% on average, depending on incident angle, injection level and temperature, in a 10% albedo environment. The average gain is higher for outdoor performance than for indoor performance, due to variations in relative rear irradiance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]