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In any space mission, maintaining subsystems temperature within the allowed limits is a difficult challenge. Parts exposed to the Sun need to be cooled because temperatures rise extremely high, while parts not directly exposed to the Sun need to be heated, because temperatures can drop dramatically. The vacuum does not conduct heat, so the only way to transfer energy is through electromagnetic radiation, generated by the thermal motion of particles in matter. Operating on a planet surface allow convective dissipation and, to a lesser extent, conductive heat dissipation. Furthermore, Mars’ thin atmosphere mitigates the strong temperature gradients that would occur in a vacuum. Nevertheless, external parts of the rover are exposed to temperature ranging between – 123°C - +40°C. In this paper, the thermal control system of NASA’s Curiosity rover will be presented, analyzing the challenges of maintaining suitable operating conditions in Martian environment and the solutions adopted to allow safe operations.

In the design and development phases of electro-hydraulic actuators (EHAs) used for aircraft flight controls, it is often necessary to carry out accurate and high-fidelity fluid dynamics simulations to evaluate the system behaviour within its entire operating range and, if necessary, investigate its most critical issues. These high-fidelity simulations (nowadays achievable with different techniques and commercial software) generally become pretty expensive from a computational perspective. Therefore, especially in the preliminary design phases or implementing system health monitoring algorithms (in real-time), the need to adopt simplified models emerges definitely (albeit capable of guaranteeing the appropriate level of detail and accuracy). These simplified models are also essential for developing effective and reliable model-based prognostic strategies capable of performing early health assessments of EHA valves. This work proposes a new lumped-parameters simplified numerical model, which, despite having a very compact formulation and reduced computational costs, simulates the internal fluid dynamics of the valve, overcoming some critical issues typical of other models available in the literature. It evaluates valve performance as a function of spool position and environmental conditions (e.g. supply pressure), better-assessing flow rate feedback, internal leakages, and other operating conditions (e.g. spool fine adjustment, pressure supply variable, overpressure, or water hammer). The performance of this numerical model is evaluated comparing with other simplified models published in the literature. Moreover, it is validated with a high-fidelity digital twin that simulates the behaviour of the valve, taking into account the geometry of the spool, the properties of the hydraulic fluid, and the local internal fluid-dynamics (laminar or turbulent regime, cavitation, etc.).