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Disinfectants and antiseptics lead in reducing the number of microorganisms, including pathogenic ones, thus limiting the number of infections. In the veterinary field, disinfection prevents the transfer of pathogenic microorganisms from animals to humans and vice versa, as well as among animals. Several assays of disinfectant antimicrobial activity testing, often not standardized, without appropriate controls, and not validated, have been used and published. To unify these methods, nine European Standards (ENs) for the veterinary area have been prepared. These tests make it possible to examine whether a given disinfectant has bactericidal, fungicidal, or virucidal activity by the standard. This publication discusses ENs regarding the assessment of the above-mentioned antimicrobial activity of disinfectants used in veterinary medicine. Recent research on this topic has also been cited. According to ENs, tests are carried out using the suspension method or carriers in clean and dirty conditions. The decontamination of high-risk animal and zoonotic pathogens is also discussed. Selected publications on cattle, pig, poultry, and aquaculture farm disinfection are presented. Only valid methods of the described studies with appropriate statistical analysis can prove adequate antimicrobial activity. So far, the role of international standards in investigating the antimicrobial activity of disinfectants and antiseptics to reduce infections has been underestimated. This publication highlights gaps and irregularities in conducted research and aims to inform about existing EN standards dedicated to testing the biocidal activity of disinfectants and antiseptics intended for use in the veterinary area.

Transplantology is a branch of medicine that is developing rapidly. Transplanted whole organs or segments of organs may be recovered from either living or deceased donors. New methods of preserving transplanted solid organs, including the kidney, liver, heart, lung, and pancreas, as well as tissues, such as the cornea and skin, are being developed. Preservation fluid, which is used to perfuse and store the donated organ or tissue, should reduce biological deterioration of organs and tissue, attenuate ischemia/reperfusion-induced cell/tissue injury, and protect against damage. Lowering the storage temperature of organs significantly reduces the risk of damage. Efforts are also made to shorten the time between collecting the organ or tissue from the donor and transplanting it in the recipient. However, during transplantation, the recipient may become infected, primarily with bacteria and fungi. Infections of organ recipients occur most often due to unhygienic organ collection, improper handling and transport, and inappropriate preservation conditions, especially contamination of preservation fluid. The literature on contamination of organ preservation fluid and infections in graft recipients is very diverse, both in terms of the isolated bacterial and fungal species and the number of incidents. A large percentage of contaminating microorganisms belong to the generally non-pathogenic skin microbiota, but there are also cases of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Besides, the transplanted organs themselves may pose a danger. They may contain latent microorganisms, mainly viruses and parasites, that could be activated in a patient who has been subjected to immunosuppression to reduce the risk of organ rejection.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) commonly used in clinical practice may cause gastrointestinal injuries and influence the gut microbiota. This study investigated the effects of various NSAIDs and some analgesics on the viability of Lactobacillaceae strains (including probiotic strains) in vitro. It was found that diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, dexketoprofen, flurbiprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid inhibited the growth of lactobacilli at a concentration of 0.05−3.2 mg/ml. These MICs of NSAIDs are well above therapeutic plasma concentrations achieved in humans, indicating that the tested drugs should not inhibit the growth of lactobacilli in the human digestive tract.

Lactic acid bacteria are used in various types of probiotic products. Due to the constantly growing probiotics market, new strains with pro-health properties are sought. The present study compared 39 strains of Lactobacillus, Lacticaseibacillus, and Lactiplantibacillus, isolated from probiotic products and healthy people. The current research aimed to search for new, potentially probiotic strains. For this purpose the relationship between Lactobacillaceae strains was carried out; moreover, the basic properties of probiotic microorganisms, such as survival at low pH and bile salt environment, antibiotic susceptibility, aggregation and antagonism were estimated. The properties of these isolates were also compared with the properties of probiotic strains from the ATCC collection. In comparing the genetic relationship (PFGE method) between the tested isolates, it was observed that some of them show a high degree of similarity. All tested strains tolerated an environment with a pH value of 3.0, and the addition of 0.3% bile salt; showed auto-aggregation properties and displayed antagonism against pathogenic microorganisms. In the present study, the bacteria were susceptible to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and ampicillin; the resistance to vancomycin

Despite the urgent need for new antibiotics, very few innovative antibiotics have recently entered clinics or clinical trials. To provide a constant supply of new drug candidates optimized in terms of their potential to select for resistance in natural settings, in vitro resistance-predicting studies need to be improved and scaled up. In this review, the following in vitro parameters are presented: frequency of spontaneous mutant selection (FSMS), mutant prevention concentration (MPC), dominant mutant prevention concentration (MPC-D), inferior-mutant prevention concentration (MPC-F), and minimal selective concentration (MSC). The utility of various adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) approaches (serial transfer, continuous culture, and evolution in spatiotemporal microenvironments) for comparing hits in terms of the level and time required for multistep resistance to emerge is discussed. We also consider how the hit-to-lead stage can benefit from high-throughput ALE setups based on robotic workstations, do-it-yourself (DIY) continuous cultivation systems, microbial evolution and growth arena (MEGA) plates, soft agar gradient evolution (SAGE) plates, microfluidic chips, or microdroplet technology. Finally, approaches for evaluating the fitness of in vitro-generated resistant mutants are presented. This review aims to draw attention to newly emerged ideas on how to improve the in vitro forecasting of the potential of compounds to select for resistance in natural settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transplantology is a branch of medicine that is developing rapidly. Transplanted whole organs or segments of organs may be recovered from either living or deceased donors. New methods of preserving transplanted solid organs, including the kidney, liver, heart, lung, and pancreas, as well as tissues, such as the cornea and skin, are being developed. Preservation fluid, which is used to perfuse and store the donated organ or tissue, should reduce biological deterioration of organs and tissue, attenuate ischemia/reperfusion-induced cell/tissue injury, and protect against damage. Lowering the storage temperature of organs significantly reduces the risk of damage. Efforts are also made to shorten the time between collecting the organ or tissue from the donor and transplanting it in the recipient. However, during transplantation, the recipient may become infected, primarily with bacteria and fungi. Infections of organ recipients occur most often due to unhygienic organ collection, improper handling and transport, and inappropriate preservation conditions, especially contamination of preservation fluid. The literature on contamination of organ preservation fluid and infections in graft recipients is very diverse, both in terms of the isolated bacterial and fungal species and the number of incidents. A large percentage of contaminating microorganisms belong to the generally non-pathogenic skin microbiota, but there are also cases of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Besides, the transplanted organs themselves may pose a danger. They may contain latent microorganisms, mainly viruses and parasites, that could be activated in a patient who has been subjected to immunosuppression to reduce the risk of organ rejection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]