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Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have emerged as a potential candidate for third-generation thin film solar energy conversion systems because of their outstanding optoelectronic properties, cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and easy manufacturing process. The electron transport layer is one of the most essential components in DSSCs since it plays a crucial role in the device's greatest performance. Silver ions as a dopant have drawn attention in DSSC device applications because of their stability under ambient conditions, decreased charge recombination, increased efficient charge transfer, and optical, structural, and electrochemical properties. Because of these concepts, herein, we report the synthesis of pristine TiO2 using a novel green modified solvothermal simplistic method. Additionally, the prepared semiconductor nanomaterials, Ag-doped TiO2 with percentages of 1, 2, 3, and 4%, were used as photoanodes to enhance the device's performance. The obtained nanomaterials were characterized using XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, EDS, and UV–vis techniques. The average crystallite size for pristine TiO2 and Ag-doped TiO2 with percentages of 1, 2, 3, and 4% was found to be 13 nm by using the highest intensity peaks in the XRD spectra. The Ag-doped TiO2 nanomaterials exhibited excellent photovoltaic activity as compared to pristine TiO2. The incorporation of Ag could assist in successful charge transport and minimize the charge recombination process. The DSSCs showed a Jsc of 8.336 mA/cm2, a Voc of 698 mV, and an FF of 0.422 with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.45% at a Ag concentration of 4% under illumination of 100 mW/cm2 power with N719 dye, indicating an important improvement when compared to 2% Ag-doped (PCE of 0.97%) and pristine TiO2 (PCE of 0.62%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, we study the Finslerian hypersurfaces of a special generalized (α, β)-metric in the form L(α, β) = α(β α), with condition (0) = 0 (0) = 00 (0) = 000 (0) = 1. Further, we examined the hypersurfaces of this special metric as a hyperplane of first, second and third kinds with certain condition on the above Finsler metric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

R. Miron initiated the study of L-duality in Lagrange and Finsler spaces in 1987. The concrete L-duals of the Randers metric, Kropina metric, Matsumoto metric, exponential metric, as well as a few more unique (a, B)- metrics, are really just an of the remarkable results obtained. The importance of L-duality, however, is basically limited to finding the dual of a few key Finsler functions. In this paper, we find L- Dual of a Finsler space with a special (a, B)- metric F =, where a is a Riemannian metric and B is a differential one form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel synergistic botanical formulation comprising garlic oil and cashew nut shell liquid was developed using spontaneous emulsification methodology as a sustainable alternative for management of early blight disease. Based on the stability studies, GCNE (5%) comprising of garlic oil, surfactants, cashew nut shell liquid and water in ratio of 5:10:10:75 were optimum for developing stable nano-emulsion. The particle size of nanoemlusion with 5% cashew nut shell liquid was 25.15 nm, poly dispersity index (PDI) 0.238 and zeta potential 33.03 mV. The developed nano-emlusion GCNE (5%) was more effective in controlling Alterineriasolani, the causative agent of early blight of tomato under in-vitro and field conditions in comparison to bulk garlic oil, cashew nut shell liquid and garlic nano-emlusion. The formulation developed showed synergism and ready mix of developed nano-emlusion showed better synergism in comparison to tank mix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1997, S. Basco and M. Matsumoto introduced the concepts of Douglas spaces with a generalization of the notion of Berwald spaces. Weakly-Berwald space is one of the generalizations of Berwald spaces. In the present paper, we considered a cubic (a, ß)-metric which is a special class of p-power Finsler metric and obtained the conditions under which the Finsler space with such special metric will be a Weakly-Berwald space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Igarashi introduce the concept of (α, β)-metric in Cartan space ln analogously to one in Finsler space and obtained the basic important geometric properties and also investigate the special class of the space with (α, β)-metric in ln in terms of 'invariants' . In the present paper, we determine the 'invariants' in two different cases of deformed infinite series metric, which characterize the special classes of Cartan spaces ln .Further, we investigate some classes of deformed infinite series spaces and obtain deformed infinite series class which will provide the example of Cartan spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) based technology is actively competing in the global photovoltaic market with high conversion efficiency. Commercial CIGS modules are anticipated to perform on rated output in the field condition for 20 years. Potential induced degradation (PID) is considered as one of the critical concerns among all the current reliability assessment issues. PID accelerated tests have been performed on pre‐commercial CIGS modules to investigate reduction in electrical performance. We report the severe reduction in electrical performance after PID is correlated to the microstructural and chemical properties of the constituent materials. Under extreme PID stress, the cell surface reveals various defects including crater formation. The aim of this article is to explore the consequences of PID induced craters on the efficiency of CIGS solar cells by investigating material degradation kinetics. In this perspective, we present the root cause of PID in CIGS thin‐film modules in relation to microstructural defects by detailed investigation using J‐V analysis, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Raman spectroscopy, X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). This analysis can provide more effective and sustainable research strategies to cultivate more efficient and reliable CIGS technologies in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of present paper to determine the Finsler spaces due to deformation of special Finsler (α, β)-metric. Consequently, we obtained the non-holonomic frame with the help of α² = aij(x)yiyj, one form metric β = bi(x)yi and infinite series of (α, β) metric such as the forms I: (***) + α² = F¹2 + F²2 i.e. sum of the square of infinite series of (_, β)-metric and square of Riemannian metric II: (***) + α² = F²1 + F²3 i.e. sum of the square of infinite series of (_, β)-metric and square of 1-form metric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic–inorganic perovskites photovoltaic materials are considered as one of the promising candidates for the emerging photovoltaic (PV) sector. It has drawn tremendous attention from fundamental research and PV industries, due to its high efficiency, chemical properties, and low fabrication cost. But, its lifetime under real field operation is always the major obstacle toward commercialization. Potential‐induced degradation (PID) is known as the common reliable threat in the established commercial PV technologies which lead to catastrophic failure within a short time. Thus, it is essential to enable reliability assessment of PID on the precommercial development stage of perovskite photovoltaics to further enrich the confidence by identifying, eliminating, and developing an understanding of the possible degradation mechanism in the field condition. In this article, different architecture‐based perovskite solar cells are studied to reveal the degradation mechanism under PID for the first time. The results show that PSCs of n–i–p with a phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) layer have good stability under PID compared with other treated structures with only 4% degradation after 18 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work is to explore a special class of p-power Finsler metric called the cubic (α,β)-metric and to determine the circumstances under which the Finsler space containing such a special metric will be locally Minkowskian and Conformally at. Furthermore, we proved that under homothetic Conformal transformation, this metric is Conformally Minkowskian and Conformally Berwald. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]