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Le rugby a représenté un aspect non-négligeable des relations franco-britanniques tout au long du vingtième siècle. Ces relations sportives n’ont pas été de tout repos et ont porté les préjugés construits depuis la fin du xviiie siècle par les guerres entre les deux nations. Dès les années 1910-1920, les rugby unions britanniques font valoir de nombreux griefs à l’égard du rugby français. Les rugbymen français seraient soumis à leurs passions, brutaux et, surtout, pratiqueraient de manière presque ouverte le professionnalisme. Ces accusations provoquent l’éviction du quinze de France du Tournoi des Cinq nations en 1931. L’une des conséquences de cette exclusion est le développement du rugby à XIII en France. Malgré le retour des Bleus dans le Tournoi en 1947, les préjugés ont la vie dure mais le dirigeant français René Crabos évite habilement une nouvelle rupture. Désormais, les relations franco-britanniques en matière de rugby sont caractérisées par le déni et le partage d’intérêts bien compris.

Drawing from similar "use-wear" evidence gathered by other scientists, Arthur recounts how the first beers were brewed around 11,000 BCE, when people at Raqefet Cave (in what is now Israel) began collecting wild grains, which they placed in stone pits to produce beer. In I Pilsner: How the Beer of Kings Changed the World i , Tom Acitelli traces the rise of the "world's most popular beer" from its roots in Pilsen, Bohemia, where Josef Groll took "a millennia-old beer in a new direction" (35). Johan F. M. Swinnen (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 79-106; Zhiguo Yang, "'This Beer Tastes Really Good': Nationalism, Consumer Culture, and Development of the Beer Industry in Qingdao, 1903-1993", I Chinese Historical Review i 14, no. 1 (2007): 29-58. 4 See, e.g., Tony Collins and Vamplew Wray, I Mud, Sweat, and Beers: A Cultural History of Sport and Alcohol i . [Extracted from the article]

Integrin_K+ Channel_Complexes (IKCs), are implicated in neurodevelopment and cause developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) through mechanisms that were poorly understood. Here, we investigate the function of neocortical IKCs formed by voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels Kcnb1 and α5β5 integrin dimers in wild-type (WT) and homozygous knock-in (KI) Kcnb1R312H(+/+) mouse model of DEE. Kcnb1R312H(+/+) mice suffer from severe cognitive deficit and compulsive behavior. Their brains show neuronal damage in multiple areas and disrupted corticocortical and corticothalamic connectivity along with aberrant glutamatergic vesicular transport. Surprisingly, the electrical properties of Kcnb1R312H(+/+) pyramidal neurons are similar to those of WT neurons, indicating that the arginine to histidine replacement does not affect the conducting properties of the mutant channel. In contrast, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, biochemistry, and immunofluorescence, reveal marked differences in the way WT and Kcnb1R312H(+/+) neurons modulate the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, a key player in the processes underlying neurodevelopment. Together these results demonstrate that Kv channels can cause multiple conditions, including epileptic seizures, through mechanisms that do not involve their conducting functions and put forward the idea that the etiology of DEE may be primarily non-ionic. Mouse model of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy sheds light on the role of Integrin-K+ channel_Complex in the context of neurodevelopment and associated pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although graduates of elite Irish fee-paying schools are disproportionately represented in the Irish men's national rugby union team, Irish international games are among the most popular on Irish terrestrial television, signifying rugby's growth as a spectator sport in Ireland. This article examines the role of Irish print, broadcast media and related publications in popularising elite-level Irish rugby. Employing a principally Bourdieusian theoretical perspective it analyses how media representation obscures the significance of class background and elite schooling in facilitating players' individual and collective social advancement and material gain prior to, in and beyond rugby careers. One is by highlighting players' relatability and transcendence of class privilege as the antithesis of the popular Irish caricature of an arrogant, privately educated former schools rugby player, Ross O'Carroll Kelly. The second is the displacement of class, in media representations, onto narratives, and performances, of regional and stylistic variety that are contained within an all-encompassing, inclusive conceptualization of 'middle Ireland'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper highlights that the proliferation of Indigenous sport research has not been focused on examining Indigenous games and sports. Additionally, no one has to date produced a framework for understanding them on their own merits even though these games now form part of a national physical education curriculum. The overwhelming majority of research focuses on Indigenous engagement with the British imports of cricket, the rugby codes, soccer, and Australian Rules football. We argue that this focus serves to diminish Indigenous cultures and adaptability to colonial forces, that, while disruptive, never eliminated Indigenous games and sports which go back as far as 60,000 years. We lay out such a framework in the hopes that future research will ensure that Indigenous games and sports are understood historically and in the present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a response to Robert Fassolette and Mark Rylance's views on the history of Rugby League in Vichy France. The author, Keith Rathbone, argues that the ban on Rugby League was not solely due to lobbying by Rugby Union officials, but rather part of a wider effort by the Vichy state to rejuvenate French sports. Rathbone emphasizes the importance of contemporary sources and evidence from the Vichy Sports Ministry, which provide insight into the decision to ban Rugby League. The author also critiques the reliance on postwar interviews and testimonies, highlighting their potential biases and unreliability. [Extracted from the article]

The text discusses the banning of rugby league during the Vichy regime in France. Rugby league was considered too similar to rugby union and was therefore banned, despite being a separate sport with a long history. Other sports were allowed to continue, but rugby league was suppressed entirely. The ban was justified under the pretext of merging the two federations and promoting robust competition, but this reasoning is questionable. The author argues that the ban was a deliberate attempt to remove rugby league from the French sporting scene. The text also highlights the importance of considering the wider context of the Occupation and the impact it had on French society. [Extracted from the article]

This study explores the intersections between the study of sport and the study of the city through the extension of sport history to themes traditionally explored by geography—notably urban planning scholars. Its focus is two case studies related to urban planning decisions in early millennial Sydney, Australia. Through an examination of public submissions in response to building development applications made by two community-owned professional sports organizations competing in the National Rugby League, the study explores how modern sporting fandom complicates ideas about place and locality through forms of delocalization and glocalization. The authors conclude that when exploring the phenomenon of place protection, the built environment is not necessarily the primary factor informing a sense of place attachment in an urban environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study I return to an announcement of a new club that appeared in The Times in 1902. It remained in my mind over many years because of the description of a black cook who was expected to take a post in the Columbia Club's kitchen. Though brief, this reference to a black Southern woman working in a London kitchen raised several questions, many of which I was unable to answer. Focusing on this announcement, I return to this nameless domestic worker within a strand of my current book project that explores how people lived together in the multi-ethnic cities and towns in the Victorian fin de siècle. Using reports and advertisements in newspapers, I explore the labour undertaken by black working-class men and women within the hierarchies of domestic labour, specifically the spaces of London's kitchens, and how we can reconstruct or imagine the experiences of those who (may have) cooked in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An object without a story offers limited interpretation options to a conscientious museum team. The World Rugby Museum (WRM) houses objects classified as national treasures, such as the Calcutta Cup, but it is also home to a miscellaneous collection related to the history of female participation in rugby union. The newly refurbished WRM is dedicated to telling the multidimensional history of rugby, including women's rugby. However, the gender bias of rugby as a male-dominated sport is reflected in the archives, and some of the female-specific archival sources have yet to be entirely understood. The collaboration between museum and academic partner through a research student allows the rich, but admittedly limited, sources at the WRM to be explored to their full potential, providing opportunities for further interpretation within exhibitions, and to expand the WRM archives regarding the history of women in rugby union. This paper presents three case studies to illustrate the ways in which the WRM is benefitting from a collaborative doctoral research project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the way arbitration approaches developed through the first four stages of rule development, focusing in turn on the ways the popularity of wagering first created more need for formally signed 'articles of agreement' for each match, and then the inclusion of arbitration and judgement methods in the emerging early forms of rules. It then shows the way various official roles evolved over time alongside broader rule developments: the need for 'umpires' in cricket, pugilism, and some other sports; the role of 'tryers', 'judges' and 'stewards' in horse racing; arbitration through expertise, experience, and status in cockfighting; and the rare attempts to take appeals beyond the immediate game. It then explores how these official roles developed from the early nineteenth century onwards, as national organizations grew in power, and how a new role, the neutral 'referee', was created to arrive at a solution when umpires or others disagreed. Changes in later nineteenth-century rugby and soccer illustrate the way the then new forms of football followed earlier processes in moving towards more neutral forms of arbitration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Materiales para la Historia del Deporte is the property of Polytechnic University of Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the first half of the nineteenth century the Cornish economy was thriving, dominated by the metal mining industry. When the economy was thriving Cornish wrestling was at the height of its popularity when a large number of wrestlers entered numerous tournaments for lucrative prizes and witnessed by large crowds. It was also the time when the sport flourished in London. The leading wrestler during this period was Tom Gundry, who in a relatively short career won many of the tournaments in Cornwall, Devon and London and consequently was able to amass a significant sum in prize money. Despite his prominence he occasionally resorted to match-fixing or 'faggoting' with his opponents. During the second half of the nineteenth century, however, there was a collapse of the economy which had a deleterious effect upon Cornish wrestling with decreases in numbers of wrestlers, tournaments, prize money and spectators. The sport also disappeared from London. The common thread running throughout the nineteenth century is a 'persistence of difference'. Cornwall's historical experience was different from the rest of Britain and that difference has persisted over time and has led to a unique identity. Cornish wrestling contributed to the construction of that identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peer review is the key to ensuring that the articles published in scientific journals such as JGR: Planets are based on sound scientific principles, follow state‐of‐the‐art techniques, and present exciting discoveries or novel understanding of the fundamental processes that affect solar system objects. JGR: Planets covers an extraordinarily broad range of topics addressing every aspect of geoscience with the only requirement that the work addresses planetary processes. The breadth of topics published is reflected by our editorial team composed in 2022 of associate editors Jun Cui, Joel Davis, Leigh Fletcher, Matthias Grott, Ananya Mallik, German Martínez, Molly McCanta, Katarina Miljkovic, Ryan Park, Andrew Poppe, Beatrix Sánchez‐Cano, Mariek Schmidt, Yasuhito Sekine, Kelsi Singer, Sonia Tikoo, David Trang, and Zhiyong Xiao in addition to the editors who authored this note. We rely on the expertise of the community to vet the articles submitted to the journal. In 2022, JGR: Planets benefited from 1,299 reviews provided by 775 unique volunteer reviewers. We also received help from 29 guest editors working on seven active special collections. We know that all our volunteers juggle many duties, both professional and personal. We are forever grateful that they chose to dedicate their time and energy to evaluating submitted manuscripts and advising us on the suitability of each manuscript for our journal, often suggesting ways to improve the paper. Scientific publishing is truly a selfless community effort. The entire editorial board of JGR: Planets wishes to express their most heartfelt gratitude to the many scientists who chose to support their journal. Thank you! Plain Language Summary: The expertise and dedication of peer reviewers are the keys to ensuring that the articles published in JGR: Planets are thoroughly vetted and present exciting discoveries or novel understanding of the fundamental processes that affect solar system objects. In 2022, JGR: Planets benefited from 1,299 reviews provided by 775 unique reviewers and from the help of 29 guest editors working on seven active special collections. We are forever grateful that so many scientists chose to dedicate their time and energy to evaluating and suggesting ways to improve each submitted manuscript. Scientific publishing is truly a community effort. The entire editorial board of JGR: Planets wishes to express here our most heartfelt gratitude to the many scientists who chose to support their journal. Thank you! Key Points: Peer review ensures that JGR: Planets publishes planetary science papers of the highest qualityIn 2022, 775 individuals provided 1,299 reviews of the submitted papersPeer reviewers: thank you for your service to the planetary community [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2015, religious freedom has become a heated and divisive political and public policy issue in Australia. While rarely defined or interrogated, 'religious freedom' does not exist as a value-neutral principle with a single meaning. Rather, its discursive constructions are varied and serve to promote certain interests at the expense of others. Offering a new perspective on the politics of religious freedom, this paper draws together four separate studies of the public discourse of religious freedom in Australia (spanning 35 years from 1984 to 2019) to chart how its framing has changed over time and to explore the implications of these changes. This analysis reveals three major discourses of religious freedom emerging over three phases: 'religious diversity'; 'balancing rights'; and 'freedom of belief'. This paper demonstrates how, once used to promote a progressive social agenda, religious freedom has become weaponised by the Christian Right and culture warriors in their battle to entrench in law the ongoing acceptability of discrimination against LGBTIQ+ people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By utilising revised definitions of commercialism, sports products and entrepreneurship, it is argued that sport in Europe has had a long association with commerce, one dating back to Antiquity. It is shown that this relationship involving spectator products, player products, professional participants and associated economic activity such as gambling, construction and sports tourism continued through Medieval times, the Renaissance and into the Enlightenment (and beyond). A discussion considers the chronology of commercialism in sport, the role of capitalism and how sport commercialisation relates to Guttmann's theory of modernisation in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ayer: Revista de Historia Contemporánea is the property of Asociacion de Historia Contemporanea and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the 1990s, scholars interested in French Rugby League have argued that the Fédération française de rugby, France's Rugby Union organisation, and especially its honorary president Paul Voivenel, collaborated with a cabal inside the Vichy government to destroy their League rivals who had 'rebelled against the authority of French rugby'. Although the Vichy regime absolutely attacked Rugby League, the evidence for a conspiracy between Rugby Union federation and the state remains unsupported by any evidence. A rereading of the sources on Vichy's engagement with French Rugby League shows that their despoliation fell in line with other reforms undertaken by the French state at the same time. The Vichy French state undermined French Rugby League in line with their efforts to rationalise sports and maximise the number of athletes and contests across the metropole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Second Republic proletarian sport developed in Castile, with a prominent socialist and communist influence and a clear international scope, bringing physical activity closer to the popular sectors. During the Spanish Civil War leftist social and political organizations understood it as a class-based conflict with sport as a distinctive key element of the working-class and managed to create battalions, some of them closely related to sport. The main objectives of this study are to clarify the formation, development and significance of the Alpine Battalion, and to discuss the role of sportsmen in wartime as a consequence of their political and sport practices. To achieve these targets, archival and press material was analyzed. Results show evidence of the formation of the Alpine Battalion around the Guadarrama range (Madrid) to protect the entrance to the capital city in December 1936 with socialist and communist members. Salud y Cultura, one of the first popular sport associations in Spain, played an important role being the key element to create the battalion. Despite political tensions, the battalion succeeded in creating an adequate environment for sport, culture and political analysis but also helped the Republican war effort until the end of the conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) meningitis is a serious disease with substantial lethality and long-term disability in survivors. Loss of synaptic staining in the superficial layers of the neocortex in rodent models and in humans, and pneumolysin (a major pneumococcal toxin)- dependent dendritic spine collapse in brain slices have been described. It remains unclear how deep in the neocortex more discrete changes are present, how soon after disease onset these changes occur, and whether other properties of dendrites are also affected. Methods: Using a mouse model of pneumococcal meningitis, we studied changes in the neocortex shortly (3-6 h) after the onset of clinical symptoms via modified Golgi-Cox silver staining. Results: Dendritic changes were present in areas with otherwise unchanged cell numbers and no signs of necrosis or other apparent neuronal pathology. Mature dendritic spines were reduced in the pyramidal neurons running through layers 1-5. Additionally, spine morphology changes (swelling, spine neck distortion), were also observed in the deeper layers 4 and 5 of the neocortex. Immature spines (filopodia) remained unchanged between groups, as well as the dendritic arborization of the analyzed neurons. In a third of the animals with meningitis, massive mechanical distortion of the primary dendrites of most of the pyramidal neurons through layers 1-5 was observed. This distortion was reproduced in acute brain slices after exposure to pneumolysin-containing bacterial lysates (S. pneumoniae D39 strain), but not to lysates of pneumolysin-deficient bacteria, which we explain by the tissue remodeling effect of the toxin. Experimental mechanical dendrite distortion in primary neural cultures demonstrated diminished FRAP diffusion of neuronally-expressed enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), indicative of disturbed dendritic diffusion. Discussion: Our work extends earlier knowledge of synaptic loss in the superficial cortical layers during meningitis to deeper layers. These changes occurred surprisingly early in the course of the disease, substantially limiting the effective therapeutic window. Methodologically, we demonstrate that the dendritic spine collapse readout is a highly reliable and early marker of neural damage in pneumococcal meningitis models, allowing for reduction of the total number of animals used per a group due to much lower variation among animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article fuses theoretical concepts taken from philosophic, economic, social and cultural discourses in the process of outlining developments in Association Football, in East Lancashire, in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. It continues the challenge to conventional histories that surround mass games and public schools, extending the revisionist critique with an imaginative use of new and original empirical evidence. It outlines the continuing presence of a working-class footballing culture, arguing that the structure of football was a product of industrialisation, urbanisation and population growth. Consequently, a far-reaching restructuring of the class system facilitated the rise of a newly formed lower middle class who used their social and cultural capital to form and administer football clubs' in East Lancashire. These teams eventually broke the dominance of southern-based amateur clubs in the F.A. Cup. These new hierarchies and class system ultimately gave birth to professional football by the late 1870s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is fitting that in the year celebrating 150 years of the Football Association Challenge Cup, a focus is given to Sheffield's own knock-out competition held 4 years before the FA Cup was launched. While it is argued in certain quarters that Charles Alcock based the FA competition on his own experiences of the Cock House tournament during his time at Harrow School – although, interestingly, no cup was awarded for this during that period – it could also be argued that the success of the world's first adult football club knock-out competition, the Youdan Cup, possibly influenced the direction of his thinking. Why the Sheffield tournament was established in the first place and why it was only staged for just 1 year in 1867 are the more obvious questions surrounding its conception which this article aims to address. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the latter part of the paper, I review aspects of three stages of Curry's comprehensive six-stage model of modern football development and diffusion[12] - namely Stage 2 - Revisionist Forms of the Game; Stage 3 -the Public Schools (and notably the status rivalry hypothesis) and Stage 4 - University Compromise, again identifying areas of concern or issues for further study. Both the Eton and the Rugby rules were produced by those charged as "keepers" and conservers of their school's games in order to ensure that their respective internal and ever-growing audiences grasped the rules of football "as I played i at" their schools. And whereas public schoolboys generally experienced school life as an "inner directed existence",[85] it was as undergraduates or after leaving school that pupils moved beyond the limits of the "total institution"[86] that was their particular school and, on entering Oxbridge came into direct contact I on the field i with other public schoolboys whose experience of football or rowing was often different from their own. 'The close-knit community of the [great]public schools,[83] increasingly progressing into the universities from the late 18th century, was to be all-important in transmitting the sports of the schools into adult recreation'.[84] While the parallels between the development of cricket and football at the universities are seen largely in relation to club formation, financial organization and types and degree of associativity of members of those clubs, the parallels between the development of rowing and the development of football are much closer. [Extracted from the article]

We reflect here on the history of the British Society of Sports History (BSSH) from its inception in 1982 through to its fortieth anniversary in 2022. The origins of the Society are contextualised with reference to a burgeoning interest in the history of sport and physical education in the 1970s and early 1980s. The BSSH's development is then considered with reference to its annual conferences, its membership, its publications and its recent initiatives seeking to promote sports history more widely. The contribution of women to the work of the Society is an underlying theme throughout, especially where it relates to gender inequity issues. This account draws extensively on the Society's archive, as yet uncatalogued, most significantly papers deposited by Dr Richard William Cox, which will eventually be available for consultation at the Kimberlin Library, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of potential sites for sports historians to position their work. Opportunities to be employed focusing on sports history within a university setting are limited and it is challenging for sports historians to find opportunities for employment within traditional media organisations too. This paper tries to answer the simple question of 'Where will sport historians go in the future?' and considers opportunities to work with sporting organisations and others with the aim of presenting our work to audiences. In an uncertain financial climate, it can be difficult to find a role that supports the ambitions of sports historians. The article concludes that sports historians need to develop a multi-faceted approach to their careers, combining traditional academic opportunities with activities aimed at a general audience. Finding an appropriate niche is important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the importance of sports history societies sharing their research with a broader audience. It draws on our own experiences and highlights examples of the work done by other British Society of Sports History members to disseminate their research through 'traditional' methods such as films, radio, and exhibitions and digital means, for example, Playing Pasts. However, the paper's aim is not simply self-congratulatory; it also focuses on the need to broadcast sports history to a younger audience, including those studying in further education. In considering how to ensure the survival of sports history as a subject, we, as members of sports history societies, need to engage the next generation of sports historians. This article considers the importance of doing so and the difficulties of this. With universities under increasing pressure and history departments facing significant cuts, ensuring the relevance and importance of our subject has never been more critical. This article makes some suggestions of how to do this and challenges sports history societies to reflect on what else they could do. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]