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Se llevo a cabo una reacción fotocatalítica para degradar un colorante comercial y obtener los modelos matemáticos para el diseño de un reactor tipo Batch que opere a condiciones ambientales. La reacción se realizó con una solución de 30 ppm de azul de mezclilla y 0.9 mg de catalizador TiO2, a 6 h de reacción se obtuvo el 95% de degradación. La constante cinética de reacción obtenida a partir del perfil de degradación fue de y tiempo de reacción de 389 min, con estos parámetros se determinaron las medidas para la construcción de un reactor optimizado y que proporcione alto porcentaje de conversión para estudios futuros de degradación de contaminantes por fotocatálisis.

BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal pain represents a major public health problem. Workers who use visual display terminals (VDT) have suffered an increase in neck pain in recent decades. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between physical activity (PA), sitting time, posture, and neck disability in a population of employed adults who use a computer at work. METHODS: In this descriptive-correlational study, 88 workers with a mean age of 48.31 years participated. All of the participants filled out the Self-Report Habit Index (SRHI), International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and Neck Disability Index (NDI). The postural situation was also assessed with Posture Assessment Software (PAS/SAPO). RESULTS: A significant and inverse relationship was observed between the habit of PA practice and the Body Mass Index (BMI). A total of 59.1% of the participants have a moderate PA index. There was a statistically significant relationship between the NDI and the time that workers spend sitting in a workday. A significance level of p≤0.05 was established for all the statistical analyses. CONCLUSION: The increase in sitting time produces an increase in neck disability among workers and there are no significant differences between the level of PA and the cervical angles analyzed. The promotion of leisure-time PA and the reduction of prolonged uninterrupted sitting time at work could be one of the means to reduce musculoskeletal morbidity in the working population.

The aim of this study is to describe the frequency and distribution of SOD1 mutations in Spain, and to explore those factors contributing to their phenotype and prognosis.Seventeen centres shared data on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients carrying pathogenic or likely pathogenic SOD1 variants. Multivariable models were used to explore prognostic modifiers.In 144 patients (from 88 families), 29 mutations (26 missense, 2 deletion/insertion and 1 frameshift) were found in all 5 exons of SOD1, including 7 novel mutations. 2.6% of ALS patients (including 17.7% familial and 1.3% sporadic) were estimated to carry SOD1 mutations. Its frequency varied considerably between regions, due to founder events. The most frequent mutation was p.Gly38Arg (n = 58), followed by p.Glu22Gly (n = 11), p.Asn140His (n = 10), and the novel p.Leu120Val (n = 10). Most mutations were characterized by a protracted course, and some of them by atypical phenotypes. Older age of onset was independently associated with faster disease progression (exp(Estimate) = 1.03 [0.01, 0.05], p = 0.001) and poorer survival (HR = 1.05 [1.01, 1.08], p = 0.007), regardless of the underlying mutation. Female sex was independently associated to faster disease progression (exp(Estimate) = 2.1 [1.23, 3.65], p = 0.012) in patients carrying the p.Gly38Arg mutation, resulting in shorter survival compared with male carriers (236 vs 301 months).These data may help to evaluate the efficacy of SOD1 targeted treatments, and to expand the number of patients that might benefit from these treatments.

A través del siguiente artículo, deseamos socializar los resultados alcanzados en la Evaluación del Servicio de Orientación Educativa y Profesional a distancia "Psico-Orienta-Universidad", brindado a jóvenes cubanos en transición académica a la universidad durante el curso escolar 2019-2020. Este servicio se implementó mediante la plataforma social WhatsApp, en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19. Para la evaluación se utilizó la metodología cualitativa. Como resultado de la evaluación, del análisis realizado por cada una de las dimensiones, se constató que el servicio brindado fue pertinente, y el proceso de implementación del servicio, favorable, orientado al cumplimiento exitoso de cada uno de los objetivos previstos. En cuanto a los resultados alcanzados, se concluyó que hubo una adecuada aprehensión de los contenidos trabajados, que influyeron en alguna medida a favor de los resultados académicos de los jóvenes, y por ende, en la consecución del proyecto de ingresar en las aulas universitarias, a la par de logros favorables desde el punto de vista psicológico. Sobre la sostenibilidad del servicio, se consideró que este puede permanecer en el tiempo, y replicarse no solo ante una emergencia, sino desde la práctica habitual, pero contar con una fuente de financiamiento sería lo más adecuado.

In Mexico, it is estimated that the amount of residues produced by the planting of the ten main crops is approximately 45 million tons of dry matter, of which just over 25 million tons are corn cob. The corn cob contains large amounts of hemicellulose, mainly composed of xylan, which can have various industrial uses. For this reason, in the present study, fresh and dry corn cob was used with two particle sizes: 0.105 mm and 0.42 mm, to carry out an exhaustive alkaline extraction of xylan and where eight fractions of hemicelluloses extracts were obtained. Each of the fractions were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis for eight hours with a commercial xylanase (Livanol Devisco 1500) and as internal control, beechwood xylan (Sigma Aldrich, X4252) was used, of which only 6.9 ± 2.25 g/L were released. reducing sugars. It was found that the fractions from the steam treatment and the fraction from the alkaline extraction precipitated with alcohol, both for fresh corn cob, were released a quantity of reducing sugars very similar to commercial xylan with 7.10 ± 2.02 and 7.24 ± 0.37 g/L, respectively. Finally, it was possible to determine that although the 8 fractions obtained in the present study can be used as substrates to determine the xylanase enzymatic activity, the best was the fraction of the alkaline extraction since 0.236 ± 0.03 IU/mL were quantified, while for the commercial substrate (beechwood xylan) an activity of 0.287 ± 0.01 IU/mL was obtained.

In recent years, major advances have been achieved in our understanding of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with oncogenic driver alterations and in the specific treatment of these with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Currently, state-of-the-art management of patients with NSCLC (particularly adenocarcinoma or non-adenocarcinoma but with mild tobacco exposure) consists of the determination of EGFR, ALK, ROS1 and BRAF status, as they have US FDA and EMA approved targeted therapies. The increase in molecular knowledge of NSCLC and the development of drugs against other targets has settled new therapeutic indications. In this review we have incorporated the development around MET, KRAS and NTRK in the diagnosis of NSCLC given the therapeutic potential that they represent, as well as the drugs approved for these indications.

En un mundo globalizado y complejo, como el de hoy, se hace necesario que el Derecho conozca y utilice una herramienta vital para la construcción de sus normas: el análisis de impacto regulatorio, que deviene como instrumento de la prospectiva jurídica. Se definió como objetivo general: fundamentar la manera en que los presupuestos de la prospectiva jurídica y la utilización del análisis de impacto regulatorio, coadyuvan a la concreción de la autonomía municipal en Cuba. Fueron utilizados los métodos: dialéctico materialista, análisis y crítica de fuentes, hermenéutico, sistémico-estructural, jurídico-doctrinal y análisis de documentos. Como principales resultados se propone la utilización del análisis de impacto regulatorio, como herramienta de la prospectiva jurídica en el campo del Derecho patrio, en lo específico para la determinación de las normas necesarias para la autonomía municipal; y la elaboración de escenarios para la creación normativa. Palabras clave: Prospectiva jurídica, impacto regulatorio, autonomía municipal. ABSTRACT In a globalized and complex world, such as today's, it is necessary for the Law to know and use a vital tool for the construction of its regulations: the analysis of regulatory impact, which becomes an instrument of legal prospective. The general objective was defined: to base the way in which the presuppositions of the legal prospective and the use of the analysis of regulatory impact, contribute to the concretion of municipal autonomy in Cuba. Methods were used: dialectical materialist, analysis and criticism of sources, hermeneutic, systemic-structural, legal-doctrinal and analysis of documents. As main results, the use of the regulatory impact analysis is proposed, as a tool of legal prospective in the field of National Law, specifically for the determination of the necessary norms for municipal autonomy; and the elaboration of scenarios for the creation of regulations. Keywords: Legal perspective, regulatory impact, municipal autonomy.

This work presents an original 3D code in FreeFem++ to recreate the behavior of anaerobic microorganisms in non-stirred anaerobic reactors with an intermittent feed. The physical and biochemical phenomena have been considered using a mathematical model based on a set of partial differential equations: Stokes, advection–diffusion, and diffusion–reaction. The description of the anaerobic metabolism was carried out by implementing the structured AMD1 model. The Galerkin finite element method has been used to solve the partial differential equations defined in the model. Finally, the methodology and procedures are presented by means of a concrete example. Thanks to the inclusion of this e-learning tool for use in virtual laboratories, it is possible to improve the understanding of engineering students on the functioning of the metabolism that takes place inside non-stirred anaerobic reactors that are fed discontinuously. This proposal reinforces to students, in a transversal way, both environmental sensitivity and awareness of the circular economy focused on the implementation of natural wastewater treatment systems in rural areas.

The development of DNA-sensing platforms based on new synthetized Methylene Blue functionalized carbon nanodots combined with different shape gold nanostructures (AuNs), as a new pathway to develop a selective and sensitive methodology for SARS-CoV-2 detection is presented. A mixture of gold nanoparticles and gold nanotriangles have been synthetized to modify disposable electrodes that act as an enhanced nanostructured electrochemical surface for DNA probe immobilization. On the other hand, modified carbon nanodots prepared a la carte to contain Methylene Blue (MB-CDs) are used as electrochemical indicators of the hybridization event. These MB-CDs, due to their structure, are able to interact differently with double and single-stranded DNA molecules. Based on this strategy, target sequences of the SARS-CoV-2 virus have been detected in a straightforward way and rapidly with a detection limit of 2.00 aM. Moreover, this platform allows the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 sequence in the presence of other viruses, and also a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs). The developed approach has been tested directly on RNA obtained from nasopharyngeal samples from COVID-19 patients, avoiding any amplification process. The results agree well with those obtained by RT-qPCR or reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique., We acknowledge the support from the Comunidad de Madrid (TRANSNANOAVANSENS-CM, S2018/NMT-4349, NANOCOV-CM, SI3/PJI/2021–00341) and Ministerio de economia y competitividad de España (PID2020–116728RB-100, CTQ2015–71955-REDT (ELECTROBIONET)). IMDEA Nanociencia acknowledges support from the Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D ‘Severo Ochoa’ (CEX2020–001039-S, MINECO). Authors also acknowledge REACT EU NANOCOV-CM project. RdC acknowledges support from Fundación IMDEA Nanociencia, Banco Santander, UAM (convocatoria CRUE- SANTANDER-CSIC, reference 10.01.03.02.41).

This study aimed to assess the cryoprotectant role of exopolysaccharide (EPS) ID1, produced by Antarctic Pseudomonas sp., in the vitrification of in vitro-produced (IVP) bovine embryos. IVP day 7 (D7) and day 8 (D8) expanded blastocysts derived from cow or calf oocytes were vitrified without supplementation (EPS0) or supplemented with 10 µg/mL (EPS10) or 100 µg/mL (EPS100) EPS ID1. The effect of EPS ID1 was assessed in post-warming re-expansion and hatching rates, differential cell count, apoptosis rate, and gene expression. EPS100 re-expansion rates were significantly higher than those observed for the EPS0 and EPS10 treatments, regardless of culture length or oocyte source. EPS100 hatching rate was similar to the one of the fresh blastocysts except for those D7 blastocysts derived from calf oocytes. No differences were observed among EPS ID1 treatments when the inner cell mass, trophectoderm, and total cell number were assessed. Although apoptosis rates were higher (p ≤ 0.05) in vitrified groups compared to fresh embryos, EPS100 blastocysts had a lower number (p ≤ 0.05) of apoptotic nuclei than the EPS0 or EPS10 groups. No differences in the expression of BCL2, AQP3, CX43, and SOD1 genes between treatments were observed. Vitrification without EPS ID1 supplementation produced blastocysts with significantly higher BAX gene expression, whereas treatment with 100 µg/mL EPS ID1 returned BAX levels to those observed in non-vitrified blastocysts. Our results suggest that 100 µg/mL EPS ID1 added to the vitrification media is beneficial for embryo cryopreservation because it results in higher re-expansion and hatching ability and it positively modulates apoptosis.

This work focuses on the development of an electrochemiluminescent nanostructured DNA biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Gold nanomaterials (AuNMs), specifically, a mixture of gold nanotriangles (AuNTs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), are used to modified disposable electrodes that serve as an improved nanostructured electrochemiluminescent platform for DNA detection. Carbon nanodots (CDs), prepared by green chemistry, are used as coreactants agents in the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ anodic electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and the hybridization is detected by changes in the ECL signal of [Ru(bpy)3]2+/CDs in combination with AuNMs nanostructures. The biosensor is shown to detect a DNA sequence corresponding to SARS-CoV-2 with a detection limit of 514 aM., This work has been financially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (PID2020-116728RB-I00, CTQ2015-71955-REDT (ELECTROBIONET)) and Community of Madrid (TRANSNANOAVANSENS, S2018/NMT-4342). RdC gratefully thanks support from Fundación IMDEA, UAM and Banco Santander (fondo supera 2020, convocatoria CRUE–CSIC–SANTANDER, project with reference 10.01.03.02.41).

Gold nanotriangles (AuNTs) functionalized with dithiolated oligonucleotides have been employed to develop an amplification-free electrochemical biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 in patient samples. Gold nanotriangles, prepared through a seed-mediated growth method and exhaustively characterized by different techniques, serve as an improved electrochemical platform and for DNA probe immobilization. Azure A is used as an electrochemical indicator of the hybridization event. The biosensor detects either single stranded DNA or RNA sequences of SARS-CoV-2 of different lengths, with a low detection limit of 22.2 fM. In addition, it allows to detect point mutations in SARS-CoV-2 genome with the aim to detect more infective SARS-CoV-2 variants such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron. Results obtained with the biosensor in nasopharyngeal swab samples from COVID-19 patients show the possibility to clearly discriminate between non-infected and infected patient samples as well as patient samples with different viral load. Furthermore, the results correlate well with those obtained by the gold standard technique RT-qPCR, with the advantage of avoiding the amplification process and the need of sophisticated equipment., Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This work is funded by the Community of Madrid (TRANSNANOAVANSENS S2018/NMT-4349), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (PID2020-116728RB-I00, CTQ2015-71955-RED ELECTROBIONET), and the Community of Madrid (project S2018/NMT-4291 TEC2SPACE), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (project CSIC13-4E-1794) and EU (FEDER, FSE). RdC received grants from UAM, Banco Santander, Fundación IMDEA (convocatoria CRUE-CSIC-SANTANDER, fondo supera 2020, project with reference 10.01.03.02.41). JCG received grants from Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain (COVID-19 Grant, 2020/0154). This research was also funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2017-87305-R, PID2020-119352RB-I00), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (FONDO-COVID19: COV20/00144 and COV20/00122). P.M.R received grants from the Ministry of Economy, Industry and competitiveness of Spain (FPI grant (BES-2017.082521)). IMDEA Nanociencia received grants from the “Severo Ochoa” Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (MINECO, Grant SEV-2016–0686, CEX2020-001039-S).

Ferrocene and its derivatives have been extensively used as an internal reference in electrochemical processes. Yet, they possess limitations such as solvent restrictions that require chemical modifications. In this regard, we have studied the use of metallacarboranes [3,3'-M(1,2-C2B9H11)2]- (M = Co, Fe) as general internal reference systems and have proven their suitability by thoroughly investigating their electrochemical properties in both aqueous and organic electrolytes without any derivatization., This work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, through the ‘‘Severo Ochoa’’ Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (CEX2019-000917-S) as well as the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (PID2019-106832RB-I00), (PID2020- 116728RB-I00, CTQ2015-71955-RED ELECTROBIONET) and Generalitat de Catalunya (2017SGR1720) are appreciated. J. A. M. Xavier acknowledges DOC-FAM programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 754397 and is enrolled in the PhD programme in UAB. Support from the Community of Madrid (TRANSNANOAVANSENS S2018/NMT-4349), is acknowledged., With funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000917-S).

Background: The duration of the protective efficacy of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is unknown. Thus, an evaluation of the clinical performance of available tests is required. Objectives: To evaluate the clinical performance of LFIA immunoassay compared to ELIA and CLIA immunoassays available in Europe for the detection of IgG antibodies generated by mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Two automated immunoassays (the EUROIMMUN anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG S1 ELISA and the LIAISON de Diasorin anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG S1/S2 test) and a lateral flow immunoassay (the Livzon LFIA anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG S test) were tested. We analyzed 300 samples distributed in three groups: 100 subjects aged over 18 years and under 45 years, 100 subjects aged between 45 and 65 years, and 100 subjects aged over 65 years. The samples were collected before vaccination; at 21 days; and then at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months after vaccination. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive probability quotient, negative probability quotient, and concordance (kappa index) were calculated for each serological test. Results: The maximum sensitivity values for IgG were 98.7%, 98.1%, and 97.8% for the EUROIMMUN ELISA, Abbott CLIA, and Livzon LFIA tests, respectively, and the maximum specificity values for IgG were 99.4%, 99.9%%, and 98.4% for the ELISA, CLIA, and LFIA tests, respectively, at the third month after vaccination, representing a decrease in the antibody levels after the sixth month. The best agreement was observed between the ELISA and CLIA tests at 100% (k = 1.00). The agreement between the ELIA, CLIA, and LFIA tests was 99% (k = 0.964) at the second and third month after vaccination. Seroconversion was faster and more durable in the younger age groups. Conclusion: Our study examined the equivalent and homogeneous clinical performance for IgG of three immunoassays after vaccination and found LFIA to be the most cost-effective, reliable, and accurate for routine use in population seroconversion and seroprevalence studies.

In this work we present a powerful, affordable, and portable biosensor to develop Point of care (POC) SARS-CoV-2 virus detection. It is constructed from a fast, low cost, portable and electronically automatized potentiostat that controls the potential applied to a disposable screen-printed electrochemical platform and the current response. The potentiostat was designed to get the best signal-to-noise ratio, a very simple user interface offering the possibility to be used by any device (computer, mobile phone or tablet), to have a small and portable size, and a cheap manufacturing cost. Furthermore, the device includes as main components, a data acquisition board, a controller board and a hybridization chamber with a final size of 10 × 8 × 4 cm. The device has been tested by detecting specific SARS-CoV-2 virus sequences, reaching a detection limit of 22.1 fM. Results agree well with those obtained using a conventional potentiostat, which validate the device and pave the way to the development of POC biosensors. In this sense, the device has finally applied to directly detect the presence of the virus in nasopharyngeal samples of COVID-19 patients and results confirm its utility for the rapid detection infected samples avoiding any amplification process., This work has been financially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (PID2020-116728RB-I00, CTQ2015-71955-REDT (ELECTROBIONET)) and Community of Madrid (TRANSNANOAVANSENS, S2018/NMT-4349). Authors also acknowledge REACT EU NANOCOV-CM project. We acknowledge the service from the MiNa Laboratory at IMN, and funding from Community of Madrid (project S2018/NMT-4291 TEC2SPACE), MINECO (project CSIC13-4E-1794) and EU (FEDER, FSE)”. RdC gratefully thanks support from Fundación IMDEA, UAM and Banco Santander (fondo supera 2020, convocatoria CRUE–CSIC–SANTANDER, project with reference 10.01.03.02.41).