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The climb of Gasherbrum IV's (7,925 m) 'Shining Wall' in 1985 by Voytek Kurtyka and Robert Schauer is considered one of the greatest mountaineering achievements in the twentieth century, even though the two climbers did not reach the summit. The article explores three ways of understanding mountaineering without the objective of reaching the summit. I start with a game-playing approach and then a view on mountaineering that takes its inspiration from deep ecology and argue that while both have the potential for explaining important aspects of mountaineering, neither will fully account for the value of climbing mountains without summiting. Finally, I argue that we can supplement either of these two views with a radically different way of understanding mountaineering, which involves creating and appreciating a work of art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The concept of friction was integrated into the broader field of tribology in the 20th century. Here, we revive the older friction coefficient concept and show that it is the defining parameter for a family of granular materials. We show, for the first time, that kinetic friction coefficients of such systems can be described as a function of the lubricating fluid and the shape of the granules, without any fitting parameters. With this, we define the value and conditions for the minimal friction of this system and show how it can increase depending on the properties of the system. This paper shows that the minimum possible friction for an assembly of granular media is the same universal constant of ¼ that da Vinci identified for kinetic friction between two rigid bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Italian economic thought between the 1960s and 1990s provided important scientific contributions and one of its most authoritative representatives was certainly Augusto Graziani (1933–2014). On the international plane, Graziani is mainly known for his monetary theory of production while his theory of development and his analysis of the Italian economic have drawn relatively little debate. The purpose of this work is to illustrate his analysis of development in the light of two main considerations: (i) Graziani was very interested in long-term development issues for a long time. The 1969 collective book Lo sviluppo di un'economia aperta (The development of an open economy), the various editions of his L'economia italiana (The Italian economy) (1972, 1979 and 1989) and his contributions on the economy of Southern Italy (Mezzogiorno) are part of an organic, continuous, detailed and impressive explanatory work of the economic events that affected Italy from the 1950s onward and on which Graziani devoted more than thirty years of his scientific activity. (ii) His analysis of development offers interesting tools for interpreting the effects of some Italian policy choices critically debated by a part of the contemporary literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study scrutinizes the common wisdom concerning Turkey's crucial geopolitical significance and central physical location against the backdrop of four global transformations that are taking place in the twenty-first century. These tectonic shifts include China's rise and the ongoing Sino-US rivalry, trade routes and supply chains favoring the Asia-Pacific, technological changes brought by the fourth Industrial Revolution and finally, the decarbonization process. Based on an examination of these new dynamics, the article concludes that Turkey's geographical location and its traditional 'bridge' status between Asia and Europe no longer provides it the strategic leverage it had enjoyed in the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As we understand more of the complex histories of morris and sword dancing, the singular designation 'folk' becomes problematic. The assertion, whether historical or contemporary, that one kind of dance is definitively 'folk' while another kind of dance is 'not folk' becomes increasingly difficult to sustain. (Non-folk) Northern Soul dancing is brought to the discussion to highlight the apparent arbitrariness of 'folk' as a twentieth-century designation. The article goes on to suggest that the label 'folk', while acknowledging its selective and retrospective application, need not apply in perpetuity. It may be possible to describe particular dances as having enjoyed a 'folk' period, or a 'folk' context, but there have also been lengthy 'pre-folk' periods for morris and sword, multiple examples of 'non-folk' performance, and an increasingly evident 'new-folk' or 'post-folk' era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strasbourg, this article argues, played a seminal role in the development of urban planning. The city's transformation in the late nineteenth century was one of the earliest, largest, and most expensive planned urban extensions in modern Germany. In the process, Strasbourg also came to play a central role in the development of urban planning into an established area of technical expertise, an academic discipline, and an area of professional practice. Initially conceived under the aegis of the empire's military command, the transformation of Strasbourg quickly involved local politicians, landowners, and independent experts, accelerating the development of urban planning into a practice dominated by what Camillo Sitte described as "technicians and specialists." The reception of Strasbourg impacted the salient debates in urban planning from the 1870s to the early twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dados - Revista de Ciências Sociais is the property of DADOS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We examine trends in intergenerational educational mobility throughout the 20th century in Denmark. We demonstrate that major reforms in compulsory schooling substantially increased not only the levels of education but also intergenerational mobility in education for children born in the 1940s through to the 1960s. However, even as college education has expanded significantly for children born in the 1970s and 1980s, educational mobility has been declining. We empirically test different mechanisms that could account for this decline in educational mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tabayyun is the property of Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The joy of play permeates universal human culture. However, when observing the cultural habits and value dynamics that have become identities in posthuman and postcolonial societies, many may feel a sense of absence upon hearing this statement. Our well-worn concepts often face obstacles, and the notion of play is no exception. Consider, for example, play as competition, manifesting in conflict and defeating others, versus play as sacred action (play), which entails acts of representation, revelation, sharing, and participation. Johan Huizinga’s seminal Homo Ludens offers inspiring insights into the unique and extraordinary qualities of play, proposing the surprising paradox that play becomes part of culture only through its seriousness. In this study, I explore the concept of play through the aesthetic diagnoses of music and dance dramaturgy. Delving into fragments of emblematic dance works from the late 20th century, I aim to outline new perspectives on the social and aesthetic roles of play, presenting it as a caesura among the aesthetic-philosophical attributes of contemporary dance dramaturgy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young Barbarians (2022), a successful theatrical production by the Hungarian State Theatre of Cluj, Romania, is set against the backdrop of the socio-political tragedies that shaped Central and Eastern Europe in the first half of the 20th century. Inspired by the lives of Hungarian composers and ethnomusicologists Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály, this study examines how Young Barbarians provides an effective model for rethinking contemporary tragedy in performance. The analysis focuses on the interplay of various compositional elements, both in their sources and effects: the scenic presence of actors, dancers, choir, and musicians; ethnographic practices tied to the collection of folk music among diverse ethnic groups; and subsequent cultural phenomena, such as the Hungarian dance house movement, which serves as both a revival and a living tradition. The study further explores the dynamic interaction between embodied culture – manifested in the performers’ acting–and written culture, represented by the textual materials informing the performance. Given the multilayered contextuality of the production, the research also addresses how the play mediates specific stages of crisis within the multilingual, multi-ethnic regional setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops new forecasting methods for an old and ongoing problem by employing 13 machine learning algorithms to study 147 years of systemic financial crises across 17 countries. Findings suggest that fixed capital formation is the most important variable. GDP per capita and consumer inflation have increased in prominence whereas debt‐to‐GDP, stock market, and consumption were dominant at the turn of the 20th century. A lag structure and rolling window both improve on optimized contemporaneous and individual country formats. Through a lag structure, banking sector predictors on average describe 28% of the variation in crisis prevalence, the real sector 64%, and the external sector 8%. Nearly half of all algorithms reach peak performance through a lag structure. As measured through AUC, F1 and Brier scores, top‐performing machine learning methods consistently produce high accuracy rates, with both random forests and gradient boosting in front with 77% correct forecasts, and consistently outperform traditional regression algorithms. Learning from other countries improves predictive strength, and non‐linear models generally deliver higher accuracy rates than linear models. Algorithms retaining all variables perform better than those minimizing the influence of variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that the object of the campaign medal can deepen our understanding of British Second World War veterans’ sense of veteran identity and indicate how far they, as individuals, have related to their wartime experiences over time. Unlike First World War veterans, this generation were required to claim their medals themselves, making them a useful marker to understand veterans’ connections to the conflict. Using interviews with Second World War veterans, newspaper reports and archival evidence, the experiences of individual veterans are traced over time. Situating this study within the fields of veteran identity and embodiment, veterans’ narratives with a focus on medals, uncovers how decisions whether to claim, use and wear their awards can be viewed as symbolic of veterans’ changing identity. These shifts were fuelled by the post-war climate, recollection and comradeship and the changing status of the veteran at the end of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People have power over nonhuman animals. This recognition is central to this paper, which focuses on the history of human and nonhuman animal entanglements in New Zealand between 1900 and 1932. Archival research is used to explore news photographs from this period. In doing so, the paper views how the human leisure activity of hunting was a cultural phenomenon in this place and time. Through this activity, people killed many wild nonhuman animals. The news photographs illuminate the injustices that nonhuman animals faced in early twentieth-century New Zealand due to a lack of recognition of their sentience. This was represented in the news discourse with speciesist principles that reflected the social conscience of the time and place. The paper reflects on this and considers how such a past can inform humanity about its relations with the nonhuman animal Other. It calls for a more animalcentric society in which people have better awareness, respect, and treatment for the sentient natures of nonhuman animals. Such an approach can allow humans to fulfil their obligations, as those in a position of power, to ensure dignity and justice for nonhuman animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the psychology literature there is a dearth in understanding how and why instances of heightened creativity, or 'Big-C', may manifest randomly, often at an early age with minimal practice and experience. In contrast to ordinary "little-c" creativity, depictions of profound creative moments and the means by which they can be attained therefore remain as enigmatic as acts of mystical prayer. Pursuing this metaphor: with little-p equating to ordinary prayer and Big-P equating to mystical prayer, from the work of St. John Cassian and Thomas Merton, we contrast the developmental path of prayer with subjective accounts of little-c and Big-C moments of creativity in the lives of famous 20th century Anglophone artist-musicians. Here, we identify a symmetry between the aetiology of prayer and creativity. As with little-p, the development of little-c creativity is sequential, tracing a path from authenticity to task motivation , to practice and then experience. By contrast, akin to Big-P, Big-C creativity may be obtained moving from authenticity to task motivation , but thereafter circumventing the requirements of elevated practice and experience. Moreover, in moments of extreme creativity, artists manifest a profound surrender of agency as Big-C emerges spontaneously with minimal deliberate thought and an absence of ownership. Thus, drawing on the insights of Cassian-Merton, we present a historically grounded perspective on the spontaneous and enigmatic emergence of Big-C creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In early twentieth-century Hong Kong, the development of print media gave rise to the wide-ranging practice of translation and circulation of Western literary stories. Examining the strategy in reframing Western literary narratives of women in Chinese as published in a series of newspapers and periodicals in Hong Kong, sheds light on the uniformity of fictional women’s remolded narratives with women’s historical realities in the sociocultural locus of Hong Kong. This study investigates how literary translations converged with prevalent stereotypes associated with women, and serves as an informative case on the inquiries into the reconstruction of foreign women in early twentieth-century Chinese-language newspapers and periodicals in Hong Kong. It shows that a strategy of rewriting, conditioned by patriarchy and moral norms in the Hong Kong social scenario, was adopted in the literary translation in the Hong Kong newspaper The Chinese Mail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article finds novel evidence on the uncovered equity parity (UEP) condition by employing copula methodology with historical datasets spanning back to 1870. First, across 17 advanced countries over the twentieth century, a higher equity return currency tends to depreciate in real terms at an annual frequency. Moreover, we also find a statistically significant positive tail dependence between the real equity returns differential and the real exchange rate differential. That is, when real currency returns and real equity returns take extreme values, they tend to co-move in the same direction, implying a time-varying UEP condition that is also confirmed by our time-varying Student-t copula estimation. Our novel findings call for richer theoretical explanations on the UEP relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the vast scholarship on Jane Addams, her views on imperialism and self‐determination have not been closely studied. Understanding her views can help to disentangle knotted ideas of anti‐imperialism, pacifism, and pragmatism. Using her understudied post–World War I public statements, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) correspondence, and personal correspondence, this article analyzes her responses to a few major issues of the early twentieth century in which imperialism was viewed as a core issue. It argues that Addams remained deeply committed to her core beliefs of pacifism and democracy, but she switched from a grassroots approach to political, social, and economic reform adopted before the war to an internationally centralized supra‐governmental approach after. It also argues that Addams's perspective and position on Irish independence and the mandate system differed from her colleagues in the WILPF in more profound ways than previously understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erythritol is a four-carbon sugar alcohol naturally produced by microorganisms as an osmoprotectant. As a new sugar substitute, erythritol has recently been popular on the ingredient market because of its unique nutritional characteristics. Even though the history of erythritol biosynthesis dates from the turn of the twentieth century, scientific advancement has lagged behind other polyols due to the relative complexity of making it. In recent years, biosynthetic methods for erythritol have been rapidly developed due to an increase in market demand, a better understanding of metabolic pathways, and the rapid development of genetic engineering tools. This paper reviews the history of industrial strain development and focuses on the underlying mechanism of high erythritol production by strains gained through screening or mutagenesis. Meanwhile, we highlight the metabolic pathway knowledge of erythritol biosynthesis in microorganisms and summarize the metabolic engineering and research progress on critical genes involved in different stages of the synthetic pathway. Lastly, we talk about the still-contentious issues and promising future research directions that will help break the erythritol production bottleneck and make erythritol production greener and more sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern critique of imperialism as a political economical system first emerged in Britian in late 19th century and quickly developed along two major paths: a capitalist critique and Marxian socialist one. Both critiques reached China during this period, but the Marxian socialist interpretation proved especially attractive to Chinese activists and intellectuals in part because of the influence of the Third Communist International (Comintern) but also because of the socialists' ready embrace of the linkage between anti‐imperialism and national and social revolution. This article examines the varieties of anti‐imperialist thought in late Qing and early Republican China to explain the distinctiveness of the Chinese response to the global problem of foreign imperialism in the early twentieth century, stressing the critical role played by the Chinese understandings of the nation in the process and explaining why and how the socialist anti‐imperialist critique proved more persuasive in the Chinese context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric blocking is quantified by a variety of different blocking indices. Here, the index by Davini et al. (DAV12) is modified to a hybrid index by additionally considering the extent of the blocking anticyclone. Applying both indices, the DAV12 and the hybrid index, to the twentieth-century reanalyses, the ERA-20C and the 20CRv3 (hereafter 20CR) ensemble reveals large differences between the reanalyses. The annual blocking frequency increases widespread and significantly in ERA-20C, but only regionally and nonsignificantly in the 20CR ensemble mean. Trend analysis reveals higher reliability of the 20CR ensemble mean than ERA-20C blocking results. Seasonally, the changes in summer blocking are most pronounced and significantly positive around Greenland. The CMIP6-mean historical climate simulation agrees well in magnitude with 20CR during the period 1900–2014, with some underestimation of blocking frequency in the last decades related to inconsistent trends. For a future climate, the average of the CMIP6 models projects a decrease in blocking frequency in major parts of the Northern Hemisphere in summer and in winter. A CMIP6 subset of models which agree best with reanalyses shows a less negative future trend. Because of the mismatch of historical trends, especially in summer, the future projections are uncertain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his critique of historicism and utopian social engineering, Karl Popper treats various writers – notably, Plato, Hegel, and Marx – as expounding these mistaken ideas, and as illustrating the threat they pose to ‘the open society’. Among contemporaries, one of those he singles out for criticism is the sociologist Karl Mannheim. While he spends relatively little time discussing Mannheim’s work compared to that of Plato and Marx, I argue that Ideology and Utopia and Man and Society in an Age of Reconstruction may have had particular significance for Popper. I examine his evaluation of Mannheim’s work, assessing its accuracy, and what it reveals about the similarities and fundamental differences in the orientations of these two writers, both of whom had a significant impact upon social science in the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unions sponsor electoral candidates around the world, yet little is known about the consequences of these arrangements. I study how union sponsorship affected the electoral prospect of British parliamentary candidates throughout the 20th century. I collect new data on the universe of union‐sponsored candidates. Employing a difference‐in‐differences design based on within‐candidate variation induced by the sponsorship institution and its abolishment, I document that sponsorship caused a six percentage point increase in candidate vote shares. I outline theoretical mechanisms and examine whether sponsees improved their electoral fortune because of changes in constituencies, opponents, resources, mobilization, or information. The evidence supports the constituency and resource mechanisms: Sponsorship helped candidates get nominated in attractive constituencies, accounting for two‐thirds of the effect, and caused an inflow of resources into constituency–party organizations. Overall, sponsorship promoted the representation of union‐friendly candidates in parliament, but it only led to moderate shifts in the balance of power between parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asopinae are a group of stink bugs (Pentatomidae) distinctive by having predatory feeding habits, preying on other insects, especially larvae of butterflies, moths, and beetles. Many species are common, and due to their alimentary strategies, some are objects for application in biological control programs. Podisus Herrich-Schäffer is the most diverse genus of Asopinae, distributed in the Neotropical and Nearctic regions, and their species have received attention in applied studies since the second half of the 20th century. However, the systematics of Podisus is still overlooked, and the lack of robust taxonomic information and poor species delimitation lead to misidentifications. We searched for the type specimens of Podisus deposited in the NHMUK, NHRS, MNHN, and RBINS collections in order to validate the taxonomic status of the species, and to proceed with the necessary taxonomic updates. We propose four new synonymies: Podisus volxemi Distant new junior synonym of Podisus crassimargo (Stål); Ornithosoma rivierei Kormilev and monotypic genus Ornithosoma Kormilev as new junior synonyms of Podisus semialbus Walker and genus Podisus respectively. Podisus dufouri Bergroth and Podisus punctiger Stål are revalidated, and Podisus cornutus (Dallas) is treated as species inquirenda. Five new species are described and fully illustrated: Podisus amboroensis Brugnera, sp. nov., Podisus awajun Brugnera, sp. nov., Podisus bororo Brugnera Grazia, sp. nov., Podisus guarani Brugnera & Grazia, sp. nov., and Podisus quechua Brugnera & Sampaio, sp. nov.. We highlight the importance of the examination of type material, historical specimens, and descriptions in the taxonomy of Podisus, and suggest caution in the identification of species due to the expressive number of incongruences found in previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis paper explores the role of Italian publishers and intellectuals in Buenos Aires during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It examines how their activities relied on the concept of Latinity to strengthen collaboration between Italy and Argentina. By examining key publishing initiatives, it highlights the close ties between the two countries, forged through Italian immigration and a shared commitment to national development. The paper begins by analyzing the birth of an Italo-Argentine book market and the vital role of Italian associations in fostering bilateral cultural exchanges. It then discusses the influence of Italian publishers and intellectuals like Basilio Cittadini, Giovan Battista Cuneo, and Piero Barbera, whose works sought to promote Italy and Argentine’s transnational identity as sister nations and advocated for international solidarity. The paper concludes by reflecting on the publishing efforts during the Centenary of Argentina’s Independence, which contributed to shaping a transnational and transcultural Italo-Argentine community. This community laid the foundation for enduring cultural connections and dialogue, despite the challenges posed by rising nationalism and political changes in both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

İskeçe (Xanthi) is a multicultural administrative unit located within the borders of the Republic of Greece today and includes a Muslim-Turkish minority community due to their exclusion from the population exchange between Greece and Türkiye. The administrative city of this prefecture is İskeçe, which gave its name to the region. İskeçe was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire for approximately 550 years starting from the mid-14th century. The city became one of the kazâ centers of the Gümülcine Sancağı, which was subject to the Vilâyet of Edirne in the last quarter of the 19th century. One of the most significant features of İskeçe is that it achieved socioeconomic and administrative development starting from the mid-19th century. This study aims to contribute to historical research on the changes and transformations that İskeçe went through between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The socioeconomic and administrative structure of the kazâ of İskeçe between 1882 and 1904 is analyzed through the Edirne Vilâyet Yearbooks published between these years and the data contained in these sources. Within the framework of the research subject, the data obtained from the yearbooks are analysed and, where necessary, the method of comparison with Ottoman archive sources is applied. The main argument of the study is that İskeçe became one of the prosperous cities of the region in socioeconomic and administrative terms through its administrative, social and economic institutions since the second half of the 19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many years, the topic of "madness" was covered with prejudices not only in Mexican society, but also in the Mexican legal system, which in its beginnings did not have greater considerations towards people suffering from such condition, therefore, the administration of justice was irregular and often subject to the discretion of the judge, so medical experts had to be resorted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Argentina until death. Nationality policies and naturalization practices, 19th and 20th centuries" analyzes the work of Pilar González Bernaldo de Quirós on nationality in Argentina. It highlights the importance of differentiating between citizenship and nationality in the study of migration. The work addresses the evolution of Argentine nationality from the May Revolution to the Post-World War II period, showing the complexity of naturalization policies and practices in the country. [Extracted from the article]

Julio Ruelas is buried in the Montparnasse cemetery, Paris; He was born in Zacatecas, Mexico. He died at the age of thirty-seven. He had a short life with an intense artistic work. Ruelas's symbolist production is characterized by a great consideration of his melancholic temperament. Author of creaturas fabulosas, hijas del miedo, el caos y la muerte, until the end of his life he showed a certain "derangement" in his themes, based on an imagination deployed in the plenitude of his violent and unfortunate visions, freed from prejudices like no other representation in the Mexican art scene of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sickly sweet scent lingers in Arnold Genthe's Old Chinatown photographs (1896–1906). Genthe, a German immigrant who was known for his portraits of presidents of the United States and prominent businessmen, began his artistic career by taking pictures on the streets of San Francisco's Chinatown. While Genthe's archive is celebrated for its soft-focus pictorialist style, less attention has been paid to the racialized discourse on Chinese atmospheres that produced this aesthetic effect. Contextualizing these images within the US anxiety about the "yellow peril" in the early twentieth century, which rendered the Chinese as noxious to the national atmosphere, this essay demonstrates that Genthe's style emerged from these racialized fears of toxic air. Moving between the photographer's images, his published memoir, and contemporaneous public health records, I chart an irresolvable sickly sweet scent in this visual archive through a method that I term "atmo-speculation." Focusing on a lesser-known portrait by Genthe of an anonymous nude woman, I trace fetid air as a critical aesthetic through which we can sense insurgent forms of Chinese femininity in the US. Augmenting recent scholarship on minoritarian form, which approaches race through affect and sensation, I argue that feminist sensorial engagements with Genthe's Old Chinatown photographs disturb national ideals of contained citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archbishop Mečislovas Reinys is one of the most outstanding personalities of the 20th century. He was a professor, minister of foreign affairs, priest and martyr. Throughout his life, Reinys tried to spread the truths of the faith. The quest to protect both Lithuania and the whole of Western Europe from the collapse of civilisation after the loss of its Christian foundations led Reinys to the martyr’s crown. Although the articles published in the newspaper Naujoji Lietuva between 1940 and 1944 were rather conservative, they emphasise the tragedy of a society that has lost God as a landmark and a foundation. Reinys not only warned about the imminent catastrophe of Western Europe losing the basis of its civilisation, God and Christian values, but also called primarily for a cultural-ideological struggle using all possible weapons, because matter without spirit leads to destruction. It should be stated that Reinys’ written legacy is not collected and systematised today, and his articles published between 1940 and 1944 in the daily Naujoji Lietuva especially lack a detailed and critical scientific approach. In this article, I do not aim to critically assess Reinys’ statements, but look at them with an apologetic eye in order to analyse and actualise the main topic: the fight against godlessness. The first part of the article discusses the historical context that undoubtedly influenced the publication of these articles. The second part of the article examines the content of the articles published in the daily Naujoji Lietuva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that in the Ottoman after the second half of the 18th century, muralist house of the palace was disbanded The production of countless miniature manuscripts, which were produced under the auspices of the palace to document enthronements, wars, peace, reigning sultans, weddings and daily events, came to an abrupt end. It is not possible to mention of any significant production until the second half of 20th century. It is known that the two albums worked on 1945 between1953 were produced by the personal efforts of two valuable academicians who gave importance to the arts of the book and worked to keep these arts alive. The first miniature manuscript, which is the subject of this study, began to be produced in 1945 when Professor-in-ordinary İsmail Hakkı Ertaylan held many meetings with famous calligraphers and illuminators of the period to prepare a "the Conqueror Album", which was aimed to be prepared in 1953, the 500th anniversary of the conquest of Istanbul. The second miniature manuscript, which is the subject of this study, is a single copy prepared by Prof.-in ordinary Ahmet Süheyl Ünver in 1953 under the name of "the Conqueror's Book" to be presented to Mehmet the Conqueror in spirit. The two academician/craftsman were teachers and students at the Medreset'ül Hattatin, and later became colleagues at the Fine Arts Academy. The portraits of Mehmet the Conqueror described by A. Süheyl Ünver and Hüseyin Tahirzade Behzat, which are found in two original, unique and artistically valuable miniature manuscripts, were compared and evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glacier retreat is a key indicator of climate change, with significant implications for geomorphological hazards and ecosystem stability. This article focuses on the surface evolution of the Belvedere Glacier from 1951 to 2023. Using high-resolution orthophotos and manual mapping, we tracked changes in the glacier's area and shape over time. The results show three significant phases of change: the separation of the Nordend Glacier from the Belvedere Glacier (1951--1991), the partial separation of the central accumulation basin from the debris-covered tongue (2006--2015), and the separation of the Locce Nord Glacier (2018--2021). These changes, combined with a surge event from 1999 to 2002, have significantly altered the glacier's dynamics and accelerated its retreat. Manual mapping was accurate in areas with scarce debris cover but faced challenges in debris-covered areas due to limited image resolution, snow cover, and debris characteristics. Despite these difficulties, we observed that the glacier remained stable until the late 1990s, when it began a rapid retreat. This recent retreat is consistent with rates observed in the early 20th century. The study highlights the importance of surface mapping to quantify the areal loss and to understand broader changes in glacier structure and mass flow that drive its retreat. Our results provide key data for future studies and highlight the need for continued monitoring of Alpine glaciers in the context of accelerating climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider academic freedom in the context of broader developments in higher education. We suggest that the tenor of contemporary debates on the subject is a manifestation of pervasive forms of authoritarianism that undermine the university as a home of adventure, a place and space that is conducive to the conduct of free inquiry. It is evident that some champions of academic freedom engage in dangerously polarized forms of spectacle, engendered by a management culture that embraces showmanship and routinely favours talking over listening. As such, they represent a force for conformity rather than dissent; division rather than collective action. These forms of spectacle jeopardize rather than promote the principles of academic freedom by polarizing the terms of the debate for maximum 'impact'. We explore the implications of conceptualizations of academic freedom that focus on the rights of everyone in the university. We also suggest that the notion might usefully be extended to those on precarious contracts, and to students facing normative expectations about what constitutes 'progress' in academic practice. Drawing upon Timothy Snyder's On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century and an essay by Vaclav Havel, we reassess the notion of the 'pursuit of truth' that underlies conventional definitions of academic freedom. We conclude with a brief vignette, a rousing endorsement of the ineffable and irreducible qualities of friendship. This entails slaying a fictitious, three-headed dragon and embracing a form of spectacle that transcends attempts to capture why it moves us. We leave the reader with warm-blooded traces of energy, curiosity, liveliness, and quiet determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paul's gospel has been the subject of numerous scholarly discussions since the start of the twentieth century. Beginning with Adolf Harnack and ending with Matthew Bates, this article provides insights into the gospel from biblical scholars who have contributed to and influenced this particular area of study for more than a hundred years. The results of this investigation show that some of the major areas of concern center on the origin of Paul's gospel, its content, and his use of gospel terminology, especially the noun εὐαγγέλιον. A notable issue focuses on the noun form not being found in a sacred-salvific sense in Jewish Scripture but found instead in the imperial cult at the end of first century BCE. Another major point is whether Paul introduced εὐαγγέλιον to the Jesus-believing communities or whether the term originated from Hellenistic believers or Aramaic speakers prior to Paul. Another important subject is whether Scripture and Deutero-Isaiah influenced Paul and the early Christ-community's use of the gospel. The study concludes, among other things, that Paul uses the gospel noun and verb almost interchangeably, although he may have emphasized the noun as a result of imperial use. Another conclusion is that he was not the first to use this term among Jesus-believing communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the twentieth century, U.S. American evangelicals engaged in an ongoing series of definitional debates over the contours and limits of a distinctly evangelical approach to theology. Developed as an explicit counter to theological liberalism—and often signaled by strict adherence to biblical inerrancy—American evangelical theology might conceivably have made common cause with Karl Barth, whose infamous rebellion against his liberal teachers became one of the founding events in the story of twentieth-century Christian theology. Despite Barth's putative anti-liberalism, evangelical theologians never fully embraced Barthian theology, consistently vilifying it as un-evangelical and beyond the pale. In this essay, I recover the history of U.S. American evangelical theologians wrestling with Karl Barth and his legacy, highlighting how an enduring aversion to Barthianism became a key feature of evangelical theology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religiosity and scientificity have long been intertwined in missionary anthropology. Since the 20th century, there has been a shift from religious missionary anthropology to scientific anthropology worldwide. Reviewing published materials and archives, this paper provides a case study of this transformation. It focuses on how the foreign missionary-founded West China Border Research Society transformed from a relatively closed and fixed local Christian academic research institution into a more open, international, and purely scientific research institution disciplined by Christian rationality. It sheds some new light into the Society's roles and its transformation process. Contrary to the views of many scholars who assert that the Society "died" in 1937 and subsequently engaged in China's state service and nation-building efforts, we contend that after 1937, the Society sought greater independence and a more scientific approach. Christianity dominated the Society in the early stages after its inception in 1922 in Chengdu, China, and its research results could not be objective or scientific. Although the Society later became more open and globalized, missionary anthropologists still mainly controlled it. After 1937, missionary anthropologists returned to religious rationality under the pressure of being connected to global academia. The Society eventually adopted "salvage anthropology" and tried to develop into a scientific research institution aimed at objective recording, while this somewhat rigid research approach also disciplined and suppressed the nationalist research orientation of Chinese colleagues and scholars. In response, Chinese researchers established other institutions and journals with stronger nationalism and undertook the "border construction work" that the Society could not accomplish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the indigenization or Koreanization of Protestantism in South Korea in the late 20th century through a study of an original messianic and millenarian movement, Victory Altar. The group was founded in 1981 by Cho Hee-Seung in the biblical tradition, with references to Korean spiritual traditions as well. Its most salient feature is the self-consecration of Cho Hee-Seung as "Victor Christ and God", the unique universal Messiah. In order to show the correlation between this spiritual movement, Protestantism, and Korean culture, I survey the recent history of South Korea and its staunch nationalism largely spurred by Protestant missionaries at the turn of the 20th century. I then present the core teachings of Cho the Messiah: the biological immortality of neohumans, the Hebrew genealogy of the Koreans thanks to the saga of the Lost Tribe of Dan from Israel to Korea, and his major vows to protect South Korea. An assessment of the heritage of Protestantism in this movement is then offered through the perspective of post-colonialism since Victory Altar sees itself and its Messiah/God as far superior to the God and Messiah of the Western powers that brought Christianity to Korea without really understanding it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to seek how and in what ways nickelodeons, which came to fore since the beginning of 20th century, were benefited by working class as entertainment apparatuses. Transformations in all spheres of life specifically in USA became concrete in the sector of cinema and nickelodeons turned into an inevitable spot for immigrant workers flooding into US to reinvigorate their American dreams. That’s why, moving from the current literature, it is of great significance to analyze the meanings of these cinema saloons for workers and to make academic synthesis within this research. This is also worth mentioning due to its portrayal of correlation between cinema and labor life. So that the relationship between working class and nickelodeons can be ascertained, literature review was used as research method. The study fundamentally consists of two sections. In the very first part of the research, beginning from definitions and the historical backgrounds of nickelodeons, the process of its transformation into an industry will be uncovered. The second chapter of this paper gives information about nickelodeons on the one hand and clarifies the meanings of these saloons for blue collar workers of the era on the other hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Museums help to conserve regional heritage and sustain regional identity, which is especially important in large countries. Russian regional museums constitute a whole phenomenon. Indeed, this phenomenon is a large field for research, and it cannot be comprehended by any single study. This is why attention should be paid for its particular aspects such as a historical dynamics of the expansion of regional museums in Russia. The information from the official websites of 76 regional museums sensu stricto of the entire country and 10 smaller museums of the Vologda Region was analyzed to measure the dynamics of their foundation and the relative importance of the different founders. It was established that regional museums were created in the Imperial, Soviet, and Modern periods of the Russian history, and the majority of them appeared in 1861–1935. Governmental founders prevailed, although private and societal initiatives also mattered, especially in the particular time slices. The smaller museums of the Vologda Region were created chiefly in the Soviet period, and both governmental and private initiatives were important. The results of this analysis were interpreted regarding attention to the broad public education and activity of so-called intelligentsia in the late Imperial and Soviet periods. It is hypothesized that the regional museum foundation can be brought in correspondent to the idea of a wise state and society development. Importantly, major transformations of the Russian society (particularly, in the beginning of the 20th century) did not interrupt the expansion of regional museums. It is proposed that the existing national network of regional museums itself has a heritage value, which can be important to tourism development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In early twentieth-century America, many Blacks in the south had poor access to schooling. Philanthropist Julius Rosenwald and educator Booker T. Washington collaborated to help build schools in the south for Blacks in the 1920s and 1930s. This paper analyzes the geographic patterns of the schools that were built using funds donated by Rosenwald in the state of South Carolina. Some 446 of the 500 Rosenwald schools were located and mapped using a multi-step process, and then data related to these schools were analyzed in four state subregions. Rosenwald schools were built around the state, with relatively more schools built in the northern part of the state compared with the south, where a larger Black population in the south potentially points to less access to schools for Blacks at that time. Rosenwald funds required contributions from other sources, and the state, Blacks, and Whites all contributed. Interestingly, in the south, where there was a higher percentage of Blacks, Whites contributed a larger share towards the building of these schools in comparison with other state regions. The paper thus shows both the process and value of mapping these Rosenwald schools and analyzing this important historical time in South Carolina within a spatial construct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evolutionary medicine emerged in the late twentieth century, integrating principles of natural selection and adaptation with the health sciences. Today, with a rapidly widening gap between the biology of Homo sapiens and its environment, maladaptation or maladaptive disorders can be detected in almost all diseases, including liver dysfunction. However, in hepatology, as in most medical specialties, evolutionary considerations are neglected because the majority of the medical community is not familiar with evolutionary principles. The aim of this brief review is to highlight an evolutionary approach that may facilitate understanding various liver diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The migration industry consists of actors and organisations (e.g. agents, brokers, agencies, corporations) through which migration is facilitated, organised, and accelerated. Although the migration industry gained prominence in the late 20th century within labour mobility, it has relatively rarely been the subject of historical analysis. This historiographical essay argues that employers' needs and demands for foreign workers, often ad-hoc, have triggered the emergence and development of the migration industry. Rooted in modern historical debates on labour migration, this essay aims to critically assess various forms of cooperation between employers and commercial actors worldwide and place those strategies within the migration industry. Inspired by dichotomous approach to capturing the relationships identified between employers and actors in the migration industry (i.e. agents and partners), this essay investigates the larger spectrum of types of relationships that have taken place historically. We argue that since the mid-19th century, we have witnessed an evolution of these relationships: from acting as a provider of labour (supplier or agent) to a greater professionalisation and consolidation of the relationship between employers and actors in the migration industry (partners and then allies). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arguably, Brian Friel's 1964 work Philadelphia, Here I Come! is one of the most influential plays in 20th-century Irish literature, as it focuses on emigration, a pivotal political and cultural phenomenon that recurs in both modern and contemporary Irish history. Crucially, Friel invents a protagonist with split personalities, Public Gar and Private Gar, representing the conflicted mentality of a migrant who finds it necessary to leave their motherland. By reading Friel's Philadelphia, Here I Come! from the perspective of migration, this paper examines the necessity of departure for Gar and the difficulty of his arrival. I argue that Gar's conflicts are not accidental but are consistent with a typical Irish mentality. However, the play suggests that the Irish protagonist's endeavor to shun troubles via voluntary emigration can hardly promise a better tomorrow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several foundational ideas of humanistic psychology have been largely integrated into mainstream psychotherapy, including unconditional positive regard, patient autonomy, the therapeutic alliance, and the privileging of lived experience, and have been shown to be crucial common factors for virtually all effective psychotherapies. However, following the crisis of the subject in the poststructuralist philosophy of the latter 20th century, many of these foundational assumptions have been problematized, and can no longer be taken for granted in a philosophically informed psychology. These questions should therefore be meaningfully engaged to bring humanistic psychology and existential therapy into an integration with poststructuralism, specifically on the topics of lived experience, alterity and intersubjectivity, human potential, formulations of the self, and therapeutic presence. This article aims to interrogate these notions through the works of Jacques Derrida, namely in Writing and Difference, Of Hospitality, and The Gift of Death, and to mutually enrich both humanistic and poststructuralist thinking. Public Significance Statement: Humanistic psychology has long championed principles now considered foundational to virtually all effective psychotherapies—principles such as patient autonomy, self-actualization, and therapeutic presence. However, the evolving landscape of psychological thought in the wake of poststructuralist ways of thinking in the latter part of the 20th century has incorporated the challenges to these notions to varying degrees. After the advent of the "crisis of the subject" in mid-20th century Western thought, which Derrida's work was and has remained pivotal to, our understanding of the self, intersubjectivity, and therapeutic presence must be engaged anew, so that they may likewise evolve in therapeutic discourse. It is crucial not to ignore the challenges this thought would present to humanistic psychotherapy; therefore, this article takes up such a call to bridge the gap between humanistic psychology and poststructuralism to explore topics such as lived experience, alterity, intersubjectivity, and the formulation of the self in light of Derrida's thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]