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Monitoring mangrove forest biomass is vital for assessing their carbon sequestration potential. This study uses airborne LiDAR data to estimate the aboveground biomass (AGB) of an old‐growth mangrove forest in the Katunggan It Ibajay Ecopark (KII Ecopark) on Panay Island, Philippines. To establish a relationship between the LiDAR canopy height profile with the field observed AGB at the plot level, we tested 20 LiDAR derived relative height (RH) metrics. First, we tested a relationship between field observed Lorey's mean canopy height (Hm) and RH metrics, which were then used to estimate AGB by applying a previously established allometric model. Second, we tested the direct relationship between RH metrics and observed AGB. Among RH metrics, RH95 showed the best correspondence with the Hm (R2 = 0.79) and when it was applied to the previously developed allometric for AGB estimation, the results showed a large underestimation of AGB (R2 = 0.46) for plots with higher canopy heights. Conversely, the direct method using a power regression model with RH95 and observed AGB provided a better estimate (R2 = 0.58). However, both models still underestimated AGB at the KII Ecopark. We conclude that, LiDAR‐based AGB estimation using Hm as a single variable can result in considerable underestimation, especially in old‐growth mangrove forests such as KII Ecopark. Further studies are necessary to develop accurate models for estimating AGB in such special types of mangroves which is important for mangrove monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A subtropical mangrove along the Miyara River in Ishigaki Island, Japan was studied for evaluating the carrying capacity for biomass of the mangrove stands. The stem diameters D, tree height H, and fine roots mass were measured, while aboveground biomass (AGB) and belowground coarse root biomass (BGBcoarse) were estimated. The AGB, BGBcoarse, and fine root mass were estimated as 130, 31, and 13 Mg ha−1 in the Rhizophora stylosa; 271, 94, and 11 Mg ha−1 in the downstream Bruguiera gymnorrhiza; and, 228, 81, and 6.4 Mg ha−1 in the upstream B. gymnorrhiza stand, respectively. The AGB and BGBcoarse in the R. stylosa stand were significantly lower than B. gymnorrhiza stands, and fine root mass was significantly higher than upstream B. gymnorrhiza stand. Significantly lower mean individual phytomass wt specific to tree density ρ of R. stylosa stand than B. gymnorrhiza stand in the ρ − wt relationship denoted the lower carrying capacity for AGB of R. stylosa than that of B. gymnorrhiza. The results showed that high soil pore water salinity and low pH at the downstream did not limit biomass and potential canopy height Hmax of mangrove along a river gradient but AGB and BGBcoarse differed between different species at the same edaphic environment. Analysis of aboveground and belowground biomass variations between stands of two mangrove species along environmental gradients from upstream to downstream could be useful in assessing the consequences of sea level rise in relation to climate change on the evolution of blue carbon dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal wetland vegetation modulates water flow by exerting drag, which has important implications for sediment transport and geomorphic dynamics. This vegetation effect on flow is commonly represented in hydrodynamic models by approximating the vegetation as an array of vertical cylinders or increased bed roughness. However, this simple approximation may not be valid in the case of Rhizophora mangroves that have complicated three-dimensional root structures. Here, we present a new model to represent the impact of Rhizophora mangroves on flow in hydrodynamic models. The model explicitly accounts for the effects of the three-dimensional root structures on mean flow and turbulence as well as for the effects of two different length scales of vegetation-generated turbulence characterized by stem diameter and root diameter. The model employs an empirical model for the Rhizophora root structures that can be applied using basic vegetation parameters (mean stem diameter and tree density) without rigorous measurements of the root structures. We tested the model against the flows measured by previous studies in a model mangrove forest in the laboratory and an actual mangrove forest in the field, respectively. We show that, compared with the conventional approximation using an array of cylinders or increased bed roughness, the new model significantly improves the predictability of velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and bed shear stress in Rhizophora mangrove forests. Overall, the presented new model offers a more realistic but feasible framework for simulating flows in Rhizophora mangrove forests with complex root structures using hydrodynamic models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the many ecosystem services provided by mangroves, the sequestration of large amounts of organic carbon (OC) in marine ecosystems (also known as "blue carbon") has given these unique ecological environments enormous global attention. While there are many studies on the blue carbon potential of intact mangroves (i.e., naturally growing), there have been very few studies on restored mangroves (i.e., planted). This study aims to address this knowledge gap by examining the sediment development process during the early colonization (rehabilitation) of mangroves in an OC-poor estuary in Panay Island, Philippines. Based on source apportionment of multiple end-members in the sedimentary organic matter, the contribution of mangrove plant material was higher at the older sites compared to the younger sites or bare sediments where there is a higher contribution of riverine input. A clear increasing gradient according to mangrove development was observed for bulk OC (0.06–3.4 µ mol g -1), porewater OC (292–2150 µ mol L -1), sedimentary OC stocks (3.13–77.4 Mg C ha -1), and OC loading per surface area (7–223 µ mol m -2). The estimated carbon accumulation rates (6–33 mol m -2 yr -1) based on chronosequence are within the global ranges and show an increasing pattern with the age of mangroves. Hence, the sediments of relatively young mangrove forests appear to be a significant potential C sink, and short-term chronosequence-based observations can efficiently define the importance of mangrove restoration programs as a potential carbon sequestration pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In hydrodynamic models, vegetation is commonly approximated as an array of vertical cylinders to represent its impacts on flow and sediment transport. However, this simple approximation may not be valid in the case of Rhizophora mangroves that have complicated three-dimensional root structures. Here, we present a new model to represent the impacts of Rhizophora mangroves on flow and sediment transport in hydrodynamic models. The model explicitly accounts for the effects of the three-dimensional root structures on flow and turbulence, as well as the effects of two different length scales of vegetation-generated turbulence characterized by stem diameter and root diameter. The model employs an empirical model for the Rhizophora root structures that can be applied using basic vegetation parameters (mean stem diameter and tree density), without rigorous measurements of the root structures. We showed that compared to the conventional approximation using an array of cylinders, the new model significantly improves the predictability of velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and bed shear stress measured in a model and a real Rhizophora mangrove forest. The model further suggested the high efficiency of the three-dimensional root structures of Rhizophora mangroves on sedimentation, which allows a relatively high sediment supply to the forest but effectively regulates sediment erosion through reduced bed shear stress, compared to cylinder arrays that exhibit equivalent sediment supply or sediment retention. The presented model could be a fundamental tool to advance our understanding of the sedimentary processes in Rhizophora mangrove forests which are linked to mangroves' vulnerability and ecosystem service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In hydrodynamic models, vegetation is commonly approximated as an array of vertical cylinders to represent its impacts on flow and sediment transport. However, this simple approximation may not be valid in the case of Rhizophora mangroves that have complicated three-dimensional root structures. Here, we present a new model to represent the impacts of Rhizophora mangroves on flow and sediment transport in hydrodynamic models. The model explicitly accounts for the effects of the three-dimensional root structures on flow and turbulence, as well as the effects of two different length scales of vegetation-generated turbulence characterized by stem diameter and root diameter. The model employs an empirical model for the Rhizophora root structures that can be applied using basic vegetation parameters (mean stem diameter and tree density), without rigorous measurements of the root structures. We showed that compared to the conventional approximation using an array of cylinders, the new model significantly improves the predictability of velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and bed shear stress measured in a model and a real Rhizophora mangrove forest. The model further suggested the high efficiency of the three-dimensional root structures of Rhizophora mangroves on sedimentation, which allows a relatively high sediment supply to the forest but effectively regulates sediment erosion through reduced bed shear stress, compared to cylinder arrays that exhibit equivalent sediment supply or sediment retention. The presented model could be a fundamental tool to advance our understanding of the sedimentary processes in Rhizophora mangrove forests which are linked to mangroves' vulnerability and ecosystem service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among many ecosystem services, macro-climate regulation via the storage of large amounts of organic carbon (OC) in marine sediments (also known as 'blue carbon') has given mangroves enormous global attention due to their role in climate change mitigation. While there are many studies on blue carbon potential of intact mangroves (i.e. naturally growing), there have been very few on restored mangroves (i.e. planted). This study aims to address this knowledge gap by examining sediment development process during early colonization (rehabilitation) of mangroves in an OC-poor estuary in the Panay Island, Philippines. Based on endmember source apportionment in sedimentary organic matter, the contribution of mangrove plant material was higher at the older sites compared to the younger settings or bare sediment where there is more contribution of riverine input. A clear increasing gradient according to mangrove development was observed for bulk OC (0.06 to 3.4 μmol g-1), porewater OC (292 to 2150 μmol L-1), sedimentary OC stock (3.13 to 77.4 Mg C ha-1) and OC loading per surface area (7 to 223 μmol m-2). The estimate of carbon accumulation rates (6 to 33 mol m-2 yr-1) based on chrono-sequence are within the global ranges and show an increasing pattern with mangrove age. Although a differential yet systematic pattern of increasing OC sink based on short-term chrono-sequence can define the role of a mangrove rehabilitation program, there is a need for long-term monitoring to verify the consistently elevated OC with mangrove growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asia‐Pacific blue carbon ecosystems named mangroves, seagrass meadows and salt marsh plays an important role in climate change mitigation and adaptation. However, still data gaps exist in this region to understand the blue carbon dynamic process and how future climate change will impact it. The special feature aims to fill the gaps and contributing to our knowledge from the Asia‐Pacific region and to stimulate and promote future research in blue carbon research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fine root decomposition, mortality, and production are fundamental components of belowground carbon dynamics in mangrove ecosystems. Mangroves are highly productive ecosystems with huge carbon stocks; however, information on the dynamics of submerged fine roots in mangrove soils is limited. To estimate fine root production in several sites of mangrove communities on Pohnpei Island, Micronesia, we estimated continuous inflows using a simple mass balance model to combine ingrowth core and litterbag experimental results. According to our findings, previously reported mangrove fine root production values were severely underestimated because the fine root decomposition process was disregarded during the experimental period. We estimated that annual fine root production up to 0.3 m in depth ranged from 13.8 (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza in a landward plot) to 56.3 Mg ha−1 year−1 (B. gymnorrhiza in a seaward plot). However, comparing the fine root production with respect to the unit of stem cross‐section area increase in the sample tree, the fine root production of Rhizophora spp. was greater than that of other species. The annual fine root mortality and decomposition to annual fine root production was 70%–105% and 11%–52% of annual production, respectively. The annual fine root production estimated here was much higher than that previously reported. These findings begin to quantify the contribution and importance of highly productive mangrove fine roots for carbon sequestration in blue carbon ecosystems. Moreover, this study provides new insights into the organic carbon dynamics in mangrove soils with mangrove vegetation succession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangroves' ability to store carbon (C) has long been recognized, but little is known about whether planted mangroves can store C as efficiently as naturally established (i.e., intact) stands and in which time frame. Through Bayesian logistic models compiled from 40 years of data and built from 684 planted mangrove stands worldwide, we found that biomass C stock culminated at 71 to 73% to that of intact stands ~20 years after planting. Furthermore, prioritizing mixed-species planting including Rhizophora spp. would maximize C accumulation within the biomass compared to monospecific planting. Despite a 25% increase in the first 5 years following planting, no notable change was observed in the soil C stocks thereafter, which remains at a constant value of 75% to that of intact soil C stock, suggesting that planting effectively prevents further C losses due to land use change. These results have strong implications for mangrove restoration planning and serve as a baseline for future C buildup assessments.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> The coastal areas of Southeast Sulawesi are households of rich coastal ecosystems, which provide precious ecosystem services for society, but recent conditions might be suffered by various natural and anthropogenic pressures. This study aimed to elucidate the life forms and adaptive capacity of the coral reefs ecosystem in the Tanjung Tiram waters, as one of the potential tourist places in Southeast Sulawesi. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Observation of the life form and adaptive capacity of coral reefs was carried out using the LIT (line intercept transect) method. The adaptive capacity components of the coral reef ecosystem were assessed including: (1) Coral reef dimensional index (IDCR), (2) Coral cover (%), (3) Dominance of life forms, (4) Number of life form species, (5) Number of reef fish species, (6) Depth of coral reefs and (7) Distance of coral reef ecosystems from residential areas. <b>Results:</b> The life forms of coral reefs consist of <i>Acropora</i> and non-<i>Acropora</i> corals. Adaptive capacity components of coral reefs showed different categories, such as the coral reef dimensional index belonging to the "Low" category, while mostly other adaptive capacity parameters including coral cover, the coral life forms and the number of coral fish belong to the "Moderate" category except for the number of life-form species of coral reefs is in the high category. The distance of the coral reef ecosystem is very near to human settlements of Tanjung Tiram Village and thus coral reef ecosystems are affected by human activities. <b>Conclusion:</b> Overall, the adaptive capacity of the coral reef ecosystem in Tanjung Tiram waters was a moderate category, thus, efforts must be made such as by coral transplantation, conservation, etc., to increase the coral reefs' adaptive capacity in the coastal regions of Southeast Sulawesi.