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The study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementing chitosan, Bacillus subtilis or blends of both on broiler growth performance, immune response, biochemical variables, and intestinal ecology of broiler chickens. Two hundred and eighty day-old chicks were distributed into 4 experimental groups, including T0 (control, basal feed), T1 (basal feed + chitosan 0.1% feed), T2 (basal feed + B. subtilis 0.01% feed), and T3 (basal feed + chitosan 0.1% feed + B. subtilis 0.01% feed). Variables measurements and sample collection were conducted on day 35. The T3 did not differ from T0 and T1, but they consumed less (p=0.05) feed than T2 chickens. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower (p=0.05) in T1 and T3 compared to T0 and T2 groups. Leukocyte counts in T2 and T3 were higher (p=0.05) than those in T0. The T1, T2, and T3 had higher (p=0.05) lymphocyte counts than T0. The T3 had lower (p=0.05) low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels than the T0 group. The T2 had higher (p=0.05) levels of total protein and globulin than T3 and T0. Compared to T0 and T3, serum albumin levels were greater (p=0.05) in T1 and T2. The T3 had higher (p=0.05) duodenal villi height than that in the other groups. The T2 and T3 chicks had higher (p=0.05) Newcastle disease titer than T0 and T1. Compared to T2 and T3, T0 and T1 showed a worse (p=0.05) microscopic structure of jejunum. The T2 and T3 showed lower (p=0.05) lesion score in bursa of fabricius than that in the other groups. In conclusion, the blends of chitosan and B. subtilis resulted in improved FCR, higher leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, lower LDL, higher duodenal villi height, higher Newcastle disease titer, better microscopic structure of jejunum, and lower lesion score in bursa of fabricius of broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the effect of using eggshell waste or eggshell extract as organic calcium source in feed on the physiological conditions and intestines of broilers. A total of 392 one-day -old chicks were randomly distributed into four groups (10 birds each group), CONT (control diet containing 1% limestone as an inorganic calcium source), EGFL (feed containing 1% eggshell powder as an organic calcium source), EEG1 (feed containing 1% eggshell extracted with Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit filtrate as an organic calcium source), and EEG05 (feed containing 0.5% eggshell extracted using A. bilimbi L. fruit filtrate). Body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly, whereas blood, intestinal content, and small intestinal segments were collected at day 35. Our results showed that during days 8-35, weight gain and feed consumption were lower (P<0.05) in EEG05 than in CONT and EGFL. Thymus relative weight tended (P=0.08) to be lower in EEG05 than in CONT, and gizzard was lower (P<0.05) in EGFL than in CONT and EEG05. Serum total triglyceride was significantly higher in CONT than in other groups. Moreover, serum high-density lipoprotein was higher in EEG1 and EEG05 than in CONT (P<0.05). furthermore, serum albumin were higher (P<0.05) in EEG1 than in CONT, EGFL and EEG05. Additionally, serum uric acid was higher (P<0.05) in EEG1 than in EGFL and EEG05. Among the groups, SGPT levels were lowest (P<0.05) in EEG05 birds. While there was no effect (P>0.05) of treatments on coliform and lactic acid bacteria in the ileum and caecum, jejunal crypt depth tended (P=0.09) to be lower in EEG1 and EEG05 than in CONT and EGFL broilers. Conclusively, using 1% eggshell powder or eggshell extract in feed as the substitute for limestone had no detrimental effect on broiler chickens' growth, physiological status and intestinal condition. Hence, eggshell powder or eggshell extracted with A. bilimbi L. fruit filtrate can be used as an organic calcium source to replace limestone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the effect of adding Spirulina platensis to replace zinc bacitracin on performance, egg quality, blood profile, total gut bacteria, and liver histopathology of local indigenous Arab chicken (Gallus turcicus). One hundred and eight 28-week-old laying hens were distributed randomly to three treatments: T0 (control diet), T1 (T0 + 1% S. platensis), and T2 (T0 + 0.04% zinc bacitracin). The treatment was applied for 49 days. S. platensis and zinc bacitracin decreased feed intake (p<0.05), but the egg mass had no significant effect; this provides a good improvement in feed conversion ratio (p<0.05). S. platensis helped maintain persistent egg production (p<0.05). S. platensis and zinc bacitracin provided the best results on haugh unit (p<0.05). S. platensis increased the yolk score (p<0.05). Zinc bacitracin decreased erythrocytes (p<0.05) but was not significantly different from S. platensis. S. platensis and zinc bacitracin increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (p<0.05). Blood chemical profile and total gut bacteria were not affected by the treatments. S. platensis was the best at maintaining liver's health (p<0.05). This research concludes that S. platensis can efficiently optimize feed consumption, enhance performance, maintain egg quality, and protect the liver damage of Arab chicken. Therefore, S. platensis could be considered to replace the use of antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to analyze the unique tendencies reported along the egg-production curve for the Kampung Unggul Badan Litbang Pertanian (KUB) chicken. This research was superior to others due to its comprehensive analysis of multiple nonlinear models specifically tailored to the unique egg production patterns of the indigenous KUB chicken, providing highly accurate and practical predictive capabilities for local poultry farming. Egg production was monitored in 797 KUB chickens from 17 breeding flocks. The study evaluated Logistic, Compartmental, Gamma, and Yang to represent the egg production curve. The Yang function, which is suggested as the best-fitting model, accurately reflected the characteristics of the observed data on egg production for KUB chickens. The Yang function had the highest correlation coefficient, medium pseudo R2, lowest MSE, AIC, and BIC. The rankings for the Logistic, Compartmental, and Gamma functions were second, third, and fourth, in that order. In order to predict future results in the weekly egg production of KUB chickens, it is advised that the Yang be used to monitor the beginning rate of production to peak, the peak time of production, and the gradual fall after the peak using prior experiences.

Environmentalists are now becoming very concerned about issues related to air pollutants especially ammonia emissions from the broiler industry. Ammonia produced by broiler farms not only has a detrimental effect on the health and productivity of broiler chickens, but also has a severe influence on the environment. The ammonia emissions from broiler chicken houses can be effectively reduced by lowering the protein content of the feed, although broiler growth performance can suffer as a result. To improve protein digestibility and utilization in broiler chickens, enzymes can be used as feed additives. Hence, enzymes can avoid feeding with excessive protein content to broilers. Due to its ability to improve digestion and retention of N in the body, enzymes especially protease can reduce N excretion through excreta so that it has an impact on reducing ammonia emissions from broiler chicken houses. This present review provides an overview of the role of enzymes in reducing ammonia emissions from broiler farms. The mechanism of how enzymes reduce ammonia emissions from broiler farms is also discussed in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although it has widely been applied in human applications for therapeutic purposes, the use of fermented herbal products to improve growth performance in broiler chickens is still disputable. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of fermented versus unfermented herbal products in improving the growth performance, breast meat quality, and small intestinal morphology of broiler chickens and to determine the optimal conditions according to meta-analysis and response surface methodology. The database was developed based on 23 articles comprising 123 data points collected in 2023. The metadata was analysed using OpenMEE and R, with the inclusion of fermented herbal products as fixed factors and individual studies as random factors. The optimal dosage was determined using response surface methodology (RSM). A significant difference (p

Restriction of synthetic antioxidants and prohibition of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) have had an impact on impairing the growth rate of broiler chickens, and hence the alternatives for these additives are urgently needed by broiler farmers. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaves extract (MOLE), whey protein or their combination on the growth, carcass and meat quality of broilers. A total of 336 broiler chicks were arranged into four groups, including T0 (basal diet with no additive), T1 (basal diet with 1% MOLE), T2 (basal diet with 1% whey protein powder) and T3 (basal diet with 0.5% MOLE and 0.5% whey protein powder). Body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly. Internal organs and meats were obtained on day 42. Results showed that MOLE impaired body weight, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broilers (p<0.05). MOLE, whey protein and their blend decreased the abdominal fat content of broilers (p<0.05). Whey increased the moisture content of breast meats (p<0.05). Water holding capacity (WHC) was higher in T2 than in the other breast meats (p<0.05). Among the groups, pH value was highest in T2 breast meat (p<0.05). The lightness values of breast meat were lower in T2 than in the other groups (p<0.05), while the lowest yellowness values were found in T2 breast meat (p<0.05). The WHC was higher in T1 thigh meat than in T2 and T3 (p<0.05). The T1 thigh meat showed higher pH than the T2 group (p<0.05). The T1 thigh meat showed higher redness values than the other groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, MOLE reduced broiler growth and abdominal fat deposition. Whey reduced fat deposition and improved the meat quality of broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the effect of encapsulated Medinilla javanensis fruit extract on performance, protein digestibility, and health of broilers. A total of 200 Cobb broiler chicks were divided into five treatments with four repetitions, including T0 (basal diet), T1 (basal diet + 200 mg/kg encapsulated Medinilla javanensis fruit extract), T2 (basal diet + 400 mg/kg encapsulated Medinilla javanensis fruit extract), T3 (basal diet + 600 mg/kg encapsulated Medinilla javanensis fruit extract), and T4 (basal diet + 800 mg/kg encapsulated Medinilla javanensis fruit extract). Sample collection was conducted on day 35 of age. Results showed that increased encapsulated Medinilla javanensis fruit extract levels in feed linearly increased (P

The intestinal microbe population has a considerable impact on the physiological state of poultry. Nutritional intervention can be used to enhance the equilibrium of the gut microbiota in chickens, leading to good physiological effects. Various nutritional interventions have been implemented, including feed additives, vitamins, and fermented and functional feeds. While numerous studies have shown the efficacy of nutritional strategies, others have noted the variability of these interventions on poultry’s physiological state. Various factors can influence the effectiveness of nutritional interventions on the physiological conditions of poultry, such as the types of feed additives or active components, duration and method of administration, feed composition, environmental conditions during rearing, quality of day-old-chick, type and age of poultry, hygiene, infection, stress, and other related variables. Feed additives, when combined with nutritional components or other active chemicals, can have synergistic and complementary effects. These impacts could improve the effectiveness and reliability of the nutritional interventions on physiological parameters and poultry productivity. Furthermore, combinations can include feed additives or active components like probiotics and acidifiers, probiotics and enzymes, phytobiotics and enzymes, and plant-based materials and chitosan. The combinations show synergistic and complementary benefits, improving physiological conditions in chickens more than using feed additives or active substances alone. Overall, nutritional intervention can be used to improve the microbial balance in poultry intestines and boost their physiological state. Moreover, integrating feed additives with other active components might enhance the physiological circumstances of chickens due to the synergistic effect produced by their combination.

A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of enzyme and probiotic on the growth performance of broiler chickens. A collection of publications covering the years from 2009 to 2021 was compiled using several keywords, such as enzyme, growth performance, and probiotic. A total of 136 comparisons from 19 in vivo investigations were used to create the final dataset. The data were analyzed using the OpenMEE software, considering the feed additives (enzymes and probiotics) as fixed effects and individual studies as random effects. The result showed an insignificant difference (P0.05) between enzymes and probiotics in terms of improving the body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers. In conclusion, both probiotics and enzymes improved broiler performances, such as body weight gain, feed intake and FCR. According to the meta-analysis, the ability of enzymes and probiotics to affect broiler performances was equal.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary administration of Acalypha australis L. leaf extract, whey powder, or a combination of both on the growth, physiological condition, and carcass traits of broilers. A total of 392 broiler chicks was divided into four groups based on a fully randomized design, including (1) control (C, basal feed without additives), (2) basal feed supplemented with 1% Acalypha australis L. leaf extract (AALE), (3) basal feed with 1% whey powder (WHEY), and (4) basal feed with 1% Acalypha australis L. extract and 1% whey powder (AALEWHEY). Samples (i.e., internal organs, blood, intestinal digesta, small intestinal segments, and breast and thigh meats) were collected on day 33. Data were treated with an analysis of variance followed by Duncan's multiple analysis. Treatments did not affect body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (p>0.05). Abdominal fat was higher in the treated broilers than in the control (C) (p<0.05). The serum high-density lipoproteins (HDL) were lower in AALE, WHEY, and AALEWHEY groups than in the control (C) (p<0.05). Serum creatinine concentrations were higher in WHEY and AALEWHEY groups than in C and AALE groups (p<0.05). The AALE, WHEY, and AALEWHEY groups had higher duodenal villi height than C group (p<0.05). The villi height to crypt depth ratios were higher in the jejunum of the WHEY and AALEWHEY group than in the C group (p<0.05). The pH of breast meat was higher in the C group than in AALE and AALEWHEY groups (p<0.05). The lightness values of breast meats were lower in the AALEWHEY group than in the other groups (p<0.05). The redness values of breast meats were lower in the C group than in the AALE, WHEY, and AALEWHEY groups, while the yellowness values were lower in C and AALE groups than in WHEY and AALEWHEY groups (p<0.05). The pH values of thigh meats were higher in the AALE group than in control (C), WHEY, and AALEWHEY groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, the treatment of broilers with leaf extract of Acalypha australis L., whey powder, or a combination of both improved intestinal morphology and meat quality without affecting the growth performance of broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to estimate growth parameters for commercial broiler chickens in Indonesia. The data was collected from July 2021 to June 2022. A total of 1,570 samples consisting of four strains of broiler chickens were collected from 74 houses. The samples were daily weighed from 0 to 7 days of age, and they were weekly weighed from 1 to 5 weeks of age. A nonlinear Gompertz growth model was fitted to the observed body weights (BW). The results for five growth parameters were as follows: the asymptotic value (A) of the mature live weight ranged from 3.733 to 5.044 kg; the turning point of growth (B) ranged from 4.499 to 4.561; the value growth rate constant (K) ranged from 0.049 to 0.059 kg/week; Inflection points in ranged from 25.292 - 30.970 days, and 1.373 - 1.855 kg for inflection age (IA) and inflection weight (IW), respectively. The model was an excellent fit for the growth data in the commercial broiler with a low Akaike information criterion (AIC), and high coefficient determination (R²). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve growth performance and health, the broiler industry has recently incorporated plant sources and dairy milk byproducts as feed additives. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOLE) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) or their combination on production performance, physiological status, gut integrity and immune responses of broilers. A total of 364 day old broiler chicks were used and assigned according to a completely randomized design with four dietary treatments, including CONT (basal feed as control), MOLE (basal feed + 1% MOLE), WPC (basal feed + 1% WPC), and MOLE-WPC (basal feed + 0.5% MOLE + 0.5% WPC). Daily weight gain and daily feed intake of broilers were higher in WPC and CONT groups (P<0.05) compared to MOLE group. The low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were lower in CONT and WPC (P<0.05) than in MOLE and MOLE-WPC groups. The serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) were lower in MOLE group (P<0.05) than in MOLE-WPC. In comparison to the CONT and WPC groups, the villi height and ratio of villi to crypt depth in the duodenum were more favorable in the MOLE and MOLE-WPC groups. The lactose negative enterobacteria have a lower number (P<0.05) in MOLE group. Histologically, the jejunum, ileum, and spleen were in better condition in the MOLE and MOLE-WPC groups (P<0.05) than in the other groups. In conclusion, supplementing MOLE, WPC or their combination improved the gut integrity and immune organ, but had no appreciable impact on production performance and physiological status in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examines composition and essential nutrients of cyanobacterium flour produced from Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) fermented by yeast on a small scale. During the study, amino acids, volatile organic compounds, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), and proximate composition of fermented and unfermented spirulina were compared. The results showed that fermentation enhanced the levels of total and essential amino acids. This showed that fermentation altered the amino acids and fatty acid profiles, thereby improving the nutritional value of spirulina.

Penelitian ini menguji dampak independensi, pengalaman, etika, dan keterlibatan auditor terhadap kualitas audit, membahas peran auditor dalam memitigasi konflik yang timbul dari kekurangan informasi dalam laporan keuangan. Dilakukan di Kota Surabaya dengan 158 auditor dari Kantor Akuntan Publik, penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian eksplanatori dan metodologi kuantitatif. Dengan menggunakan purposive sampling dan pengumpulan data berbasis kuesioner, analisis regresi linier berganda dilakukan untuk menguji hipotesis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa independensi dan etika auditor berpengaruh positif terhadap kualitas audit, sedangkan pengalaman dan keterlibatan auditor berpengaruh negatif. Selain itu, secara kolektif, variabel-variabel ini berkontribusi signifikan terhadap kualitas audit .

Background and Aim: The ban on antibiotic growth promoters adversely affects the physiological condition and health of poultry. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of encapsulated Acalypha australis L. leaf extract, chitosan, or a combination of both on the physiological and intestinal conditions of broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: A total of 280 Cobb broiler chicks were randomly distributed into four groups: Basal feed without additives (CNTL), basal feed with 0.01% encapsulated A. australis leaf extract (EALE), 0.01% chitosan (CHIT), and 0.01% EALE and 0.01% chitosan (EACH). Sample collection and data measurement were conducted on day 36. Results: There was a tendency (p = 0.08) for EACH bird to have a higher body weight than the other groups. Feed consumption was higher (p < 0.05) in EACH than in EALE and CHIT. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower (p < 0.05) in EALE, CHIT, and EACH than in CNTL. Erythrocyte numbers were lower (p < 0.05) in EALE than in CNTL and EACH. Hematocrit was lower (p < 0.05) in EALE and CHIT groups than in the other two groups. There was a tendency (p = 0.09) for heterophils to be higher in EACH than in CNTL. Thrombocyte counts were lower (p < 0.05) in EACH group than in the other groups. Serum globulin levels were higher (p < 0.05) in EACH than in CNTL and CHIT. The albumin-to-globulin ratio was higher (p < 0.05) in CNTL than in EALE and EACH. Coliform bacteria tended to be lower (p = 0.05) in the cecum of EACH broilers than that of other broilers. Similarly, the ratio of Lactic acid bacteria to coliforms tended to be higher (p = 0.08) in the cecum of EACH group than that in the other groups. Treatments did not influence the intestinal morphology of broiler chickens (p > 0.05). Conclusion: A combination of EALE and chitosan as feed additives enhanced the final body weight and feed efficiency (FCR) of broilers. These additives also increased the levels of heterophils, serum globulin, the ratio of LAB to coliforms, and reduced thrombocytes, albumin-to-globulin ratio, and cecal coliform bacteria. Hence, EALE and chitosan blend improved the growth performance, immune status, and intestinal health of broiler chickens.

Due to polymeric wear debris causing osteolysis from polymer, metal ions causing metallosis from metal, and brittle characteristic causing fracture failure from ceramic in the application on bearing of total hip prosthesis requires the availability of new material options as a solution to these problems. Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) has the potential to become the selected material for hard-on-hard bearing in view of its advantages in terms of mechanical properties and biocompatibility. The present study contributes to confirming the potential of PCD to replace metals and ceramics for hard-on-hard bearing through von Mises stress investigations. A computational simulation using a 2D axisymmetric finite element model of hard-on-hard bearing under gait loading has been performed. The percentage of maximum von Mises stress to respective yield strength from PCD-on-PCD is the lowest at 2.47%, with CoCrMo (cobalt chromium molybdenum)-on-CoCrMo at 10.79%, and Al2O3 (aluminium oxide)-on-Al2O3 at 13.49%. This confirms that the use of PCD as a hard-on-hard bearing material is the safest option compared to the investigated metal and ceramic hard-on-hard bearings from the mechanical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we reported the medicinal and therapeutic potential of 10 Indonesian herbal plants, including their antioxidant activities, metabolite, and mineral content. In all samples, metabolites were extracted from the rhizome of the plants using the maceration method with methanol as solvent. Antioxidant activity of the dried and powdered extract was assessed using the DPPH method, the total phenolic content (TPC) was analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, the total flavonoid content (TFC) was analyzed using the aluminum chloride colorimetry method, and mineral content was analyzed using XRF Analyzer. Our results TPC and TFC are positively correlated with the antioxidant activity of the extract, for example, high TPC (990.3 mg GAE/) and TFC (104.4 mg QE/g) in Curcuma heyneana extract were accompanied by the high antioxidant activity of the extract. Further, we found that Kempferia galangal L. extract has the most diverse mineral composition, but it has the lowest TPC and antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of supplementation of encapsulated Cosmos caudatus K. leaf extract (ECLE) on performance, carcass and meat quality of broilers at high density pens. Three hundred and seventy broiler chicks were divided into 5 treatments and 5 replications. The treatment was conducted on days 15 to 42 in T0 group (10 chicks/m2 + basal feed), T1 (16 chicks/m² + basal feed), T2 (16 chicks/m² + basal feed containing ECLE 0.5 g/kg feed), T3 (16 chicks/m2 + ECLE 1.0 g/kg feed), and T4 (16 head/m2 + ECLE 1.5 g/kg feed). ECLE reduced feed consumption, increased body weight gain, improved feed conversion ratio (FCR), increased the European Production Efficiency Factor (EPEF) and European Broiler Index (EBI) in T2 and T3 (P<0.05). Carcass weight and percentage were increased in T3 and T4 (P<0.05). Breast percentage was higher (P<0.05) in T0, T1 and T2; wing and thigh percentages were higher (P<0.05) in T3 and T4; drumstick and giblet percentages were lower (P<0.05) in T3. Drumstick's pH were higher (P<0.05) in T2, T3 and T4. Thigh fat decreased (P<0.05) at T4. The redness (a*) in T3 and T4 were significantly better. Overall, at high density pens, ECLE at 0.5 g/kg feed enhanced broiler performance, carcass percentage, and breast meat quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical exercise during fasting is an interesting therapeutic agent in preventing increased inflammation in obesity. Therefore, this study aims to prove the physiological impact of a combination of physical exercise and fasting on inflammatory risk factors in obese women. This research involved 18 obese women as research subjects who met the predetermined criteria and were then randomly selected. Subjects were divided into 2 groups: a control group (K1; n = 9) and a group that combined physical exercise and fasting (K2; n = 9). Physical exercise is done aerobically using a treadmill for 40 minutes at moderate intensity while fasting is done intermittently: fasting for 16 hours, followed by not fasting for 8 hours. The combination of physical exercise and fasting was carried out for 2 weeks. Blood samples were taken to measure the risk of inflammation, using the CRP biomarker, from the cubital vein in as much as 4 mL, which was carried out before and after treatment. Data analysis used a paired sample t-test with a significance level of 5%. Based on the research results, there are significant differences. The level of CRP reduction between the treatment and control groups (p ≤ 0.05). Based on the results of this research, physiological evidence shows that aerobic exercise during intermittent fasting reduces inflammatory risk factors in obese women. Therefore, aerobic exercise during fasting can be recommended as an approach to reducing inflammatory risk factors in obesity. Keywords: Obese women, aerobic exercise, intermittent fasting, risk of inflammation

The study investigated the effect of sprouted papaya seed meal (SPSM) on physiological conditions, intestinal bacteria and meat quality of broilers. A 390 broiler chicks were distributed to T0 (control feed), T1 (feed with 2.5% papaya seed meal [PSM]), T2 (1% SPSM), T3 (2.5% SPSM), and T4 (5% SPSM). Blood, intestinal digesta and meat were obtained at day 36. Feeding 2.5% PSM lowered (P<0.05), but SPSM up to 5% had no effect on daily gain. PSM reduced (p<0.05) feed intake, but not SPSM. Feed efficiency was lower (P<0.05) in T4. Feeding 5% SPSM increased (P=0.06) bursa of fabricius. T1, T3 and T4 had lower (P=0.09) heterophils. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were lower (P<0.05) in T4. Cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio of PSM and SPSM was lower (P<0.05) than control. SPSM at 2.5% increased (P<0.05) serum HDL. PSM-fed birds had lower cholesterol (P=0.07), triglyceride (P=0.09) and lowdensity lipoprotein (P=0.09). PSM or SPSM decreased (P<0.05) serum total protein, albumin and globulin. PSM and SPSM reduced (P<0.05) creatinine. Alanine aminotransferase was reduced (P<0.05) with SPSM at 1 and 2.5%. Ileal lactic acid bacteria to coliform ratio in PSM and SPSM was greater (P<0.05) than in control. Ileal coliform was lower (P=0.08) in PSM and SPSM. PSM reduced (P=0.08) saturated fatty acids, while 1 and 2.5% SPSM increased (P=0.09) unsaturated fatty acids contents of meats. In conclusion, SPSM improved immune competence, blood lipid profile and gut bacterial population of broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT. The present study evaluated the effect of feed additives containing Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit filtrate, wheat bran, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on egg production and blood parameters of laying hens during post-peak production. The experiment was carried out according to a completely randomized design with 224 hens (80 weeks old). The hens were randomly distributed to 4 treatments and 7 replications. The treatments included T0 (basal feed), T1 (basal feed + 0.25% additive), T2 (basal feed + 0.5% additive), T3 (basal feed + 1% additive). Feed intake was recorded daily, body weight was determined weekly, and blood was collected on day 35 of the experiment. The variables measured included feed intake, feed conversion ratio, hen day production, egg weight, yolk index, albumin index, eggshell thickness, yolk color, and complete blood counts. Results showed that hen-day production decreased (P0.05) as the level of additives increased in the feed. Dietary inclusion of additive at 0.25% increased (P0.05) eggshell thickness. The feed conversion ratio tended (P=0.08) to be better in hens receiving additives at 0.25%. Compared to control, additive at 0.5% decreased (P0.05) red blood cell distribution width-standard deviation (RDW-SD) and red blood cell distribution width-coefficient variation (RDW-CV) of laying hens. In conclusion, novel feed additives containing A. bilimbi L. fruit filtrate, wheat bran, and S. cerevisiae, particularly at 0.25% of the diet improved hen day egg production, eggshell thickness, and feed conversion ratio. (Pengaruh novel feed additive terhadap produksi telur dan parameter darah ayam petelur pasca puncak produksi) ABSTRAK. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi pengaruh imbuhan pakan yang mengandung filtrat buah belimbing wuluh, dedak gandum dan S. cerevisiae terhadap produksi telur dan parameter darah ayam petelur selama pasca produksi puncak. Penelitian dilaksanakan berdasarkan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) menggunakan 224 ekor ayam petelur (umur 80 minggu). Ayam-ayam tersebut didistribusikan ke 4 kelompok perlakuan dan 7 ulangan. Perlakuan tersebut meliputi T0 (pakan basal), T1 (pakan basal + aditif 0,25%), T2 (pakan basal + aditif 0,5%), T3 (pakan basal + aditif 1%). Konsumsi pakan dicatat setiap hari, bobot badan ditimbang setiap minggu dan darah diambil pada hari ke-35 penelitian. Parameter yang diamati dalam penelitian meliputi konsumsi pakan, rasio konversi pakan, produksi telur harian, berat telur, indeks kuning telur, indeks albumin, ketebalan cangkang telur, warna kuning telur dan profil darah lengkap. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hen day production menurun (P0,05) seiring dengan peningkatan level aditif dalam pakan. Aditif pakan pada level 0,25% meningkatkan ketebalan cangkang telur (P0,05). Rasio konversi pakan cenderung lebih baik (P=0,08) pada ayam petelur yang menerima aditif sebesar 0,25%. Dibandingkan dengan kontrol, aditif 0,5% menurunkan RDW-SD dan RDW-CV (P0,05) ayam petelur. Sebagai kesimpulan, imbuhan pakan yang mengandung filtrat buah belimbing wuluh, dedak gandum dan S. cerevisiae khususnya pada level 0,25% meningkatkan produksi telur ayam, ketebalan cangkang telur dan rasio konversi pakan.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the needs of athletes regarding monitoring the implementation of training programs for Android-based athletes and trainers. This research method is descriptive quantitative. The samples in this study were 20 athletes, 5 licensed trainers in petanque sports, and 1 expert in the fields of physical conditioning, 1 information, and technology. The data collection technique for this research was purposive sampling. The results of this study are that researchers found various things athletes need based on data in the field. The data is based on the results of distributing questionnaires and interviews with athletes, licensed petanque trainers, experts in physical conditioning, and experts in information and technology. These needs can be summarized in an Android-based application that can record data and athlete training developments on the field. Additional information from experts on physical conditions that monitor the implementation of petanque sports is urgently needed. This is useful for reducing the risk of injury to athletes caused by physical conditions that are not properly monitored. Information and technology experts claim that the Android application can be used to display chat features and maps, and it is very safe for storing data on the condition of athletes in each exercise. The conclusion from this study is that athletes need the application of a monitoring system for implementing training programs to improve the athlete's performance. Petanque trainers need a touch of technology based on Android applications to monitor the implementation of training programs and activities outside athlete training. Keywords: Monitoring, Training Program, Android, Petanque

This study investigates the implementation of the Case Method and Team-Based Project learning approaches within the context of the Geography Education Department's cultural and political geography courses at Universitas Negeri Medan. These methods, relevant to the Merdeka Belajar - Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) program, aim to enhance student skills through active, applied learning. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, the research gathered data via questionnaires distributed through Google Forms to a sample of 67 students out of a total population of 454 from the 2019-2022 academic cohorts. Findings indicate that the duration required for the Case Method varies with the complexity of the cases, ranging from 15-30 minutes for simpler issues to over 60 minutes for more intricate problems. The Team-Based Project approach necessitates 7 to 8 meetings, including initial planning and subsequent implementation phases, monitored by lecturers through direct communication or digital platforms like LMS forums or Zoom channels. However, the study reveals inefficiencies in applying these learning methods within the department, attributed to the substantial workload imposed by the Indonesian National Qualifications Framework (KKNI) and a lack of student engagement in assignments. It suggests a comprehensive revision of IQF assignments towards more discussion-oriented and field-practical approaches to address these challenges.

A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of herbal plant extracts on the growth performance, blood parameters, nutrient digestibility and carcase quality of farmed rabbits. A dataset was created from 33 in vivo studies comprising 121 experimental units. Statistical meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model and linear-mixed model meta-regression using R software (v. 4.3.0). Our results showed that although supplemental herbs did not affect average daily gain (ADG) and final body weight (BW), they reduced (P