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Introduction: Dental procedures, including ultrasonic scaling, can generate aerosols and droplets, contaminating the dental room and spreading infectious pathogens. To prevent infection, dental associations recommend pre-procedural mouthwash. Various mouthwashes, such as povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, aloe vera extract and mouthwash with essential oil, are available, but scientific evidence is needed to evaluate the efficacy of their use as preprocedural mouthrinse. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of four commercially available mouth rinses as preprocedural rinses in reducing the number of viable bacteria in dental aerosol generated during ultrasonic scaling. Materials and methods: Twenty eight participants were chosen at random to rinse with any of the mouthwashes for 30 seconds. The mouthwashes used in this study are Betadine®, Minosep®, Listerine® and Aloclair® No dilution of mouthwash was performed throughout this study. The mouthwash is commercially available with a ready-to-use solution. While doing ultrasonic scaling, agar medium plates were placed on the patient's, dentist's, and dental assistant's chests. The plate is then incubated to count how many colonies have formed. The data collected were analyzed using two-factor ANOVA without repeated measures. Results: The mouthwash does not have any impact on the variable reduction CFU in Patient-Dentist-Dental Assistant. However, the data clearly indicates that all mouthwashes effectively decrease the amount of colonies. Conclusion: The reduction in CFU after rinse with those mouthwash highlights the significance of preprocedural mouthwash in lowering oral bacteria numbers prior to minimizing bacteria in dental aerosol formation. Therefore, pre-procedural mouthrinsemay be considered beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to discover active compounds from the leaf extract from Cratoxylum glaucum using the bioassay-guided isolation method. The multistage extraction of C. glaucum leaves was conducted using n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol. The LDH assay was employed to analyze antimalarial activity, and the Resazurin assay was used to measure cytotoxicity values. The structure of the active isolates was determined using spectroscopic techniques. The compound 1 was successfully isolated from the dichloromethane extract of C. glaucum leaves (Cg.FD) and confirmed as a prenylated xanthone namely cratoxyarborenone E. The in vitro antimalarial activity showed an IC50 value of 5.82 ± 0.04 μM, the cytotoxicity assay exhibited a CC50 value of 20.74 ± 0.04 µM, and the SI value was determined to be 3.56. Our research demonstrates that cratoxyarborenone E was first reported from Cg.FD and shows promise as a prospective candidate for new antimalarial drugs.

Hasil analisis rapor Pendidikan Kabupaten Bogor menunjukkan kualitas pembelajaran perlu ditingkatkan. Analisis rapor satuan Pendidikan SD Negeri Gorowong 02 pada tahun 2023, mengindikatorkan kemampuan literasi 60% serta kemampuan numerasi 50% dan statusnya berwarna kuning. Sehingga perlu adanya inovasi baru dalam meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi serta kemampuan komunikasi peserta didik sekolah dasar. Sehingga penelitian berfokus pada implementasi Model Pembelajaran RADEC (Read-Answer-Discuss-Explain-Create) terhadap kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi HOTS dan Keterampilan Kemampuan Komunikasi Peserta Didik Sekolah Dasar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuasi eksperimen dengan Desain Pretest-posttest control group design. Instrumen Penelitian berupa tes kemampuan HOTS, Lembar Observasi Aktivitas RADEC, Wawancara dan Angket Kuesioner. Sedangkan analis data penelitian menggunakan Uji Normalitas, Uji Peningkatan (n-Gain), dan Uji hipotesis (Uji t). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) Nilai rata-rata kemampuan HOTS dan Kemampuan komunikasi peserta didik eksperimen lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelas kontrol yang menggunakan pembelajaran konvensional, (2) Hasil N-gain kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi kelas eksperimen dikategorikan tinggi, sedangkan kelas kontrol dikategorikan sedang. Sedangkan hasil N-gain kemampuan komunikasi kelas eksperimen dikategorikan sedang, sedangkan kelas kontrol dikategorikan rendah. Temuan dalam penelitian terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan implementasi model pembelajaran RADEC terhadap kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi HOTS dan kemampuan komunikasi peserta didik.

The study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities of the leaves and stems of Artocarpus sericicarpus and to analyse the phenolic compounds in the extracts. The modified Ellman’s method was used to determine the cholinesterase inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes. The antioxidant properties were evaluated using DPPH and ABTS methods. The total phenolic content (TPC) was measured by spectrometric assay, and compound identification was carried out by LC-MS/MS analysis. The results showed that the leaf and stem extracts of A. sericicarpus exerted significant inhibitory effects against AChE and BChE, as well as antioxidant activities. The stem ethanolic extract exhibited the highest potency against AChE and BChE with IC50 values of 5.81 and 11.46 µg/mL, respectively. The leaf and stem ethanolic extracts gave higher antioxidant activities and TPC compared to the water-based extracts. The LC-MS/MS analysis indicated the presence of phenolic compounds, such as flavones, flavonols, flavanones, prenylated chalcones, and xanthones in the extracts.

Osteoarthritis is a disease associated with articular cartilage degradation, intra-articular area inflammation, and subchondral bone replacement. Cytokine IL-1β has a prominent function in the inflammations process that passes in the joints. The 70% ethanol extracts of deer antler (250 and 500 mg/kg BW) and glucosamine sulfate (250 kg/BW) were evaluated for four weeks in reducing cytokine IL-1β to rat model OA-induced Monosodium iodoacetate. Measurements of joint diameter in rat’s knee and hyperalgesia were performed on weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. The presence of a significant difference in the stimulation thermal latency (p = 0.00) and the resulting increase in swelling of joint diameter (p = 0.00) are evidence that MIA has successfully induced the rat modeling of OA. A significant decrease in cytokine IL-Iβ levels was shown on week 3 after MIA injection (p = 0.00). Both concentrations of deer extracts significantly reduced knee joint diameter (p = 0.00), latency thermal stimulation (p = 0.00), and cytokine IL-1β levels (p = 0.00). Based on the results, it can be concluded that the 70% ethanol extract of deer antler is a potential medicine for OA therapy.

The study aims to analyze whether achievement motivation, internal locus of control, and study habits influence the learning outcomes of grade 7 students in four regions in Indonesia, namely Sumatera, Java, and Papua. Several experts and previous studies have shown that achievement motivation, locus of control, and study habits can be used as predictors and improve students’ mathematics learning outcomes. This research is a survey with a quantitative approach and was conducted at four schools in the XYZ Foundation. Data collection techniques using questionnaires distributed through Google Form link to measure students' achievement motivations, internal locus of control, and study habits on mathematics learning outcomes of 7th grade students. Data was collected from 183 respondents. Data analysis techniques used descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression with the IBM SPSS 25 application. Based on the result of the data analysis, the regression equation for students' achievement motivation, locus of control, and study habits on mathematics learning outcomes of 7th grade students is . Furthermore, based on the t-test result, achievement motivation with a t count of 3.961, internal locus of control with a t count of -2.994, and study habits with a t count of 1.424 are obtained. The conclusions are achievement motivation and internal locus of control partially have a positive influence and study habits do not affect the learning outcomes of grade 7 mathematics. Based on the value of , as much as 15.9% of independent variables are achievement motivation, internal locus of control, and study habits that simultaneously influence the mathematics learning outcomes of 7th grade students. Theoretical implications and implications of the research are discussed.

The use of personal protective equipment masks is an important factor in protecting workers from potential hazards while working in marble processing. Many diseases are caused by exposure to dust, especially acute respiratory infections (ARI). The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the use of masks and the incidence of ARI in marble stone workers in Besole village, Besuki Tulungagung district. The design of this study is an analytic association using a cross-sectional design. The population is all marble stone workers in Besole village, Besuki Tulungagung district. The sample size is 44 respondents, the sampling technique uses purposive sampling. The independent variable of this study is the use of masks and the dependent variable is the incidence of ARI. Data collection using a questionnaire was given to marble workers in Besole Village, Besuki Tulungagung sub-district. Data analysis used the Spearman Rho statistical test with Confidence Interval (CI): of 95% or  = 0.05. The results showed that most of the respondents, 28 respondents (64%), wore masks and half of the respondents, 22 respondents (50%), had mild ARI. The statistical test results showed p value = 0.015 < α = 0.05 which means H0 was rejected so it can be stated that there is a relationship between the use of masks and the incidence of ARI in marble stone workers. The conclusion from the results of this study is the use of masks when working properly and correctly as self-protection from dust so that marble workers do not experience pain, especially ARI.

Context: Marine sources such as sponges have shown a significant impact on the drug development from nature. Metabolites isolated from sponges show diversity in terms of structural features and pharmacological properties. Several sponges have been reported to have potency as cholinesterase inhibitors as one of the target therapies for Alzheimer’s disease. Aims: To investigate the potency of marine sponge Aaptos suberitoides as cholinesterase inhibitors and to explore the chemistry of the sponge. Methods: The cholinesterase inhibitory assay was carried out against two enzymes, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), based on the modified Ellman’s method. The chemistry of the active fractions was studied by LC-MS/MS method, followed by molecular networking using GNPS. Results: The results suggested that the extract and fractions inhibited both AChE and BChE enzymes. All samples demonstrated more potent inhibition against AChE compared to BChE enzymes. The n-hexane fraction gave the strongest inhibition against both AChE and BChE, with IC50 values of 4.76 µg/mL and 6.79 µg/mL, respectively. Based on the LC-MS/MS analysis, alkaloids were detected in the n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions. Four alkaloids were identified in the ethyl acetate fraction, namely demethylaaptamine, aaptamine, isoaaptamine, and 8,9,9-trimethoxy-9H-benzo[de][1,6]naphthyridine at RT 1.52, 1.67, 2.92, and 3.22 mins, respectively. Aaptamine was also identified in the n-hexane fraction together with demethyloxyaaptamine. Conclusions: The extract, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate fractions of A. suberitoides have shown promising cholinesterase inhibitory properties against both AChE and BChE enzymes. The alkaloids present in the active fractions may be responsible for the bioactivity.

AbstractThis research and development study aims to increase the use of websites in learning for elementary school students through free features of video media and learning assessments in the form of question banks and quizzes. The variables studied were the appearance, effectiveness, practicality, and satisfaction of using the features on Kejarcita website. Website revisions were conducted after validation from experts and field trials that involved 349 students and 12 teachers of SD Mahabodhi Vidya and SD Muhammadiyah 6. The expert validation result showed that the website as a learning resource is sufficient. Literacy and numeracy assessments as the indicator of effectiveness are considered quite effective with a percentage of 60% on literacy and 56% on numeracy. The website shows 82% effectiveness from the teacher's side and 81% from the students’ side. The practical results of the website are 77% from the students’ side and 79% from the teachers’ side. The satisfaction shows 79% from the teacher's side. It is concluded Kejarcita website after revision is considered effective, practical and provides user satisfaction. Bahasa Indonesia Abstrak Penelitian pengembangan ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan penggunaan website untuk pembelajaran anak-anak sekolah dasar dengan menggunakan fitur gratis berupa video dan asesmen dalam bentuk bank soal dan kuis. Variabel yang diteliti adalah tampilan, efektivitas, kepraktisan, dan kepuasan penggunaan fitur pada website Kejarcita. Revisi website dilakukan setelah divalidasi oleh pakar, dan uji coba lapangan melibatkan 349 siswa dan 12 guru SD Mahabodhi Vidya dan SD Muhammadiyah 6. Hasil validasi pakar menunjukkan revisi website sebagai sumber belajar sudah memadai. Asesmen belajar literasi dan numerasi siswa sebagai indikator efektivitas dinilai cukup efektif dengan persentase sebesar 60% pada asesmen literasi dan 56% pada asesmen numerasi. Efektivitas website dari sisi guru sebesar 82% sedangkan dari sisi siswa sebesar 81%. Sedangkan, kepraktisan website sebesar 77% dari sisi siswa dan 79% dari sisi guru. Kepuasan penggunaan website dari sisi guru sebesar 79%. Dapat disimpulkan website Kejarcita pasca revisi dinilai efektif, praktis dan memberikan kepuasan pada pengguna.

Technology has already had a significant impact on many aspects of life, including education. As a learning tool, the Smartphone has become indispensable for system implementation. The study's goal is to investigate how smartphones can assist students in improving their public speaking skills. The study employed classroom action research in three cycles. This study included 39 second-grade students from a junior high school in West Java. Interviews, observations, and questionnaires were used to collect qualitative data. Furthermore, quantitative data from speaking tests were obtained. According to the findings of this study, using a smartphone during a course activity can keep students' attention and interest. They also gained the confidence to speak up and actively participate in class. Furthermore, smartphones help students stay engaged while learning. The speaking test results revealed that the students' speaking abilities had improved. The mean score for students in cycle one was 70.4, 77.6 in cycle two, and 82.2 in cycle three. As a result, because smartphones are compatible with student characteristics, they can be used as a learning media to assist students in improving their speaking skills, broadening their knowledge, and developing their other English practice.

Background: Pternandra galeata belongs to the family Melastomataceae. It is a native flowering plant in Borneo Island that serve as food for monkey habitat. There has been limited study on the medicinal and chemical properties of this plant. Objectives: We investigated the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and evaluated the antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of Pternandra galeata stem. The total phenolic content in the sample was also determined. Methods: The acetylcholinesterase inhibitory assays were performed using Ellman’s method. Two different methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method by employing gallic acid as a reference. Results: The ethanolic extract of the P. galeata stems inhibited the AChE enzyme with an IC50value of 74.62 ± 0.89 µg/mL. The sample exhibited antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay with an IC50 value of 20.21 ± 0.08 µg/mL and 7.68 ± 0.09µg/mL in the ABTS scavenging assay. The total phenolic content was 164.71 ± 3.33 mg GAE/g extract. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of the P. galeata stem can be a promising cholinesterase inhibitor and antioxidant for treating Alzheimer’s disease.

This study aimed to obtain a microbial active compound as a novel antimalarial drug from Indonesian isolates. Target-based assays were used to screen for antimalarial activity against the parasite mitochondrial, Plasmodium falciparum malate:quinone oxidoreductase (PfMQO) enzyme. In total, 1600 crude extracts, composed from 800 fungi and 800 actinomycetes extracts, were screened against PfMQO, yielding six active extracts as primary hits. After several stages of stability tests, one extract produced by Aspergillus sp. BioMCC f.T.8501 demonstrated stable PfMQO inhibitory activity. Several purification stages, including OCC, TLC, and HPLC, were performed to obtain bioactive compounds from this active extract. All purification steps were followed by an assay against PfMQO. We identified the active compound as nornidulin based on its LC-MS and UV spectrum data. Nornidulin inhibited PfMQO activity at IC50 of 51 µM and P. falciparum 3D7 proliferation in vitro at IC50 of 44.6 µM, however, it had no effect on the growth of several mammalian cells. In conclusion, we isolated nornidulin from Indonesian Aspergillus sp. BioMCC f.T.8501 as a novel inhibitor of PfMQO, which showed inhibitory activity against the proliferation of P. falciparum 3D7 in vitro.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes deterioration in intelligence and psychological activities. Yet, till today, no cure is available for AD. The marine environment is an important sink of bioactive compounds with neuroprotective potential with reduced adverse effects. Recently, we collected the red algae Laurencia snackeyi from Terumbu Island, Malaysia which is known to be rich in halogenated metabolites making it the most sought-after red algae for pharmaceutical studies. The red alga was identified based on basic morphological characteristics, microscopic observation and chemical data from literature. The purplish-brown algae was confirmed a new record. In Malaysia, this species is poorly documented in Peninsular Malaysia as compared to its eastern continent Borneo. Thus, this study intended to investigate the diversity of secondary metabolites present in the alga and its cholinesterase inhibiting potential for AD. The extract inhibited both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with IC 50 values of  14.45 ± 0.34 μ g mL -1 and 39.59 ± 0.24 μ g mL -1 , respectively. Subsequently, we isolated the synderanes, palisadin A ( 1 ), aplysistatin ( 2 ) and 5-acetoxypalisadin B ( 3 ) that was not exhibit potential. Mass spectrometry analysis detected at total of 33 additional metabolites. The computational aided molecular docking using the AChE and BChE receptors on all metabolites shortlisted 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid ( 31 ) and 15-hydroxy-1-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-1-piperidinyl]prost-13-ene-1,9-dione ( 42 ) with best inhibitory properties, respectively with the lowest optimal combination of S-score and RMSD values. This study shows the unexplored potential of marine natural resources, however, obtaining sufficient biomass for detailed investigation is an uphill task. Regardless, there is a lot of potential for future prospects with a wide range of marine natural resources to study and the incorporation of synthetic chemistry, in vivo studies in experimental design., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03725-6., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest in the publication., (© King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Osteoarthritis is a disease associated with articular cartilage degradation, intra-articular area inflammation, and subchondral bone replacement. Cytokine IL-1β has a prominent function in the inflammations process that passes in the joints. The 70% ethanol extracts of deer antler (250 and 500 mg/kg BW) and glucosamine sulfate (250 kg/BW) were evaluated for four weeks in reducing cytokine IL-1β to rat model OA-induced Monosodium iodoacetate. Measurements of joint diameter in rat's knee and hyperalgesia were performed on weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. The presence of a significant difference in the stimulation thermal latency (p = 0.00) and the resulting increase in swelling of joint diameter (p = 0.00) are evidence that MIA has successfully induced the rat modeling of OA. A significant decrease in cytokine IL-Iβ levels was shown on week 3 after MIA injection (p = 0.00). Both concentrations of deer extracts significantly reduced knee joint diameter (p = 0.00), latency thermal stimulation (p = 0.00), and cytokine IL-1β levels (p = 0.00). Based on the results, it can be concluded that the 70% ethanol extract of deer antler is a potential medicine for OA therapy., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Author(s).)

This study aimed to obtain a microbial active compound as a novel antimalarial drug from Indonesian isolates. Target-based assays were used to screen for antimalarial activity against the parasite mitochondrial, Plasmodium falciparum malate:quinone oxidoreductase ( Pf MQO) enzyme. In total, 1600 crude extracts, composed from 800 fungi and 800 actinomycetes extracts, were screened against Pf MQO, yielding six active extracts as primary hits. After several stages of stability tests, one extract produced by Aspergillus sp. BioMCC f.T.8501 demonstrated stable Pf MQO inhibitory activity. Several purification stages, including OCC, TLC, and HPLC, were performed to obtain bioactive compounds from this active extract. All purification steps were followed by an assay against Pf MQO. We identified the active compound as nornidulin based on its LC-MS and UV spectrum data. Nornidulin inhibited Pf MQO activity at IC 50 of 51 µM and P. falciparum 3D7 proliferation in vitro at IC 50 of 44.6 µM, however, it had no effect on the growth of several mammalian cells. In conclusion, we isolated nornidulin from Indonesian Aspergillus sp. BioMCC f.T.8501 as a novel inhibitor of Pf MQO, which showed inhibitory activity against the proliferation of P. falciparum 3D7 in vitro.