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Chemotherapy-related cognitive deficits (CRCI) as one of the common adverse drug reactions during chemotherapy that manifest as memory, attention, and executive function impairments. However, there are still no effective pharmacological therapies for the treatment of CRCI. Natural compounds have always inspired drug development and numerous natural products have shown potential therapeutic effects on CRCI. Nevertheless, improving the brain targeting of natural compounds in the treatment of CRCI is still a problem to be overcome at present and in the future. Accumulated evidence shows that noseto-brain drug delivery may be an excellent carrier for natural compounds. Therefore, we reviewed natural products with potential anti-CRCI, focusing on the signaling pathway of these drugs' anti-CRCI effects, as well as the possibility and prospect of treating CRCI with natural compounds based on nose-to-brain drug delivery in the future. In conclusion, this review provides new insights to further explore natural products in the treatment of CRCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The risks to human health have grown over the past 10 years due to the excessive use of mobile phones. Objectives: The study was designed to determine the harmful effects of 4G mobile phone radiation on the expression of immunogenic and vascular genes and gross, microscopic and biochemical alterations in the development of chicken embryos. Methods: Sixty individuals in the exposure group were subjected to mobile phones with a specific absorption rate of 1.4 W/kg and a frequency of 2100 MHz positioned at a distance of 12 cm in the incubator for 60 min/night for 14 days. The histopathological examination involved hematoxylin and eosin staining, whereas cresyl violet staining was used to evaluate the condition and number of neurons in the brain. The biochemical parameters of amniotic fluid were analysed using the photometry method, and the expression of VEGF‐A and immunity genes (AvBD9, IL6) was measured using the real‐time PCR (qPCR) technique. Results: Compared to the control, the exposure group's body weight and length significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Subcutaneous bleeding was seen in the exposure group. Urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were all significantly higher than in the control group (p < 0.05). The exposed group showed pathological lesions in the liver and degenerated neurons with lightly stained nuclei in the cerebral cortex. Hyperchromatic neurons were significantly higher in the exposure group (58.8 ± 2.28) compared to the control (6.6 ± 0.44) (p < 0.05). 4G exposure reduced lymphocyte count in the caecal tonsil (86.8 ± 5.38) compared to the control (147.2 ± 9.06) (p < 0.05). Vascular gene mRNA expression was higher, but immune gene expression was lower in the exposed group. Conclusion: Exposure to mobile phone radiation may result in gross, microscopic and biochemical changes, as well as alterations in gene expression that could hinder embryonic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Proper nutrition and balanced diet have a profound influence on mental well-being. Nutritional psychiatry plays an important role in influencing a healthy mind and body. The animal model of chronic unpredictable stress has been considered the effective model to explore research on anxiety and depression. Aim: The present study aimed to explore the protective role of cod liver oil on various biochemical and neuronal analyses in the hippocampus tissue of the Wistar rat model of comorbid depression. Methods: Healthy adult albino rats of Wistar strain weighing (120-160 g) were divided into control groups and experimental groups. These groups were further categorized into various subgroups based on stress exposure, cod liver oil, and antidepressant treatment. Six animals were taken in each group. The duration of stress exposure was for 15 days. After the experimentation procedure, the animals were anesthetized and hippocampus was dissected for the estimations of various biochemical and neurological parameters. Results: The combination of cod liver oil with the antidepressant significantly (p < 0.001) decreased the lipid peroxidation level. Total antioxidant (TAO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels significantly increased (p < 0.001) in the hippocampus. Treatment of cod liver oil during the stress exposure increased (p < 0.001) the neuronal count. Conclusion: Cod liver oil proved to be an effective antidepressant agent by increasing the antioxidants and promoting neurogenesis in the hippocampus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) forms biofilm that causes periprosthetic joint infections and osteomyelitis (OM) which are the intractable health problems in clinics. The silver-containing nanoparticles (AgNPs) are antibacterial nanomaterials with less cytotoxicity than the classic Ag compounds. Likewise, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have also been demonstrated as excellent nanomaterials for medical applications. Previous studies have showed that both AgNPs and AuNPs have anti-microbial or anti-inflammatory properties. We have developed a novel green chemistry that could generate the AuAg nanocomposites, through the reduction of tannic acid (TNA). The bioactivity of the nanocomposites was investigated in S. aureus biofilm-exposed human osteoblast cells (hFOB1.19). The current synthesis method is a simple, low-cost, eco-friendly, and green chemistry approach. Our results showed that the AuAg nanocomposites were biocompatible with low cell toxicity, and did not induce cell apoptosis nor necrosis in hFOB1.19 cells. Moreover, AuAg nanocomposites could effectively inhibited the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria and in rest of cellular compartments after exposing to bacterial biofilm (by reducing 0.78, 0.77-fold in the cell and mitochondria, respectively). AuAg nanocomposites also suppressed ROS-triggered inflammatory protein expression via MAPKs and Akt pathways. The current data suggest that AuAg nanocomposites have the potential to be a good therapeutic agent in treating inflammation in bacteria-infected bone diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to investigate the ameliorative effect of both of Dandelion and Ginkgo-biloba extract on liver toxicities induced by thioacetamide (TAA) in male albino rats. Sixty male albino rats were divided into six groups (10 rats each).Group 1 (Negative control): received 1 ml of saline orally and 1ml of saline intra-peritoneal (I/P),Group 2: received TAA for induction of hepatic injury, Group 3:received TAA+ ginkgo biloba extract (50 mg/ b.wt.),Group 4: received TAA+ ginkgo biloba extract (100 mg/ kg b.wt.), Group 5: received TAA + dandelion extract (250 mg/ kg b.wt), Group 6: received TAA+ dandelion extract (500 mg/ kg b.wt.).TAA was administrated I/P at dose level of 250mg/kg b.wt; while, extracts were administrated orally. All treatments were administrated 3 times/week for 4 weeks. The obtained results revealed that intoxication with TAA showed a significant elevation in serum liver enzymes activity, total bilirubinplus significant decrease in serum levels of total proteins and albumin, significant increase in total cholesterol and triglycerides. At the same time, intoxication with TAA exhibited severe oxidative stress represented by a significant increase in hepatic level of malondialdehyde (MDA)as well as a significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH). The treatment with ginkgo-biloba and dandelionat different dosesattenuated TAA-induced, serum biochemical alterations and oxidative stress in liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent years, Fluoride has emerged as one of the most harmful pollutants in the world and its presence has been shown to negatively impact the quality of groundwater in many countries. According to World Health Organization (WHO), when its concentration exceeds 1.5 mg/L limit, it may cause threats to the health. Exposure to high concentrations of fluoride has been known to have deleterious effects on the biological system of human as well as other animals. Based on this background, a study has been conducted to show the effects of sodium fluoride induced toxicity in the freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch.). The fishes were exposed to sublethal doses of 25 ppm and 50 ppm of sodium fluoride for a period of 3 and 7 days. The damaging effects of sodium fluoride were manifested in the morphological, behavioural, haematological, biochemical and histological parameters of the fishes. The fishes were then further exposed to 100 mg/L of methanolic leaf extracts of tulsi, tea and a combined formulation of the two extracts to investigate the ameliorative properties in the revival of fluoride toxicity in the fishes. However, the results showed that the impact of toxicity caused by exposure to 25 ppm was much less pronounced as compared to 50 ppm of sodium fluoride. These effects were revealed to be effectively reduced by the addition of the plant extracts. Both the selected plant extracts showed positive results. However, their combined formula revealed the highest level of effectiveness in the remedial activity of fluoride induced toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skin protects the body. It protects internal organs from dangerous exterior environmental conditions. So, maintaining skin integrity is vital for appropriate physiological functioning. In our everyday lives, both animals and people are subjected to many types of aggression, most of which are severe enough to rip the skin. A wound is a breach in the skin's continuity. When the skin breaks, internal organs are revealed. This is a life-threatening circumstance. The skin's first reaction to a wound initiates the wound healing process. This process is aided by retaining the lesion free of germs, dampness, and debris. Various antiseptic bandages are available for this purpose. They keep microorganisms out of wounds and speed up wound healing. One of these is Aloe vera, which has wound healing capabilities. Herbs have been used in traditional and alternative medicine for at least thousands of years. Herbal wound care involves disinfection, debridement and creation of a healing environment. This review's main goal is to synthesise previous research results and recommend the use of herbal treatments (Aloe) since they are safe, easily accessible and affordable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginkgo biloba is an ancient plant species that is thought to provide a variety of health benefits to living organisms and contains plenty of bioactive components, making it a chemically diversified plant. G. biloba has been shown to have a variety of medicinal and pharmacological properties, including anticancer, antidementia, antidiabetic, antiobesity, antilipidemic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antilipid peroxidation, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antidepressant, antiaging, immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, and neuroprotective effects and is frequently used to treat neurological, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases, such as tardive dyskinesia. Therefore, this review described the therapeutic applications of G. biloba. In addition to describing the therapeutic potential, this review also evaluates the chemical constituents, toxicity, adverse effect, synergistic effect, and the clinical studies of this plant which have been utilized for therapeutic benefits but have demonstrated other consequences. The capacity of G. biloba components to act as free radical scavengers is critical, and combining its extract with other plant extracts has been shown to synergistically boost antioxidant properties. G. biloba used long-term or at high doses that resulted in some adverse effects. Severe drug interactions have also been reported in both animals and humans when combined with other medications. The available data established from both preclinical and clinical studies confirm the potential of G. biloba plant extract in various diseases. Besides, the safety and efficacy of G. biloba continue to require verification through additional experimentation to guide medicinal use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 40% of treatments of chronic and recurrent osteomyelitis fail in part due to bacterial persistence. Staphylococcus aureus, the predominant pathogen in human osteomyelitis, is known to persist by phenotypic adaptation as small-colony variants (SCVs) and by formation of intracellular reservoirs, including those in major bone cell types, reducing susceptibility to antibiotics. Intracellular infections with S. aureus are difficult to treat; however, there are no evidence-based clinical guidelines addressing these infections in osteomyelitis. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to determine the demonstrated efficacy of all antibiotics against intracellular S. aureus relevant to osteomyelitis, including protein biosynthesis inhibitors (lincosamides, streptogramins, macrolides, oxazolidines, tetracyclines, fusidic acid, and aminoglycosides), enzyme inhibitors (fluoroquinolones and ansamycines), and cell wall inhibitors (beta-lactam inhibitors, glycopeptides, fosfomycin, and lipopeptides). The PubMed and Embase databases were screened for articles related to intracellular S. aureus infections that compared the effectiveness of multiple antibiotics or a single antibiotic together with another treatment, which resulted in 34 full-text articles fitting the inclusion criteria. The combined findings of these studies were largely inconclusive, most likely due to the plethora of methodologies utilized. Therefore, the reported findings in the context of the models employed and possible solutions for improved understanding are explored here. While rifampicin, oritavancin, linezolid, moxifloxacin and oxacillin were identified as the most effective potential intracellular treatments, the scientific evidence for these is still relatively weak. We advocate for more standardized research on determining the intracellular effectiveness of antibiotics in S. aureus osteomyelitis to improve treatments and patient outcomes., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Streptococcus mutans, a major pathogen of dental caries, is also known as a causative agent of cardiovascular disease. A 120 kDa collagen-binding protein (Cnm) of S. mutans is an important contributor to the pathogenicity of cardiovascular disease. Although dead bacteria have been detected in cardiovascular specimens by molecular biological methods, the pathogenicity of the bacteria remains unknown. Here, we analyzed the pathogenicity of killed S. mutans by focusing on collagen-binding ability and the effects on silkworms. In live S. mutans, Cnm-positive S. mutans had high collagen-binding activity, while Cnm-negative S. mutans had no such activity. After treatment with killed Cnm-positive S. mutans, amoxicillin-treated bacteria still had collagen-binding ability, while lysozyme-treated bacteria lost this ability. When live and amoxicillin-treated S. mutans strains were administered to silkworms, the survival rates of the silkworms were reduced; this reduction was more pronounced in Cnm-positive S. mutans infection than in Cnm-negative S. mutans infection. However, the administration of any of the lysozyme-treated bacteria did not reduce the survival rate of the silkworms. These results suggest that amoxicillin-killed Cnm-positive S. mutans strains maintain collagen-binding properties and pathogenicity in the silkworm model, and are possibly associated with pathogenicity in cardiovascular diseases., (© 2022. The Author(s).)