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Digital health technologies, powered by digital data, provide an opportunity to improve the efficacy and efficiency of health systems at large. However, little is known about different approaches to the use of data for digital health design, or about their possible relations to system-level dynamics. In this contribution, we identify four existing approaches to the use of data for digital health design, namely the silent, the overt, the data-enabled, and the convergent. After characterising the approaches, we provide real-life examples of each. Furthermore, we compare the approaches in terms of selected desirable characteristics of the design process, highlighting relative advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we reflect on the system-level relevance of the differentiation between the approaches and point towards future research directions. Overall, the contribution provides researchers and practitioners with a broad conceptual framework to examine data-related challenges and opportunities in digital health design., Methodologie en Organisatie van Design, Design, Organisation and Strategy, Creative Processes

Treatment decision-making can be complex, notably when there are multiple treatments available, with different (probabilities of) benefits and harms, for example, survival and side effects.1 It is precisely in these complex situations that the preferences of the patient are of utmost importance, as the trade-offs of benefits and harms are subjective and concern patients' lives.2 In such trade-offs, shared decision making (SDM) has gained momentum as a strategy to include both the best available evidence and the patient's preferences.3, Methodologie en Organisatie van Design, Applied Ergonomics and Design

Designers are increasingly collaborating with data scientists to apply smart data technologies to understand large-scale user behavior during their design research. This is useful in specific impact domains with vulnerable users and unfamiliar contexts, such as healthcare design. Patient journey mapping is the most common design tool for developing and communicating patient-centred perspectives in healthcare design. However, creating a traditional patient journey map is labor intensive. Consequently, they often represent the experiences of a limited number of patients and, therefore, have limitations in including an extensive group patient experience. To overcome these challenges, we present a new data-driven and hybrid intelligent design approach that utilizes tens of thousands of online patient stories and machine-learning techniques through collaboration with data scientists. We set up two studies in the field of oncology and demonstrate that combining the two machine-learning techniques allows for quantifying the experiences of a wide range of patients, detecting relationships between co-occurring experiences within the journey, and detecting new design opportunities/directions. In these studies, designers gained a large-scale, yet qualitative and inspiring, understanding of a complex context in healthcare with reduced time and cost investments, Methodologie en Organisatie van Design, Design, Organisation and Strategy

In this study, we envision engineering design activities for collective computing, an upcoming era of complex systems of massive social interaction through a wide variety of connected computing devices. A literature review reveals how collective computing, compared to the previous eras of personal and ubiquitous computing, may lead to new design tasks and design processes, as well as new roles for designers. Based on this review, new design activities for the collective computing era are envisioned, and further revised in an interview study with 24 informants. The result is a vision for design in the collective computing era, with actionable guidance for designers in terms of a coherent set of new design activities proposed in relation to advances in computing., Methodology and Organisation of Design

Junior design professionals experience conflicts in collaboration with others, with value differences being one of the issues influencing such conflicts. In a retrospective interview study with 22 design professionals, we collected 32 cases of perceived conflicts. We used a grounded theory approach to analyse these cases, resulting in five conflict categories that group 24 distinct value differences arising in 10 critical moments, an event that causes the value-based conflict. Thus, value differences are underlying the perceived conflicts of junior design professionals on many different occasions during collaboration with others. Conclusions are drawn on setting up guidelines for addressing values in co-design practices and supporting junior designers in their professional development.

This article explores how junior design professionals cope with value-based conflicts. We interviewed 22 design professionals about past and current value-based conflicts and the coping strategies adopted. Applying a grounded theory approach, we identified 11 types of coping strategies employed by junior design professionals. Our findings allowed us to clarify the nature of the coping process and localise value-based conflicts in the process of collaborative practice. During the coping process, professionals learn how to handle value-based conflicts through emotional release, developing a broader action repertoire, and engaging in timely action. We also identified transitions between specific coping strategies as junior designers learned from past conflicts and developed as a professional.

Beslissingen over medische behandelingen worden steeds vaker gezamenlijk genomen door de arts, de patiënt en diens naasten. In deze gedeelde besluitvorming (of Shared Decision Making - SDM) over diagnose en behandeling worden ook de waarden en voorkeuren van patiënten meegenomen (Stiggelbout et al., 2015). Onderzoek heeft aangetoond dat gedeelde besluitvorming voordelen oplevert voor patiënten en zorgprofessionals, zoals meer vertrouwen in de beslissing, grotere tevredenheid met het consult en betere therapietrouw van de patiënt (Shay & Lafata, 2014). Toch blijft een effectieve implementatie van gedeelde besluitvorming beperkt, ondanks de ontwikkeling van keuzehulpen en aandacht voor gedeelde besluitvorming in de medische opleidingen. Een goede implementatie van gedeelde besluitvorming in de complexe zorgpraktijk blijkt moeilijk., Methodologie en Organisatie van Design, Applied Ergonomics and Design

To unravel the complex challenges addressed by design, oftentimes it can be necessary for researchers to participate in design processes rather than make observations from outside. However, ‘participation’ has different meanings in different kinds of design research, and research outcomes will depend on the form of participation chosen. Through a Dimensional Analysis, we establish seven dimensions on how participation in design research can be classified in terms of 1) the researcher-designer role, 2) the aim of the project, 3) the main contribution, 4) the activities of the researcher, 5) if it is a single or multi-case study, 6) the scientific reporting on the project, and 7) the kind of knowledge produced. This overview aims to assist researchers in communicating how choices for a particular participatory approach contribute to knowledge production in design research., Methodologie en Organisatie van Design, Design, Organisation and Strategy