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There are abundant complex pores in the coal matrix, which provide a large amount of storage space and migration channels for methane. Diffusion is involved in the gas migration from the pore to the fracture. The scale of the matrix determines to some extent the resistance to diffusion into the fracture, influencing the difficulty of methane diffusion. This study took the intrinsic connection between gas diffusion and coal matrix scale as the starting point, the quantitative relationship between methane concentrations and mass exchange rate within the dual pore structure of coal at different desorption moments was obtained by processing the data of the desorption transient process of particle coal. The matrix shape factor was calculated combined with the time-varying diffusion coefficient. A transient diffusion-based matrix scale calculation method for granular coal was proposed and experimentally validated. The results shown that the initial diffusion coefficients of larger particle coals with intact matrix morphology were essentially unchanged compared to smaller particle coals, so the value of the initial diffusion coefficient can characterize the degree of matrix destruction to some extent. The matrix shape factor decreased with the extension of desorption time and can be divided into sharp-decreasing phase, slow-decreasing phase and stable phase, in which the stable phase matrix shape factor can accurately reflect the matrix shape in the proposed steady state at the late stage of diffusion and is the most suitable for solving matrix scale. The method can reflect the change pattern of matrix scale variation during the damage process of granular coal pulverization and provide a basis for explaining the existence of diffusion-limited particle size. The three experimental particle size matrix scales of the Nuodong coal samples increased with the increasing particle size, 0.059 mm, 0.287 mm and 0.457 mm, respectively, and were non-differential in the large particle size range, proving the accuracy of the method. The particle coal matrix scale can be used to correct the calculation parameters of K1 values, rendering the gas loss calculation model equally applicable in coal samples with a high degree of pulverization.

Ginsenoside Rb2 (Rb2), a fundamental saponin produced and isolated from ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), has a wide range of biological actions. The objective of this investigation was to see if ginsenoside Rb2 has any immunomodulatory properties against cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression. For the positive control group, levamisole hydrochloride (LD) was used. We discovered that intraperitoneal injection of Rb2 (5, 10, 20 mg/kg) could relieve CTX-induced immunosuppression by enhanced immune organ index, reduced the pathological characteristics of immunosuppression, promoted natural killer (NK) cells viability, improved cell-mediated immune response, boosted the IFN-γ (Interferon-gamma), TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor-alpha), IL-2 (Interleukin-2), and IgG (Immunoglobulin G), as well as macrophage activity like carbon clearance and phagocytic index. Rb2 significantly elevated the mRNA expression of IL-4 (Interleukin-4), SYK (Tyrosine-protein kinase-SYK), IL-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 (Interleukin-6) in the spleen of CTX-injected animals. Molecular docking results showed that Rb2 had excellent binding properties with IL-4, SYK, IL-2, TNF, and IL-6, indicating the target protein might be strongly correlated with the immunomodulatory effect of Rb2. Taken together, ginsenoside Rb2 can improve the immune function that is declined in CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice, the efficacy maybe due to the regulation of related cytokine and mRNA expression.

This study focused on developing Panos nanoemulsion (P-NE) and enhancing the anti-inflammatory efficacy for the treatment of inflammation. The effects of P-NE were evaluated in terms of Nitric oxide (NO production) in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induced RAW 264.7 cells, Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation using Human Keratinocyte cells (HaCaT), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. Sea buckthorn oil, Tween 80, and span 80 were used and optimize the process. Panos extract (P-Ext) was prepared using the fermentation process. Further high-energy ultra-sonication was used for the preparation of P-NE. The developed nanoemulsion (NE) was characterized using different analytical methods. Field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM) analyzed the spherical shape and morphology. In addition, stability was analyzed by Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, where particle size was analyzed 83 nm, and Zeta potential −28.20 ± 2 (mV). Furthermore, 90 days of stability was tested using different temperatures conditions where excellent stability was observed. P-NE are non-toxic in (HaCaT), and RAW264.7 cells up to 100 µg/mL further showed effects on ROS and NO production of the cells at 50 µg/mL. The qPCR analysis demonstrated the suppression of pro-inflammatory mediators for (Cox 2, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, NF-κB, Ikkα, and iNOS) gene expression. The prepared NE exhibited anti-inflammatory effects, demonstrating its potential as a safe and non-toxic nanomedicine.