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Introduction: Various therapeutic procedures, such as cleft palate surgery, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, nasopharyngoscopy, and nasogastric intubation, rely on the morphometric measurements of the hard palate. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in passive speech articulation. Therefore, understanding the morphological and osteological diversity of the hard palate holds clinical significance. Aim: To assess the normal and aberrant morphology and morphometry of the hard palate. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was initiated in December 2017 and completed in December 2021. It was conducted on 100 dry adult human skulls collected from the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India. The palate was analysed to determine the mean palatal length, breadth, and height. Additionally, the palatal index and palatal height index were calculated. Different osteological parameters of the lesser palatine foramen, including its number, distance from the greater palatine foramen, palatomaxillary suture, and interpalatine suture, were measured. Mean, standard deviation, range, and p-value were calculated for the metric parameters. Results: The mean palatal length, breadth, and height were 46.16±4.18 mm, 33.01±2.67 mm, and 11.06±1.88 mm, respectively. In the present study, 83% of skulls belonged to the leptostaphyline type, 10% to the mesostaphyline type, and 7% to the brachystaphyline type. The number of lesser palatine foramen varied from 0-2 on both sides, with predominance of a single foramen on both sides. The distances of the lesser palatine foramen from the greater palatine foramen, palatomaxillary suture, and intermaxillary suture were found to be 3.55±1.56 mm, 11.45±2.42 mm, and 17.57±3.06 mm on the right side, and 3.38±1.57 mm, 10.90±2.39 mm, and 17.47±2.99 mm on the left side, respectively. Conclusion: The data provided by this study will be helpful in various disciplines of medical, dental, and anthropometrical sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the role of improvement in inflammatory oxidative stress by periodontal therapy (NSPT) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) subjects. Methods: 50 stable subjects of CKD (stage III-IV) and having chronic periodontitis were enrolled for the present study. Group A (control group) subjects who did not receive NSPT and Group B (test group) subjects who received NSPT. Oral hygiene instructions were given to both groups, malondialdehyde *IDA) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum, albumin creatinine ratio (ACR), urine protein creatinine ratio (UPCR), pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), plague index (PI), gingival index (Gl), Interleukin 1-beta (IL-1 13), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in serum were assessed at baseline and 6 months. Results: There was a significant difference observed in PD, CAL. PI, Gl and MDA-GCF, hs-CRP, IL-113 in serum following NSPT in the test group compared to the control group at 6 months follow up. Within the limitations of the study, the results revealed that NSPT can be used as an effective method to reduce inflammatory oxidative stress in CKD subjects and improve renal health. Further well-designed longitudinal trials with larger sample size and longer follow ups are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate Indian diabetic risk score and its association with body mass index and HBA1C levels in mixed urban and rural population of Western U.P. Material and methods:The present prospective study was conducted in the department of Medicine at Autonomous State Medical College & SNM Hospital, Firozabad (U.P.)from September 2021 to June 2022. The study group was consisted of 500 patients, aged between 25 and 70 years. HbA1c was also measured as one the diagnostic parameter for the confirmation of diabetes. The patients were interviewed that requests for the demographic, socioeconomic status, medical history and previous history of taking any medications and supplements. Diabetes mellitus, physical activity and Diabetic score using IDRS and data was collected based on the questionnaire pattern. Anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, and waist circumference were measured. Results: High, moderate and low diabetes risk score was found among 52.2% (261), 42.4% (212) and 5.4% (27) of the subjects respectively. Most of the obese, overweight and normal subjects belonged to high risk, moderate risk and no risk diabetes category with statistically significant difference as p<0.01.Significant association was found between subjects with higher risk score and HbA1c. Conclusion: Our study fully supports the validity of IDRS as it can be used as a cost-effective tool for mass screening of diabetes. This scoring system can be used for strict monitoring for diabetes and obesity so that timely intervention can be done to reduce the early development of diabetes complications and severe obesity comorbidities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An inferior alveolar nerve block is a usual practice by a dental practitioner. Panoramic radiography is a widely used technique in dentistry to get a clear and comprehensive view before planning any treatment. The study aimed to compare the morphometric localization of mandibular foramen (MF) on dry bones and orthopantomogram. The study was designed in two phases: a morphometric study on dry human mandibles (phase I) and orthopantomograms of the same dry human mandibles (phase II). The study materials were 200 dry north Indian human mandibles belonging to unknown sex obtained from the Department of Anatomy. Descriptive statistics, including range, mean±standard deviation, paired t-test to compare dry bones and orthopantomogram, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and measurement error, were used. T-test was applied separately to compare the right and left sides of dry bones. The distance of mandibular foramen from the posterior border and lower border is shorter on the right side than on the left. Its distance from the anterior border and the mandibular notch was greater on the right side. On panoramic radiographs, the distance of MF from nearby anatomical landmarks on the mandible was highly unreliable except for the mandibular notch. Our findings demonstrate a statistically significant difference between distances on dry bone and OPG but no statistically significant difference between MF-notch on both sides and MF-AB on the right side. As a result, a surgeon can rely upon a mandibular notch to locate mandibular foramen during clinical procedures. Magnification is an inbuilt property of OPG; for precise localization of MF, it is advisable to proceed with advanced three-dimensional techniques to protect viable anatomical structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Greater palatine foramen is located in posterior part of hard palate. Knowledge of anatomical limitations of greater palatine foramen are crucial for injecting anaesthetic drugs along greater palatine nerve and for maxillary nerve block. Aim: Aim of the study was to provide anatomical data regarding number, possible shape, variability in location of greater palatine foramen and its relation to nearby landmarks. Material and methods: Study included 100 dry human skulls that assessed 200 greater palatine foramina. Various parameters were measured by using digital Vernier caliper. Results: Shape of GPF was oval in 57% on right & 51% on left side. It was directed anteromedial in 56% & 44% on right & left sides. Its position was at 3rd molar in 49% on right and 56% on left side. Mean of anteroposterior, transverse diameters & penetrability were 4.96mm, 3.37mm & 13.07mm on right and 4.78mm, 3.17mm & 12.15mm on left side respectively. Mean of distance between GPF of two sides was 31.23mm. The mean of distance of GPF from IF, IPS and PPB were 38.76, 15.58mm and 4.68mm on right side and 38.46mm, 15.33mm and 4.41mm on left side respectively. Conclusion: All metric observations were more on right as compared with left side. Present study will provide the required baseline data for various dental procedures and development of tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With sudden changes in the worldwide education system due to COVID-19 impact and limited available resources, nurse educators have been suffering from online teaching stress in this year, which is thought to affect their quality of life (QOL). The aim of this study was to ascertain the index of online teaching stress and QOL among nurse educators during COVID-19. Subjects and Methods: In this cross-sectional study 162 nurse educators were recruited through a convenient sampling technique. Online survey was employed using socio-demographic questionnaire, online teaching stress scale, and World Health Organization QOL BRIF-26 to collect data. IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 23 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Among all participants, 22% and 51% of participants reported severe and moderate level of online teaching stress respectively. The highest and lowest overall QOL was reported in the social relationship (70.29 ± 20.5) and physical health (54.54 ± 13.73) domain. Online teaching stress scores were significantly associated with gender (P = 0.012), teaching experience (P < 0.001), salary (P < 0.001), job satisfaction (P < 0.001), satisfaction with organization (P < 0.001). Online teaching stress scores were significantly negative correlated with all four domains of QOL. Marital status and monthly salary were the indicators of online teaching stress. Teaching experience, salary, and job satisfaction appeared to be robust predictors for domains of QOL (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings suggest that effective interventions primarily focusing on improving the availability of resources, training, and empowerment activities are necessary to decrease the negative effect of stress on QOL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety is a common mental illness that affects a large number of people around the world, and its treatment is often based on the use of pharmacological substances such as benzodiazepines, serotonin, and 5-hydroxytyrosine (MAO) neurotransmitters. MAO neurotransmitters levels are deciding factors in the biological effects. This review summarizes the current understanding of the MAO system and its role in the modulation of anxiety-related brain circuits and behavior. The MAO-A polymorphisms have been implicated in the susceptibility to generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in several investigations. The 5-HT system is involved in a wide range of physiological and behavioral processes, involving anxiety, aggressiveness, stress reactions, and other elements of emotional intensity. Among these, 5-HT, NA, and DA are the traditional 5-HT neurons that govern a range of biological activities, including sleep, alertness, eating, thermoregulation, pains, emotion, and memory, as anticipated considering their broad projection distribution in distinct brain locations. The DNMTs (DNA methyltransferase) protein family, which increasingly leads a prominent role in epigenetics, is connected with lower transcriptional activity and activates DNA methylation. In this paper, we provide an overview of the current state of the art in the elucidation of the brain's complex functions in the regulation of anxiety., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Arsenic is present in above permissible safe limits in groundwater, soil, and food, in various areas of the world. This is increasing exposure to humankind and affecting health in various ways. Alternation in cognition is one among them. Epidemiological research has reflected the impact of arsenic exposure on children in the form of diminished cognition., Aims: Considering this fact, the present study reviewed the impact of arsenic on amyloid precursor protein, which is known to cause one of the commonest cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease., Methods: The present study reviews the arsenic role in the generation of amyloid-beta from its precursor that leads to Alzheimer's disease through the published article from Pubmed and Scopus., Description: According to the findings, regular, long-term exposure to arsenic beginning in infancy changes numerous arsenic level-regulating regions in the rat brain, which are related to cognitive impairments. Arsenic also affects the BBB clearance route by increasing RAGE expression. Arsenic triggers the proamyloidogenic pathway by increasing APP expression and subsequently, its processing by β-secretase and presenilin. Arsenic also affects mitochondrial dynamics, DNA repair pathway and epigenetic changes. The mechanism behind all these changes is explained in the present review article., Conclusion: A raised level of arsenic exposure affects the amyloid precursor protein, a factor for the early precipitation of Alzheimer's disease., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Targeted cancer therapy acts on targeted molecules, is less toxic to normal cells, and acts more specifically on cancer cells. The two primary strategies for preventing malignancy growth are the blocking of T-cell repression signals or forwarding of T-cell to tumor target with both T and tumor-specific antibodies. The CAR comprises three domains, the extracellular antigen recognition domain and the intracellular T-cell signaling domain, which participate in activating T-cells. The two most common adverse effects of CAR T-cell treatment are cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (CANS). The adaptability of intracellular signaling domains inside CARs allows the cell to counterbalance the downregulation of costimulatory molecules produced by tumor cells, either indirectly or directly. The major disadvantage of CAR-T cell therapy is off-target toxicity. Treatment with CARs expressing CD3, CD123, Lewis Y, CLL-1, CD44v6, FLT3, and folate receptors showed promising results in preclinical models of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A recent study has revealed that B7-H3 CART cells exhibit significant anticancer efficacy in a variety of solid tumor preclinical models, including PDAC, ovarian cancer, neuroblastoma, and various pediatric malignancies. The notion of SUPRA CAR, with its unique capacity to alter targets without the need to re-engineer, is a recent innovation in CAR. Given the importance of NK cells in tumor development and metastatic defence, NK cell-based immunotherapies, including adoptive transfer of NK cells, have garnered a lot of interest. With the advancement of improved cellular manufacturing methods, novel cellular engineering strategies, precision genome editing technologies, and combination therapy approaches, we firmly believe that CAR-T cells will soon become an off-the-shelf, cost-effective, and potentially curative therapy for oncogenesis., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)