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The combustion of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) fuelled with methanol was achieved on a modified CI engine by heating the intake air. The effects of intake temperature and mixture concentration on HCCI combustion characteristics and emissions were analyzed in this paper. Initially the experimental run with pure diesel then the piston is modified with CE Coated Engine - Aluminium oxide Al2O3 and addition of methanol on HCCI engine, then the same type of experimental have been carried under the Lemon Grass Methyl Ester (LGME) with coating and methanol in HCCI Engine. The result of the experiment with performance of BTE increases with coated engine and decreases by addition of methanol, LGME blend results has decreases and increases with (CE) and decreases by addition of methanol. BSFC results increased with all condition because the blend and thermal coating had a higher viscosity and lower energy content. The emission results such as CO, HC NoX and smoke were the NoX is slightly increased when compared to other emission in future the impact of adopting a varied compression ratio and technique to analysis the NoX emission control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of wind turbine design is to produce the most power under a given set of meteorological conditions, which is determined by the material and blade shape. The development of machinery that converts wind energy into more useable forms is required for its utilization. This is often accomplished by first using a windmill to mechanically convert the linear wind velocity into a rotational motion, followed by the use of a generator or alternator to convert the rotational energy of the windmill blades into electrical energy. The wind turbine blade is modeled in Ansys for three different materials in this work: structural steel, epoxy carbon, and aluminum alloy. These materials were chosen for their distinct qualities. After that, the ANSYS program is used to investigate the finite element analysis of a wind turbine blade. The investigation's goal is to check the blade's strength and assess each of the aforementioned materials in order to select the best one for the wind turbine blade. As a consequence of the Ansys results, Epoxy carbon and structural steel have the lowest overall value in all conditions. However, mass structural steel exhibits a significant fluctuation, leading to the conclusion that epoxy carbon is better suited for constructing windmill blades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To survive in a dynamic and competitive market, industries must adapt to changing demands and adjustments. Due to its improved mechanical properties, titanium materials have been extensively used in biomedical industry components for bone and dental implantation. The evaluation of the WEDM properties (MRR & Ra) of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy in biomedical applications used an RSM-based computational technique to cut the coated titanium alloy without affecting the surface and material properties to be utilized for bio implantation. Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy with a Polylactic Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) Coating For reducing the formation of biofilms and bacterial multiplication, coating plates appeared to improve bacterial inhibition over untreated plates. The uncoated plates in the staphylococcus aureus group had the greatest observed bacterial count, whereas PLGA had the lowest level. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa group, on the other hand, had the highest bacterial count on the uncoated plates, whereas the PLGA group had the lowest bacterial count. The comparison makes it very evident that when compared to RSM models, coated Ti6Al4V and uncoated Ti6Al4V offer a more accurate prediction. When the combined properties of the input process parameters on the normal cutting speed are taken into account, voltage is found to have a greater impact on the average cutting speed than pulse-off time and wire feed rate. At run 17 which gives the highest material removal rate at level 0f (v-80, Ton-10, Toff -12 & Wire tension – 1300). At run 15 which gives the lowest surface roughness at the level of (v-80, Ton-15, Toff - 12 & Wire tension – 1000). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the RSM technique is used to estimate the highest biodiesel yield with respect to different parameters such as reaction temperature, molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and reaction time were considered. Algae oil, gathered from lakes and ponds, was the primary raw material used for this work. Algae oil production was warmed to 180 degrees Celsius to remove moisture before filtration using sterile method to remove solid contaminants. In order to determine appropriate reaction parameters, preheat-assisted in real time transesterification was performed. Response surface methodology with a central composite design was utilized to test various experimental circumstances. The catalyst concentration (6-12 wt.%) and reaction duration (3-5 hr) were the two independent variables. The highest biodiesel production was found below optimized conditions of 12 wt.% catalyst concentration and 5 H reaction time with constant methanol concentration (15 ml), yielding 89.5%. Biodiesel yield is comparing with 2d graphical representation on reaction temperature vs catalyst concentration. From the 2d surface which understand the biodiesel yield is increased due the reaction temperature at 2.3 percentage (i.e.) 62.5°C to 65°C and Catalyst concentration (wt. %) at 4.9 percentage (i.e.) 9.8 wt.% to 11.5 wt.%. The objective of the research has produced low-cost feedstock with the highest yield for the algae methyl ester production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy use is increasingly used as a gauge of national progress. In terms of overall energy usage, the transport sector comes in second. Traditional energy sources are destroying the environment and leaving behind harmful effects. Plastic usage and waste are rising exponentially on a global scale. If the right cost-effective and efficient technologies are applied during the production process, second-generation biofuels might compete with fossil fuels. feedstock for petrochemicals When crude oil is processed, naphtha and other oils are used as feedstock for petrochemical crackers, which create the fundamental constituents of plastic. The subsequent "cracking" process, which produces ethylene and propane, involves heating ethane and propane. These components are combined to produce various polymers. Ethanol is an organic chemical. It is a simple alcohol with the chemical formula C2H6O.A renewable fuel called ethanol is produced from maize and other plant resources. Ethanol is widely utilised, and in the US, ethanol is present in more than 98% of petrol. E10, which contains 10% ethanol and 90% petrol, is the most popular ethanol mix. One of the most prevalent organic substances found in both industrial and consumer goods is ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single-wheel vehicle is made to carry a driver who sits on it and steers it. Human energy is expended traveling great distances by foot from one work location to another in manufacturing. We can save energy by using just one wheel. We can use this one wheel in industries to go from one place to another. Due to increased global pollution and energy shortages, automobiles and motorcycles are no longer the best modes of transportation. The device that we proposed will use battery energy to reduce pollution and is much smaller than other vehicles. The single wheel presented would use a self-balancing approach. A microcontroller will be utilized to process data from two sensors—a gyroscope and an accelerometer—that monitor angles and vibrations in order to implement the concept of self-balancing. The self-balancing technique is one of the intelligence properties that dynamical systems may accomplish in various humanoid robots and military applications. Mass balancing, steering control, response wheels, and control moment gyroscopes are methods for creating an effective self-balancing bicycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the response surface methodology (RSM) optimization technique was used to look at the effects of load, Pumpkin Methyl Ester (PME), and compression ratio enhanced diesel on engine performance and exhaust emission. Biodiesel blend PME (20, 40, and 60%) and compression ratio (16.5, 17.5, and 18.5) were chosen to get the maximum BTE and the least BSFC, NOx, CO, smoke, and HC. The engine was run using the RSM method, which was based on the load (0–100%). The findings showed that the load, the PME, and the compression ratio concentration of the engine had a big effect on the response variables. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the built quadratic models showed that each model was a good fit. Also, an optimal was found by making sure that the user-defined historical plan of an experiment was as good as it could be. The perfect study factors were a load of 50%, a PME Blend of 40%, and a compression ratio of 17.5%. This gave a maximum BTE of 32.5%. When the load is 100%, the PME Blend is 40, and the compression ratio is 16.5, the fuel use goes down by 0.2 kg/kW.h. CO and HC emissions went up by 28.34% and 20.66%, while smoke and NOx emissions went down by 14.09% and 42.04%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between engine load with Thermal Coating Piston - Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) and Ferric Chloride (FeCl3) as additive on engine Using conventional diesel and Pumpkin Methyl Ester (PME). Initially the experimental run with pure diesel then the piston is modified with Yttria Stabilized Zirconia and addition of FeCl3, then the same type of experimental have been carried under the Pumpkin Methyl Ester with coating (YSZ) and FeCl3 additive. The result of the experiment with performance of BTE increases with coated engine (YSZ) and decreases by addition of FeCl3, PME blend results has decreases and increases with (YSZ) and decreases by addition of FeCl3. BSFC results increased with all condition because the blend and thermal coating had a higher viscosity and lower energy content. The emission results such as CO, HC NoX and smoke were the NoX is slightly increased when compared to other emission in future the impact of adopting a varied compression ratio and technique to analysis the NoX emission control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five fuels were tested in a common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine to see how they affected soot particle distribution and the engine's controlled and unregulated emission characteristics (M15, M25, and M35). The findings demonstrated that regulated emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and particulate matter (PM) could be efficiently controlled to a very low level when mahua oil biodiesel (MOB) in diesel was utilized in conjunction with ideal engine working situations. Paper filters were employed to remove diesel dust. Entire particulate matter main particles were < 100 nm in width, with the average diameter for the biodiesel mixes falling among 20 and 26 nm. PM particles had uncontrolled emissions including Pb, Mn, and Ba, while M100 had 56.72% fewer xylene emissions, 22.49% fewer toluene emissions, and 19.45% fewer benzene emissions compared to M0. As a result, MOB is a wonderful option for reducing pollution from diesel engines and other sources, both in the form of controlled and unregulated emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emissions and efficiency of a Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) engine running on a waste plastic oil (WPO) biodiesel blend were analyzed using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The feasibility of optimizing engine input parameters including injection pressure (IP), load, and Enhanced Gas Recirculation (EGR) ratio was discovered to improve operating aspects of the CRDI engine. Authors selected engine outputs of Break Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), and Hydro Carbon (HC) for analysis. The optimal engine responses have been determined using multi-objective optimization using a desirability function. Authors found that at full throttle, the engine's optimal responses were 23.1689%, 0.664871 kJ/kW.hr, 34.7429% ppm, and 633.733 ppm of BTE, BSFC, HC and NOx, respectively. The composites' attractiveness was a perfect one when the engine was working smoothly. At an inlet pressure of 570.7 bar, a load of 59.1073%, and an EGR ratio of 5.41957, the engine performed optimally. Optimized engine input settings were verified by performing confirmation studies. The allowable error range (5%) of the output replies at optimal input values is empirically validated. The results of this research show that the engine's characteristics can be accurately predicted by using the mathematical model that was constructed for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]