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Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure S1. Expression of lymphocyte markers in different passages. Supplementary Figure S2. In situ hybridization of EBV. Supplementary Table S1. RT-qPCR primers purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Supplementary Table S2. Data of BI-12 growth curve. Supplementary Table S3. Data of HDM201 treatment in BI-12 cells.

The research aim of this review is a summary of the „oddball paradigm“. I will investigate its effects with a statistical analysis (p-curve) and discuss theoretical background. Also it is a goal to investigate certain factors that influence the effect, especially expectations.

In der Corona-Pandemie hat der Staat in Deutschland auf verschiedenen Ebenen eine zentrale Rolle eingenommen, wodurch mehrere aus der Pandemiebekämpfung resultierende Sondereffekte die Entwicklung der Staatsaggregate in den Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnungen (VGR) beeinflussen. Dazu zählen Schließungen von Kindertageseinrichtungen, die Beschaffung von Impfstoffen oder die Verschiebung von nicht akut notwendigen Operationen. Dieser Aufsatz fokussiert spezielle Punkte, die sich im Laufe der Corona-Pandemie als Herausforderungen für die Berechnung und Interpretation von staatlichen Aggregaten herausstellten, und national oder international diskutiert wurden. Er zeigt, dass sich einige dieser Punkte erheblich auf den Verlauf und das Niveau von staatlichen Aggregaten in den VGR auswirken. General government has played a key role at various levels in Germany during the coronavirus pandemic. For that reason, the development of general government aggregates in national accounts has been influenced by several special effects resulting from the fight against the pandemic. This includes the closing of child day care centres, the procurement of vaccines and the postponement of non-urgent operations. This article focuses on special issues which have become a challenge for the calculation and interpretation of general government aggregates during the pandemic and have been discussed nationally or internationally. The article shows that some of these issues have had a significant impact on the trend and level of general government aggregates in national accounts.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a highly malignant disease with a mortality rate of about 50%. It represents the sixth most common type of malignant tumor in the world. Risk factors include tobacco and alcohol usage and infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV). HPV-negative HNSCCs frequently display areas of cornification evident by keratin pearls in the tumor tissue. Cornification represents a natural differentiation path of keratinocytes in the normal epidermis and oral mucosa. To investigate the mechanisms of HNSCC cell differentiation we have established spheroid cell cultures from patient-derived HNSCC and parotid gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) tissue that grow in suspension under serum-free conditions. The use of a specific differentiation medium induced striking adhesion, loss of proliferation, and differentiation in tumor cells. Spheroid cells grew as single cell clones under serum-free conditions with a cloning efficiency of 40-60%, which was fully diminished under differentiating conditions. HNSCC cells cornified as indicated by the formation of lamellar bodies in the cytoplasm of adherent cells and an upregulation of cornification markers SPRR3 and involucrin. ACC cells upregulated parotid gland differentiation markers including α-amylase. RNA-seq analysis in HNSCC cells confirmed an upregulation of signaling pathways associated with cornification and epithelial cell differentiation. Conversely, pathways regulating the three-dimensional organization of the genome were downregulated upon differentiation. This was accompanied by the formation of ATRX-positive heterochromatin foci in the nucleus of differentiated ACC and HNSCC cells resembling those previously described to arise during therapy-induced senescence. Moreover, gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis revealed a lack of essential amino acids including leucine to be implicated in the differentiation process. Altogether, our spheroid model of HNSCC and ACC cells is suitable to analyze the mechanisms underlying tumor cell differentiation and might lead to new therapeutic approaches that can drive long-term repopulating HNSCC and ACC cells into differentiation. Citation Format: Felix Oppel, Senyao Shao, Sarah Gendreizig, Philipp Kühnel, Vivien Przybycin, Carsten Hain, Pascal Schmidt, Matthias Schürmann, Peter Goon, Karsten Niehaus, Jörn Kalinowski, Holger Sudhoff. Head and neck cancer cells can differentiate and resemble their tissue of origin [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 111.