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Aging is associated with changes in circulating levels of various molecules, some of which remain undefined. We find that concentrations of circulating taurine decline with aging in mice, monkeys, and humans. A reversal of this decline through taurine supplementation increased the health span (the period of healthy living) and life span in mice and health span in monkeys. Mechanistically, taurine reduced cellular senescence, protected against telomerase deficiency, suppressed mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased DNA damage, and attenuated inflammaging. In humans, lower taurine concentrations correlated with several age-related diseases and taurine concentrations increased after acute endurance exercise. Thus, taurine deficiency may be a driver of aging because its reversal increases health span in worms, rodents, and primates and life span in worms and rodents. Clinical trials in humans seem warranted to test whether taurine deficiency might drive aging in humans.

Simple Summary: High-impact publications have reported both the beneficial and harmful effects of catecholamines on cancer hallmarks and outcomes—a contradiction that is underappreciated and poorly explained. Here, we aimed to investigate whether differences in adrenergic receptor isoform expression can explain different cancer hallmark responses to catecholamines, since cancer cells can vary greatly in the expressions of nine adrenergic receptors. For this purpose, we cultured two cancer cell lines that systematically differ in their adrenergic receptor expressions: A673 cells, which express α1D-, α2C-, β1-, and β3-adrenergic receptors, and RD sarcoma cells, which barely express any adrenergic receptors. The cells were treated with noradrenaline to elucidate the effects of noradrenaline exposure on cell proliferation, migration, and cAMP signaling. While the A673 cells responded to noradrenaline treatment with decreased cell numbers, cell proliferation and migration, and increased cAMP signaling, the RD cells did not respond to noradrenaline. Therefore, our findings indicate that the adrenergic receptor isoform expressions might indeed explain why cancers can respond differently to increases in catecholamine concentrations due to, e.g., a bout of exercise, psychosocial stress, surgery, or drugs such as β-blockers. Background: Exercise has beneficial effects on cancer and its treatment, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Some studies have linked the positive impact of exercise to catecholamine signaling. In contrast, cancer stress studies have typically reported that catecholamines worsen cancer hallmarks and outcomes. Here, we aimed to investigate whether adrenergic receptor isoform expression can explain the contradictory effects of catecholamines in cancer. Methods: We cultured two pediatric sarcoma cancer cell lines that either express (A673 cell line) or do not express (RD cell line) adrenergic receptors. The cells were treated with a 5× dilution series of noradrenaline to assess the effects of noradrenaline on cell numbers. After these dose-finding experiments, we treated both cancer cell lines with 60 μM noradrenaline to examine its effect on cell proliferation and migration and cAMP signaling. Results: Treatment with 60 μM noradrenaline significantly decreased the cell numbers by 61.89% ± 10.36 (p ≤ 0.001), decreased cell proliferation by 15.88% ± 6.76 (p ≤ 0.05), decreased cell migration after 24 h (p ≤ 0.001), and increased cAMP concentrations 38-fold (p ≤ 0.001) in the A673 cells, which express adrenergic receptors, but not in the RD cells, which do not express adrenergic receptors. Conclusions: Our results indicate, as a proof of principle, that the effects of catecholamines on cancer progression and metastasis might depend on the expressions of the nine adrenergic receptor isoforms. As cancers express adrenergic and other receptors differentially, this has implications for the response of cancers to exercise, stress, and medication and may help to further personalize cancer treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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While the effect of time-of-day (morning versus evening) on hormones, lipids and lipolysis has been studied in relation to meals and exercise, there are no studies that have investigated the effects of time-of-day on ice bath induced hormone and lipidome responses. In this crossover-designed study, a group of six women and six men, 26 ± 5 years old, 176 ± 7 cm tall, weighing 75 ± 10 kg, and a BMI of 23 ± 2 kg/m 2  had an ice bath (8-12 °C for 5 min) both in the morning and evening on separate days. Absence from intense physical exercise, nutrient intake and meal order was standardized in the 24 h prior the ice baths to account for confounders such as diet or exercise. We collected venous blood samples before and after (5 min and 30 min) the ice baths to measure hormones (noradrenaline, adrenaline, and cortisol) and lipid levels in plasma via liquid chromatography mass spectrometry shotgun lipidomics. We found that ice baths in the morning increase plasma fatty acids more than in the evening. Overall plasma lipid composition significantly differed in-between the morning and evening, and only in the morning ice bathing is accompanied by significantly increased plasma fatty acids from 5.1 ± 2.2% to 6.0 ± 2.4% (P = 0.029) 5 min after and to 6.3 ± 3.1% (P = 0.008) 30 min after. Noradrenaline was not affected by time-of-day and increased significantly immediately after the ice baths in the morning by 127 ± 2% (pre: 395 ± 158 pg/ml, post 5 min: 896 ± 562 pg/ml, P = 0.025) and in the evening by 144 ± 2% (pre: 385 ± 146 pg/ml, post 5 min: 937 ± 547 pg/ml, P = 0.015). Cortisol was generally higher in the morning than in the evening (pre: 179 ± 108 pg/ml versus 91 ± 59 pg/ml, P = 0.013; post 5 min: 222 ± 96 pg/ml versus 101 ± 52 pg/ml, P = 0.001; post 30 min: 190 ± 96 pg/ml versus 98 ± 54 pg/ml, P = 0.009). There was no difference in the hormonal and lipidome response to an ice bath between women and men. The main finding of the study was that noradrenaline, adrenaline, cortisol and plasma lipidome responses are similar after an ice bath in the morning and evening. However, ice baths in the morning increase plasma fatty acids more than in the evening., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)