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This study focuses on the fill factor (FF) measurement uncertainty contributing to the uncertainty in the labeling of the nominal maximum power (Pmax) of photovoltaic modules, which is determined under Standard Test Conditions (STC). Given that the price of these modules is tied to their Pmax, accurately quantifying the uncertainty of this measurement is crucial for ISO/IEC 17025 accredited laboratories. Adhering to the “Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement”, this work evaluates the uncertainty contribution of the Fill Factor (FF), a key parameter linking Pmax, the open-circuit voltage (Voc), and the short-circuit current (Isc). The analysis is based on data from three reference modules measured at the European Solar Test Installation (ESTI), part of the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, since 1996. This data shows a reduction in FF uncertainty from approximately 0.6% to 0.3%, attributed to advancements in measurement technologies and techniques. Considering the goal of top calibration laboratories to measure Pmax with the lowest possible uncertainty, the improvement in FF uncertainty measurement is significant, ensuring more accurate labeling of photovoltaic modules.

As part of the Ecodesign framework, the European Union's energy‐labeling scheme has proved to be a powerful tool to communicate with consumers regarding the energy use of products. With sales of photovoltaic (PV) modules and small systems set to expand rapidly for the European Union to meet its commitments on CO2 reduction, ensuring that newly installed PV products in the European Union are environmentally friendly and do not create future burdens on the environment is of primary importance. Herein, an innovative methodology in support of a potential energy‐labeling scheme for both PV modules and PV systems (installations) is proposed. The estimated annual and lifetime yields for a PV module and system respectively are used as parameters for classification from A (best) to G (worst) in the proposed scheme. How to "translate" the methodology into a practical energy‐labeling scheme, i.e., for use in EU policy implementing measures, is also discussed. The conceptual challenges of proposing an energy label for energy‐generating products, i.e., PV modules and systems, are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]