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Abstract Background The prognostic value of extravascular lung water (EVLW) measured by transpulmonary thermodilution (TPTD) in critically ill patients is debated. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing the effects of TPTD-estimated EVLW on mortality in critically ill patients. Methods Cohort studies published in English from Embase, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from 1960 to 1 June 2021 were systematically searched. From eligible studies, the values of the odds ratio (OR) of EVLW as a risk factor for mortality, and the value of EVLW in survivors and non-survivors were extracted. Pooled OR were calculated from available studies. Mean differences and standard deviation of the EVLW between survivors and non-survivors were calculated. A random effects model was computed on the weighted mean differences across the two groups to estimate the pooled size effect. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the possible sources of heterogeneity. Results Of the 18 studies included (1296 patients), OR could be extracted from 11 studies including 905 patients (464 survivors vs. 441 non-survivors), and 17 studies reported EVLW values of survivors and non-survivors, including 1246 patients (680 survivors vs. 566 non-survivors). The pooled OR of EVLW for mortality from eleven studies was 1.69 (95% confidence interval (CI) [1.22; 2.34], p

Background: Classical blood culture testing is still the gold standard in correct and timely diagnosis of the responsible microorganisms in sepsis. Case summary: In this case (a patient with a colon perforation and severe peritonitis with septic shock), an alternative approach (cell-free DNA next-generation sequencing from full blood samples, NGS) showed the responsible microorganisms, whereas the classical blood culture testing remainedstayed sterile. Interestingly, samples from the abdominal fluid showed the same bacteria as NGS. Conclusion: These findings may be interpreted as that the threshold for positive testing is lower through the molecular approach than through culture techniques; however, more studies are necessary to prove this theory.