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Four-corner fusion (4CF) is a surgical option for refractory scapholunate advanced collapse and scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse wrist arthritis. Preoperative range of motion (ROM) predicts outcomes in many orthopedic procedures. This study investigates ROM in a cohort of 4CF patients to examine the relationship between preoperative and postoperative motion and identifies different clinical patterns.We performed a retrospective review of 4CF patients. Patients with a history of inflammatory arthritis and radiographic characteristics of inflammation were excluded. Demographics, prior wrist surgery history, and ROM data were collected at preoperative and postoperative intervals after cast removal at 8 weeks, 3 months, and 8 months. Regression analysis compared the motion before and after 4CF. Subsequent cluster analysis to reduce confounding compared postoperative motion differences in the top 20% to the bottom 20% of patients by preoperative motion.We included 148 patients; 27 had prior surgery on the ipsilateral wrist. Preoperative arc averaged 86° ± 28° (flexion 46° ± 17°, extension 40° ± 15°); 8-week arc 43° ± 19° (flexion 19° ± 12°, extension 24° ± 12°); 3-month arc 62° ± 17° (flexion 30° ± 12°, extension 32° ± 11°); and 8-month arc 74° ± 17° (flexion 36° ± 11°, extension 37° ± 12°). Preoperative and final arcs were (r = 0.39). Clustering by the preoperative arc, the top 20% (mean 124° ± 15°) achieved a mean final arc of 81° ± 16°, while the bottom 20% (mean 47° ± 16°) achieved a mean final arc of 65° ± 19°. Intercluster differences were statistically significant. The bottom 20% gained motion postoperatively. Most patients in the middle 60% did not differ significantly in postoperative motion.Although wrist motion following 4CF correlates positively with preoperative motion, most patients do not differ significantly in postoperative motion. Patients with substantial preoperative motion deficits gain motion after 4CF. This information is important when counseling patients, determining the timing of surgical intervention, and managing expectations related to motion outcomes.Prognostic II.

La pandemia de COVID-19 ha significado una importante crisis sanitaria y social a nivel mundial, con más de 200 millones de casos y 4 millones de fallecidos. Las medidas preventivas y de control implementadas han incluido medidas de higiene, distanciamiento físico, uso de mascarillas y restricciones de movilidad. En pandemias anteriores se describe reducción de transmisión de otros agentes infecciosos que comparten vías de transmisión y medidas de prevención. Objetivo: Describir y comparar los resultados de vigilancia de algunos agentes sujetos a vigilancia de laboratorio por el ISP durante el año 2020 en Chile con su mediana 2015-2019. Materiales y métodos: Estudio ecológico. Se analizaron los resultados de vigilancia de laboratorio publicados por el sistema interactivo y los resultados de vigilancia de virus respiratorios del ISP. Resultados: En el año 2020 se registró una disminución en la confirmación de todos los agentes respiratorios y de transmisión sexual, tanto bacterianos como virales, respecto a la mediana del quinquenio anterior. No obstante, la confirmación de agentes entéricos como Salmonella spp. aumentó, mientras Shigella spp. y Listeria monocytogenes no registraron cambios. Conclusión: Durante el 2020 se observaron importantes disminuciones en los resultados de vigilancias de laboratorio en Chile comparado con el periodo prepandémico, consistente con lo descrito por evidencia internacional. Por último, es esencial mantener una vigilancia de laboratorio que permita el análisis epidemiológico durante y posterior a la pandemia por COVID-19.

Background: The Micheli technique for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) has proven to be a reliable method with a minimal risk for growth disturbance among skeletally immature patients. Purposes: To evaluate the Micheli technique of iliotibial band (ITB) graft passage for ACLR using cadaveric knee models and to measure the distance between the surgical instrument tip and the neurovascular bundle in the posterior knee joint: specifically, the peroneal nerve, tibial nerve, and popliteal artery. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Gross dissection was performed on 17 pediatric cadaveric knees (12 male and 5 female) aged between 4 and 12 years. To simulate ITB graft passage, we passed a curved-tip hemostat clamp through the posterior capsule, with the knee flexed from 90° to 100°. Next, clinical photographs were taken, and digital imaging software was used to measure the distance in centimeters from the clamp tip to each respective neurovascular structure. Results: The mean distances from the clamp tip to the tibial nerve, popliteal artery, and peroneal nerve were 0.875 cm (range, 0.468-1.737 cm), 0.968 cm (range, 0.312-1.819 cm), and 1.149 cm (range, 0.202-2.409 cm), respectively. Mean values were further calculated for age groups of ≤8, 9-10, and 11-12 years. The mean distance from the clamp tip to the peroneal nerve was 1.400 cm larger for 11- to 12-year-old specimens than for ≤8-year-old specimens (95% CI, 0.6-2.2 cm; P = .005). Conclusion: The neurovascular structures in the posterior knee were in close proximity to the path of graft passage, with distances Clinical Relevance: As the incidence of ACL tears is continuously increasing within the pediatric population, there are a larger number of ACLR procedures being performed. Although neurovascular injuries during ACLR are rare, this study clarifies the close proximity of neurovascular structures during ITB graft passage using the Micheli technique of ACLR.

Automatic geocoding methods have become popular in recent years, facilitating the study of the association between health outcomes and the place of living. However, rather few studies have evaluated geocoding quality, with most of them being performed in the US and Europe. This article aims to compare the quality of three automatic online geocoding tools against a reference method. A subsample of 300 handwritten addresses from hospital records was geocoded using Bing, Google Earth, and Google Maps. Match rates were higher (> 80%) for Google Maps and Google Earth compared with Bing. However, the accuracy of the addresses was better for Bing with a larger proportion (> 70%) of addresses with positional errors below 20m. Generally, performance did not vary for each method for different socioeconomic status. Overall, the methods showed an acceptable, but heterogeneous performance, which may be a warning against the use of automatic methods without assessing quality in other municipalities, particularly in Chile and Latin America. Resumen: Los métodos automáticos de geocodificación se han convertido en algo popular durante los últimos años para facilitar el estudio de la asociación entre resultados de salud y lugar para vivir. No obstante, más bien pocos estudios han evaluado la calidad de la geocodificación, siendo realizados la mayoría de ellos en EE.UU. y Europa. El objetivo de este artículo es comparar la calidad de tres herramientas automáticas de geocodificación en línea frente a un método de referencia. La submuestra de 300 direcciones escritas a mano, procedentes del registro hospitalario, se geocodificaron usando Bing, Google Earth y Google Maps. Los porcentajes de coincidencia fueron mayores (> 80%) en el caso de Google Maps y Google Earth comparados con Bing. Sin embargo, la precisión de las direcciones fue mejor con Bing, en una proporción más grande (> 70%) de direcciones que tenían errores de posición por debajo de 20m. En general, el rendimiento no varió en cada método para diferentes niveles estatus socioeconómico. En general, los métodos mostraron un rendimiento aceptable, pero heterogéneo. Esto previene contra el uso de métodos automáticos sin evaluar la calidad en otras ciudades, particularmente en Chile y Latinoamérica. Resumo: Os métodos de geocodificação automática se tornaram populares nos últimos anos para facilitar o estudo da associação entre desfechos de saúde e lugar de residência. Entretanto, poucos estudos avaliaram a qualidade da geocodificação, e a maioria dos estudos existentes foi realizada nos Estados Unidos e Europa. O estudo teve como objetivo comparar a qualidade de três ferramentas de geocodificação eletrônica automática em relação a um método de referência. Foi geocodificada uma subamostra de 300 endereços anotados à mão em prontuários hospitalares, usando Bing, Google Earth e Google Maps. As taxas de correspondência dos registros foram mais altas (> 80%) com Google Maps e Google Earth, comparado com Bing. Entretanto, a acurácia dos endereços foi melhor com Bing, com uma proporção maior (> 70%) de endereços com erros de localização menores que 20 metros. Em geral, o desempeno não variou para cada método de acordo com condição socioeconômica. Os métodos apresentaram desempenho geral aceitável, porém heterogêneo. Os resultados servem de alerta contra o uso de métodos automáticos sem avaliar a qualidade em outras cidades, particularmente no Chile e no resto da América Latina.

Background: The anatomy of the trochlea plays a significant role in patella stability. Surgical approaches to alter the anatomy of the trochlea and associated structures to influence patella tracking continue to evolve. Unlike the development of the pediatric hip joint which has been well studies for decades, the developmental anatomy of the trochlea and its relationship to patella stability remains poorly understood. An improved understanding of trochlear growth and development may alter both the timing and type of surgical procedures for patella stability. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the developmental changes of the osseous and cartilage trochlear morphology in skeletally immature specimens. Methods: Fifty-five skeletally immature cadaveric knees between the ages of 2 months and 11 years were evaluated using 0.625mm computed tomography scans. In the axial plane, measurements included medial and lateral osseous condylar height, medial and lateral cartilaginous condylar height, osseous and cartilaginous sulcus angles, osseous and cartilaginous condylar height asymmetry, and trochlear depth. Results: Analysis of trochlear morphology using osseous and cartilaginous measurements of condylar height, condylar height asymmetry, and trochlear depth demonstrated an increase in the size of the medial and lateral trochlea as age increased. The osseous and cartilaginous sulcus angles decreased (became deeper) with age until around age 8 and then plateaued. This corresponded with an increase in trochlear depth that plateaued also around age 8. In contrast, medial and lateral condylar height continued to increase through age 11. Cartilaginous condylar asymmetry rose slightly with age with the lateral condyle consistently larger than the medial condyle. Osseous condylar asymmetry increased with age but flipped from a larger medial condyle to a larger lateral condyle around age 8. Conclusions: This cadaveric analysis demonstrated that there is an increase in the medial and lateral trochlear height as age increased by all measurements analyzed. These changes in height continue to be seen through age 11 suggesting a still developing trochlea past this age. By age 8, a plateau in sulcus angle and sulcus depth suggests more proportionate growth after this point. Access to pediatric cadaveric specimens is exceptionally rare. This study provides a unique evaluate of the developing trochlea in young children, especially those under age 7, who rarely receive advanced imaging. [Figure: see text][Figure: see text]