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Cette recherche vise à comprendre la construction de la nature comme un héritage mondial, particulièrement pour l’orang-outan à Sumatra, puis à en expliquer les implications concrètes. Un ensemble cohérent d’éléments plaident pour la conservation des orangs-outans : un habitat concentré sur des terres impropres à l’agriculture, des croyances locales restées vives et l’existence d’aires protégées. Pour autant, les scientifiques internationaux, intimement liés au mouvement de la conservation, se sont engagés dans une patrimonialisation de l’orang-outan. Ce travail de patrimonialisation entretient une perception de rareté et d’extinction imminente en construisant et mobilisant des indicateurs (nombre, tendance, répartition, rareté) basés sur des modèles complexes. Il conforte aussi leur hégémonie sur la production des savoirs, élude les principaux facteurs explicatifs et rend impossible la coexistence pratique entre l’humain et l’orang-outan.

The beginning of post-mortem evaluation studies through minimally invasive procedures began between 1800 and 1930. It started with Dr. Howard Kelly and was later followed by Décio Parreiras and Werneck Genofre, due to the yellow fever outbreak in Brazil. However, despite its early beginnings, the intensification of the research on this field occurred around 2010, when the publications about this subject became three times more frequent than before. There are basically two classifications for this procedure. The first one is virtual non-invasive autopsy, which is based only on imaging exams; the second is the minimally invasive autopsy, in which imaging exams are associated with other techniques such as biopsy and angiography. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the existent data published about virtual autopsy from 2010, and highlight the key concepts related to this theme. A search was conducted in PUBMED, MEDLINE, and LILACS databases using the descriptors "virtual autopsy" and "minimally invasive autopsy", the review protocol has been registered on Open Science Framework (OSF), the total number of studies included were 28, and the data was presented through the PRISMA-ScR flowchart. Although, it is well known that this theme is recent in research fields and, because of that, there is still a lot to explore., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier GmbH.)

Background: The World Health Organization declared the end of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2023, three years after the adoption of global emergency measures. Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage underscores its importance due to its effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, highlighting the need to prioritize research on water resources and sanitation. Objectives: The aim of this study was to conduct an epidemiological assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in the sewage system of a higher education institution located in Vitória Espírito Santo State, Maruípe campus. Methods: Over a period of 66 days, from February 6 to April 12, 2023, 15 samples were collected. Each sample consisted of 1 L, collected in 1 hour, with 250 mL collected every 15 minutes. The samples were characterized by assessing their appearance, and pH was measured using a Horiba U-50 multiparameter probe. The extracted RNA was subjected to RT-qPCR using the Allplex™ 2019-nCovAssay Seegene kit. Results: The samples exhibited a cloudy appearance with impurities, and the pH ranged from 6.35 to 8.17. Among the evaluated samples, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in two, and, by comparing this with the epidemiological bulletin issued by the State Health Department, an increase in cases in the state was observed during the collection period of these samples. Conclusions: Sewage monitoring proved to be an important tool in this post-pandemic period, serving as an alert and prevention mechanism for the population in relation to new outbreaks. Furthermore, it represents a low-cost mapping strategy and extensive testing of a population, aligning with the studies presented at the beginning of the pandemic. We recommend specific adjustments considering distinct populations., Competing Interests: The authors have no competing interests to declare., (Copyright: © 2024 The Author(s).)

Pilocytic astrocytoma is the most common primary CNS neoplasm in children and adolescents, rare after the first two decades of life. While some authors report a favorable prognosis in the adult age group with the tumor, others have associated it with higher mortality. The molecular alteration most observed in cases of pilocytic astrocytoma in the pediatric group is the BRAF-KIAA1549 gene fusion, and there are still few studies confirming the presence of this fusion in the adult population. This work investigated genetic alterations involving the 7q34 region in BRAF gene in 21 adult individuals with pilocytic astrocytoma, by FISH. In addition, was identified the immunohistochemical expression of BRAFV600E, correlating these findings with histopathological and clinical ones. BRAF-KIAA1549 fusion appeared in only one case, while in two other cases were found deletions related to the FAM131B-BRAF fusion, suggesting that maybe the latter is more frequently in this population. Through the evaluation of immunoreactivity, 71% of the cases were considered positive and 29% negative. Cases considered positive for BRAFV600E immunoreactivity can potentially be treated through drug therapy with BRAF inhibitors; however, it is always recommended to carry out a molecular study for diagnostic confirmation. This is the first Brazilian study that aimed to investigate possible genetic alterations in the BRAF gene in pilocytic astrocytomas, specifically in adults. Only 1 patient died, but due to operative complications and not the disease itself, suggesting a good evolution of these individuals., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Andrea Cristina de Moraes Malinverni reports financial support was provided by Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Pilocytic astrocytoma is a central nervous system tumor of slow growth, which represents 5 % of all gliomas and most often develops in the cerebellum (42-60 %), but can also arise in other neural areas, such as the optic pathway or hypothalamus (9-30 %); brainstem (9 %); spinal cord (2 %). In the pediatric population, this tumor is the second most common cause of neoplasms and, on the other hand, in adults, it is often rare, probably due to its aggressiveness in these individuals. Studies reveal that the origin of pilocytic astrocytoma is characterized by a fusion between the BRAF gene and the KIAA1549 locus, and the application of the immunohistochemistry technique for the analysis of BRAF protein expression can be a valuable tool for diagnostic purposes. Due to the relative rarity of this disease in adults, there are few publications on the most effective diagnostic and treatment strategies for this tumor. The general objective of this study was to analyze the histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of pilocytic astrocytoma in these patients. For this, a retrospective study of patients aged over 17 years with a diagnosis of pilocytic astrocytoma was carried out at the Department of Pathology of UNIFESP/EPM, from 1991 to 2015. In order to define BRAF positivity in the immunohistochemical analysis, at least three consecutive fields with more than 50 % immunostaining were used as criteria and, thus, it was inferred that the 7 cases analyzed were considered positive for the cytoplasmic marker BRAF V600E. Histopathological analysis associated with BRAF immunostaining is of paramount importance as a diagnostic method in these cases. However, future molecular studies will be necessary both for a better understanding of the aggressiveness and prognostic of this tumor and for research involving specific therapies for pilocytic astrocytoma in adults., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Conventional dendritic cells (cDC) are a group of antigen-presenting cells specialized in priming T cell responses. In mice, splenic cDC are divided into conventional type 1 DC (cDC1) and conventional type 2 (cDC2). cDC1 are specialized to prime the Th1 CD4 + T cell response, while cDC2 are mainly associated with the induction of follicular helper T cell responses to support germinal center formation. However, the mechanisms that control the functions of cDC1 and cDC2 are not fully understood, especially the signaling pathways that can modulate their ability to promote different CD4 + T cell responses. Here, we targeted a model antigen for cDC1 and cDC2, through DEC205 and DCIR2 receptors, respectively, to study the role of the STAT3 signaling pathway in the ability of these cells to prime CD4 + T cells. Our results show that, in the absence of the STAT3 signaling pathway, antigen targeting to cDC2 induced similar frequencies of Tfh cells between STAT3-deficient mice compared to fully competent mice. On the other hand, Th1 and Th1-like Tfh cell responses were significantly reduced in STAT3-deficient mice after antigen targeting to cDC1 via the DEC205 receptor. In summary, our results indicate that STAT3 signaling does not control the ability of cDC2 to promote Tfh cell responses after antigen targeting via the DCIR2 receptor, but modulates the function of cDC1 to promote Th1 and Th1-like Tfh T cell responses after antigen targeting via the DEC205 receptor., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Sulczewski, Martino, Salles, Yamamoto, Rosa and Boscardin.)

Hydatidiform mole is an abnormal pregnancy in which two copies of paternal genetic material are present. Molar gestation is divided into complete and partial hydatidiform moles. Clinical, morphological, and cytogenetic characteristics are usually sufficient to distinguish them, but and the rare cases that are necessary to know the paternal origin to establish the diagnosis and segment? Mutations in the Gene for Factor V Leiden and G20210A prothrombin polymorphism in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion: a retrospective study in a Brazilian population., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interest The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest concerning the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Pilocytic astrocytomas are the primary tumors most found in the first two decades of life, accounting for around 15% of all brain tumors. Research at the molecular level of pilocytic astrocytoma makes possible to compose an overview of what is known about the origin and development of the tumor. It is known that there are alterations in the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway that are important auxiliary markers in diagnosis. This study seeks to list the main points about the involvement of this pathway in tumor formation in pilocytic astrocytoma. A review was conducted in search of published studies available in NCBI, PubMed, MEDLINE, Scielo and Google Scholar. The most frequent alteration is the gene fusion between BRAF and KIAA1549 genes, found in approximately 90% of pediatric cases. The second most common event is the BRAFV600E mutation, also often found in children than in adult cases. The molecular origin of pilocytic astrocytomas is related to alterations in the MAPK pathway, which acts with several functions in the brain such as memory formation, pain perception, induction of cortical neurogenesis, and midbrain and cerebellum development. Alterations in this pathway can be therapeutic targets in the treatment of patients with pilocytic astrocytoma. The MAPK pathway is extremely important and knowledge about its involvement in astrocytic tumors is essential for a better approach to the patient., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), which usually affects young adults between 20 and 40 years old. In chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis, CNS cells take on several adaptations during neuroinflammation. The main cells involved in this inflammatory process are the glial cells, in which the astrocytes stand out. These cells play a complex role, and several studies report that reactive astrocytes lose their supporting role and gain toxic function in the progression of these diseases., Results: The beneficial and injurious effects of this group of cells in MS are addressed in this work, as well as some drugs that are already used in the treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis, aiming to regulate astrocytic activities., Conclusions: The knowledge about the functions of astrocytes is essential for the expansion of scientific research in this area, since these cells are so important and involved in different mechanisms of action, especially in neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)