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This article aims to assess the conditions and methods of bank financing for SMEs in the wilaya of Bejaia, which can result in real brakes and obstacles for these companies, which are supposed to be an important lever for economic growth. For this, we have carried out a field survey in the form of a questionnaire addressed to the sixteen banking brands present in the wilaya of Bejaia. Testimonials from bankers and the summary obtained using the Sphinx IQ2 software, combined with the econometric support of the SPSS software, confirmed the fact that these companies do not often find favorable echoes from these credit institutions. Who are constantly in the process of protecting themselves against the vagaries of credit through a selectivity sometimes considered excessive towards these SMEs.

No consensus has been reached regarding the association beween the -308A/G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the tumor necrosis factor-α gene (TNFA) and kidney allograft rejection (KAR). Our retrospective case-control study aimed to assess the association of the SNP with KAR in Algerian patients who underwent kidney transplantation. The study enrolled 313 Algerian patients: 58 kidney-transplant recipients without rejection events (PWoR); 58 kidney-transplant recipients with at least one rejection event, with or without graft loss (PWR); and 197 healthy individuals (HI). The TNFA -308A/G SNP was genotyped using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results demonstrated that, the frequencies of TNFA -308A allele and AA genotype were higher in the PWR than in the HI groups (p = 0.001, OR = 2.26, CI = 1.33-3.77 and p = 0.0004, OR = 5.53, CI-1.89-16.6, respectively). Furthermore, the frequencies were higher among the PWR than among the PWoR groups (p = 0.001, OR = 3.29, CI = 1.56-7.21 and p = 0.0006, OR = 28.26, CI = 1.62-493.2, respectively), particularly among PWR patients with de novo anti-human leukocyte antigens (HLA) antibodies (PG-a-HLA-Ab). However, the frequency of TNFA -308G allele was lower in the PWR group than in the PWoR group (p = 0.001, OR = 0.3, CI = 0.1-0.64) and the HI group (p = 0.001, OR = 0.44, CI = 0.27-0.44). Our results suggest an association of the TNFA -308A/G alleles with KAR in Algerian patients who underwent kidney transplantation. Carriers of TNFA -308A allele who have PG-a-HLA-Ab might have a higher risk, whereas TNFA -308G allele carriers could have a lower risk of KAR. Thus, therapeutic strategies can be adapted to minimize KAR risk in patients who have a genetic proclivity for increased pro-inflammatory TNF-α activity., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)