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Growth faltering in children (low length for age or low weight for length) during the first 1,000 days of life (from conception to 2 years of age) influences short-term and long-term health and survival1,2. Interventions such as nutritional supplementation during pregnancy and the postnatal period could help prevent growth faltering, but programmatic action has been insufficient to eliminate the high burden of stunting and wasting in low- and middle-income countries. Identification of age windows and population subgroups on which to focus will benefit future preventive efforts. Here we use a population intervention effects analysis of 33 longitudinal cohorts (83,671 children, 662,763 measurements) and 30 separate exposures to show that improving maternal anthropometry and child condition at birth accounted for population increases in length-for-age z-scores of up to 0.40 and weight-for-length z-scores of up to 0.15 by 24 months of age. Boys had consistently higher risk of all forms of growth faltering than girls. Early postnatal growth faltering predisposed children to subsequent and persistent growth faltering. Children with multiple growth deficits exhibited higher mortality rates from birth to 2 years of age than children without growth deficits (hazard ratios 1.9 to 8.7). The importance of prenatal causes and severe consequences for children who experienced early growth faltering support a focus on pre-conception and pregnancy as a key opportunity for new preventive interventions.

Sustainable Development Goal 2.2-to end malnutrition by 2030-includes the elimination of child wasting, defined as a weight-for-length z-score that is more than two standard deviations below the median of the World Health Organization standards for child growth1. Prevailing methods to measure wasting rely on cross-sectional surveys that cannot measure onset, recovery and persistence-key features that inform preventive interventions and estimates of disease burden. Here we analyse 21 longitudinal cohorts and show that wasting is a highly dynamic process of onset and recovery, with incidence peaking between birth and 3 months. Many more children experience an episode of wasting at some point during their first 24 months than prevalent cases at a single point in time suggest. For example, at the age of 24 months, 5.6% of children were wasted, but by the same age (24 months), 29.2% of children had experienced at least one wasting episode and 10.0% had experienced two or more episodes. Children who were wasted before the age of 6 months had a faster recovery and shorter episodes than did children who were wasted at older ages; however, early wasting increased the risk of later growth faltering, including concurrent wasting and stunting (low length-for-age z-score), and thus increased the risk of mortality. In diverse populations with high seasonal rainfall, the population average weight-for-length z-score varied substantially (more than 0.5 z in some cohorts), with the lowest mean z-scores occurring during the rainiest months; this indicates that seasonally targeted interventions could be considered. Our results show the importance of establishing interventions to prevent wasting from birth to the age of 6 months, probably through improved maternal nutrition, to complement current programmes that focus on children aged 6-59 months.

Globally, 149 million children under 5 years of age are estimated to be stunted (length more than 2 standard deviations below international growth standards)1,2. Stunting, a form of linear growth faltering, increases the risk of illness, impaired cognitive development and mortality. Global stunting estimates rely on cross-sectional surveys, which cannot provide direct information about the timing of onset or persistence of growth faltering-a key consideration for defining critical windows to deliver preventive interventions. Here we completed a pooled analysis of longitudinal studies in low- and middle-income countries (n = 32 cohorts, 52,640 children, ages 0-24 months), allowing us to identify the typical age of onset of linear growth faltering and to investigate recurrent faltering in early life. The highest incidence of stunting onset occurred from birth to the age of 3 months, with substantially higher stunting at birth in South Asia. From 0 to 15 months, stunting reversal was rare; children who reversed their stunting status frequently relapsed, and relapse rates were substantially higher among children born stunted. Early onset and low reversal rates suggest that improving children's linear growth will require life course interventions for women of childbearing age and a greater emphasis on interventions for children under 6 months of age.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo establecer cómo los graduados en turismo de la Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí, Ecuador, perciben sus capacidades en términos de las competencias adquiridas durante su formación académica y cómo pueden estas ser utilizadas para ofrecer recomendaciones con el fin de fortalecer el plan de estudios de la carrera de turismo. El estudio de naturaleza descriptiva, utilizó el método de investigación cuantitativa, aplicando una encuesta en línea a 146 graduados, con la que se evaluaron diversas competencias generales. Los resultados muestran que las competencias mejor valoradas por los graduados fueron “aprender y mantenerse actualizados” y “utilizar herramientas informáticas básicas”. También se identificaron áreas de mejora en otras competencias, las cuales proporcionan una guía clara para la revisión y mejora del plan de estudios, con el objetivo de preparar a los futuros profesionales para los desafíos dinámicos de la industria del turismo.

The InBIO Barcoding Initiative (IBI) Dataset - DS-IBILP08 contains records of 2350 specimens of moths (Lepidoptera species that do not belong to the superfamily Papilionoidea). All specimens have been morphologically identified to species or subspecies level and represent 1158 species in total. The species of this dataset correspond to about 42% of mainland Portuguese Lepidoptera species. All specimens were collected in mainland Portugal between 2001 and 2022. All DNA extracts and over 96% of the specimens are deposited in the IBI collection at CIBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources.The authors enabled "The InBIO Barcoding Initiative Database: DNA barcodes of Portuguese moths" in order to release the majority of data of DNA barcodes of Portuguese moths within the InBIO Barcoding Initiative. This dataset increases the knowledge on the DNA barcodes of 1158 species from Portugal belonging to 51 families. There is an increase in DNA barcodes of 205% in Portuguese specimens publicly available. The dataset includes 61 new Barcode Index Numbers. All specimens have their DNA barcodes publicly accessible through BOLD online database and the distribution data can be accessed through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).

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Several recently developed methods have the potential to harness machine learning in the pursuit of target quantities inspired by causal inference, including inverse weighting, doubly robust estimating equations and substitution estimators like targeted maximum likelihood estimation. There are even more recent augmentations of these procedures that can increase robustness, by adding a layer of cross-validation (cross-validated targeted maximum likelihood estimation and double machine learning, as applied to substitution and estimating equation approaches, respectively). While these methods have been evaluated individually on simulated and experimental data sets, a comprehensive analysis of their performance across real data based simulations have yet to be conducted. In this work, we benchmark multiple widely used methods for estimation of the average treatment effect using ten different nutrition intervention studies data. A nonparametric regression method, undersmoothed highly adaptive lasso, is used to generate the simulated distribution which preserves important features from the observed data and reproduces a set of true target parameters. For each simulated data, we apply the methods above to estimate the average treatment effects as well as their standard errors and resulting confidence intervals. Based on the analytic results, a general recommendation is put forth for use of the cross-validated variants of both substitution and estimating equation estimators. We conclude that the additional layer of cross-validation helps in avoiding unintentional over-fitting of nuisance parameter functionals and leads to more robust inferences.

La gentrificación, cambio socioterritorial por inversión de capital, se manifiesta en el Barrio de Analco, Puebla. La Facultad de Arquitectura de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, a través del proyecto Casa Analco, estudia este fenómeno para preservar el patrimonio ante la amenaza gentrificadora. Estrategias como fortalecer redes sociales y promover la economía solidaria, buscan integrarse por medio del desarrollo comunitario, fomentando identidad y resistencia para preservar el patrimonio material e inmaterial del barrio. El objetivo de este trabajo descriptivo es identificar los valores de economía solidaria a cargo de Casa Analco y del Centro de Investigación y Gestión Urbana, y cómo el proyecto puede contribuir a la resistencia de la gentrificación en el barrio de estudio.

Recreational facilities are widely regarded as one of the largest sources of and contributors to the tourism of countries worldwide. Given this, this study aimed to examine adults’ general behavioral intentions and actual visitation to amusement and recreational facilities. A total of 1367 adult and young-adult Filipinos voluntarily answered a self-administered survey consisting of measure items drawing on the extended theory of planned behavior framework. Structural equation modeling was employed for the simultaneous analysis of all latent variables and their causal relationships, and the marketing mix greatly affected the hedonic motivation and perceived behavioral control, leading to an indirect effect on behavioral intentions and actual visitation. Subjective norms and attitudes also had a significant direct effect on behavioral intentions and indirect effects on actual visitation. Interestingly, the marketing mix prompted a higher significant effect than behavioral intentions on actual visitation. It was implied that consumers are going to recreational facilities and amusement parks when they can visit an area, access a location, participate in different activities, and have enough resources. Businesses may capitalize on this finding in promoting their amusement parks and recreational facilities. In addition, they may highlight their location and space because they are among the highly significant measured items that the participants noted. The results of this study provides insights into the strategies, individual behavior, and motivation aspects. Implications and managerial insights are provided for the study’s adoption and extension worldwide.

Introducción. En becerras prepúberes la Kisspeptina-10 ha estimulado la secreción de la hormona luteinizante (LH) y folículo estimulante (FSH), y en vacas posparto amamantando ha estimulado la secreción de LH sin evidencia de inducir la ovulación. Objetivo. Inducir la ovulación con Kisspeptina-10 u hormona liberadora de gonadotropinas (GnRH) en vacas productoras de carne en condiciones subtropicales de México. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en la región nororiente del estado de Puebla, del 2020 al 2021, con 252 vacas cruzadas Bos taurus x Bos indicus. El protocolo de sincronización estral consistió en la aplicación de un dispositivo intravaginal impregnado con progesterona (1,9 g) y la inyección intramuscular de 2 mg de benzoato de estradiol (día 0). El día siete se removió el dispositivo intravaginal y de inmediato las vacas fueron inyectadas vía intramuscular con 0,150 mg de D-cloprostenol. Al día siguiente (día ocho), las vacas fueron inyectadas vía intramuscular con 1 mg de benzoato de estradiol. Entre 52 y 56 horas posteriores al retiro del dispositivo intravaginal (día nueve), las vacas se inyectaron vía intramuscular con GnRH o Kisspeptina-10. Las vacas se asignaron a cuatro tratamientos: T1, 100 µg de GnRH (control positivo), T2, T3 y T4 500 µg, 1000 µg y 1500 µg de Kisspeptina-10, respectivamente. La ovulación se detectó mediante ultrasonografía a los cuatro días post-tratamiento. La variable de respuesta evaluada fue la tasa de ovulación. Los datos se analizaron mediante modelos lineales generalizados y se aplicó una función liga logit. Resultados. Las tasas de ovulación obtenidas con T1 y T4 fueron iguales estadísticamente (99,9 %; p>0,05) y mayores (p0,05). Conclusión. La Kisspeptina-10 fue tan efectiva como la GnRH para inducir la ovulación.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of different cutting lengths, the use of biostimulants and diameter of cuttings on hops vegetative propagation. The work was conducted in a greenhouse at the Center for Agricultural Sciences (CCA) at the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), in Florianópolis/SC, Brazil, between October 2019 and January 2021. In experiment 1, cuttings with one, two and three buds were tested, with and without application of biostimulant SprintAlga TS® (Biolchim) in Brewer's Gold and Cascade cultivars. In experiment 2, cuttings with diameter of 1.5 cm, 2.5 cm and 3.5 cm were tested for Northern Brewer cultivar. In both experiments, survival, rooting, root length, root quality, number of shoots and shoot length were evaluated. In experiment 1, Cascade had lower survival, rooting and development compared to Brewer's Gold. The use of biostimulant increased survival and rooting rates of both cultivars. For Brewer's Gold the use of biostimulant improved root quality and increased shoot number, root and shoot length. For Brewer's Gold, 3-bud cuttings improved root quality and increased number of shoots. For Cascade, 1-bud cuttings showed the highest survival, rooting and development rates. In experiment 2, the highest rates of survival, rooting and the longest root length were obtained with 1.5 cm diameter cuttings. Larger diameter cuttings (2.5 and 3.5 cm) produced fewer shoots, but longer shoots.

Habitat loss has major impacts on biodiversity. Yet, such impacts are not always linear, as there can be threshold values of habitat amount below which species become extirpated from human-modified landscapes (extinction thresholds). This may be particularly the case for species with high habitat spatial requirements, especially in regions with a long land-use history, which have a lower extinction debt. To address these issues, we evaluated the linear and non-linear effects of landscape-scale forest (habitat) loss on primate species richness in regions with relatively new (Amazon) and old (Atlantic Forest) histories of land-use change. We also evaluated the role of mean home range size in regulating species responses to forest loss. Extinction thresholds were higher in the Atlantic Forest (78% remaining forest cover) than in the Amazon (45%), but primate-landscape associations were stronger in the Amazon. Thus, despite its recent land-use history, Amazon primates are more sensitive to habitat loss. As predicted, mean home range size decreased with forest loss in both biomes. Our findings highlight the importance of stopping deforestation in both biomes to maintain habitat amount above these thresholds. Yet, as

El propósito fundamental de esta investigación fue documentar el uso de especies vegetales en la práctica culinaria de la parroquia El Anegado, con un enfoque destacado en su aplicabilidad como alimentos, condimentos y bebidas, especialmente relevantes para los visitantes. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se emplearon discusiones grupales, entrevistas y diálogos con los residentes locales, con el fin de capturar y documentar su conocimiento sobre las plantas utilizadas en la cocina tradicional. Se logró identificar un total de 41 especies, abarcando 24 familias de relevancia gastronómica. La mayoría de estas especies son cultivadas, reflejando la interacción activa entre las comunidades locales y el entorno natural circundante. Entre las familias destacan Fabaceae y Rutaceae, que sobresalen por albergar un mayor número de especies de interés culinario. Se registró 74 usos gastronómicos, distribuidos en tres categorías principales: bebidas (29), plantas comestibles (27) y condimentos (18). Es importante notar que una misma especie puede ser aprovechada para diversos fines culinarios. Resulta llamativa la importancia atribuida a especies como Musa paradisiaca y Zea mays, que constituyen la base fundamental de numerosos platos característicos de la gastronomía local. La variedad de especies identificadas y los usos atribuidos a ellas revelan una interacción rica y arraigada entre la comunidad y su entorno natural. La preservación de estas prácticas culinarias no solo enriquece la experiencia gastronómica, sino que también promueve la conservación de la biodiversidad local y la preservación de tradiciones valiosas.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is the most consumed leafy vegetable in Brazil. It is cultivated using at least four distinct systems, the most common of which are conventional and hydroponic systems. These systems provide different cultivation conditions for plants, causing physiological changes that are important for commercial production, such as nutrient uptake and biomass accumulation. However, only a few studies have compared the physiological aspects of these two cultivation systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological behavior of ‘Rubinela’ lettuce plants grown in hydroponic and conventional pot systems, by comparing dry mass (DM) and fresh mass (FM) production, number of leaves (NF), stomatal density, and contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanin, sugars, and starch. Plants cultivated in hydroponic systems presented significant differences in chlorophyll content, producing more biomass than plants cultivated in conventional pot systems, probably because of better nutritional conditions, primarily with respect to macronutrients, provided by the nutrient solution of the hydroponic system. The lower water availability encountered by plants cultivated in conventional pot systems influenced the increased sugar and starch concentrations, as well as the anthocyanin content, which may be a strategy to mitigate the possible damage caused by hydric stress conditions.

Diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) mostly relies on physical examination and ultrasound, and both methods are operator-dependent. Late detection can lead to complications in young adults. Current evidence supports the involvement of environmental and genetic factors, such as single nucleotide variants (SNVs). Incorporating genetic factors into diagnostic methods would be useful for implementing early detection and management of affected individuals. Our aim was to analyze environmental factors and SNVs in DDH patients. We included 287 DDH cases and 284 controls. Logistic regression demonstrated an association for sex (OR 9.85, 95% CI 5.55–17.46, p = 0.0001), family history (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2–4.5, p = 0.006), fetal presentation (OR 3.19, 95% CI 1.55–6.54, p = 0.002), and oligohydramnios (OR 2.74, 95%CI 1.12–6.70, p = 0.026). A model predicting the risk of DDH including these variables showed sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 0.91, 0.53, 0.74, and 0.80 respectively. The SNV rs1800470 in TGFB1 showed an association when adjusted for covariables, OR 0.49 (95% CI 0.27–0.90), p = 0.02. When rs1800470 was included in the equation, sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 0.90, 0.61, 0.84, and 0.73, respectively. Incorporating no-operator dependent variables and SNVs in detection methods could be useful for establishing uniform clinical guidelines and optimizing health resources.

Abstract Sustained oxidative stress in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells potentiates the overall tumor microenvironment (TME). Targeting the TME using colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibition is a promising therapy for CRPC. However, the therapeutic response to sustained CSF1R inhibition (CSF1Ri) is limited as a monotherapy. We hypothesized that one of the underlying causes for the reduced efficacy of CSF1Ri and increased oxidation in CRPC is the upregulation and uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3). Here we show that in high-grade PCa human specimens, NOS3 abundance positively correlates with CSF1-CSF1R signaling and remains uncoupled. The uncoupling diminishes NOS3 generation of sufficient nitric oxide (NO) required for S-nitrosylation of CSF1R at specific cysteine sites (Cys 224, Cys 278, and Cys 830). Exogenous S-nitrosothiol administration (with S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO)) induces S-nitrosylation of CSF1R and rescues the excess oxidation in tumor regions, in turn suppressing the tumor-promoting cytokines which are ineffectively suppressed by CSF1R blockade. Together these results suggest that NO administration could act as an effective combinatorial partner with CSF1R blockade against CRPC. In this context, we further show that exogenous NO treatment with GSNOR successfully augments the anti-tumor ability of CSF1Ri to effectively reduce the overall tumor burden, decreases the intratumoral percentage of anti-inflammatory macrophages, myeloid-derived progenitor cells and increases the percentage of pro-inflammatory macrophages, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and effector T cells, respectively. Together, these findings support the concept that the NO-CSF1Ri combination has the potential to act as a therapeutic agent that restores control over TME, which in turn could improve the outcomes of PCa patients.

IntroductionThe process of teaching and learning mathematics in primary school represents an obstacle for both teachers and pupils. According to the historical-cultural conception of development and education, the way how intellectual concepts are initially introduced may radically affect a student’s success in learning. The historical-cultural conception of development, together with activity theory, may serve as the basis for creating a novel methodology for pedagogical work on mathematical concepts with pre-school and school children.MethodsThe goal of the present study was to show the effects of work with an original program for the initial introduction of mathematical concepts to young school children. The program included reflexive symbolic and logical actions on the materialized and perceptual level, which were introduced and performed collectively by six-year-old children under the guidance and assistance of a teacher. The pupils were tested before and after their work with the program.ResultsThe results showed important qualitative and quantitative progress by the children in solving the tasks of the assessment, together with an increment of reflection on their intellectual actions.DiscussionThe study points to the necessity for more intensive and extensive research, involving specialists in psychology and pedagogy trained in cultural-historical methodology.