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Local perceptions in the definition of cultural landscapes have been on the radar of the scientific community for a long time, but very few studies have focused on integrating this information into heritage and planning practices. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate, with a practical example, how to do so through a Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) application. In this study, a landscape approach and participatory mapping framework were tailored to a case study area in the south of Italy, where an online map-based survey was shared with the public. The survey results illustrate how the application effectively brought to the fore local heritage perceptions as relevant sources for future potential spatial planning strategies.

There is substantial variability in percent total weight loss (%TWL) following bariatric surgery. Functional brain imaging may explain more variance in post-surgical weight loss than psychological or metabolic information. Here we examined the neuronal responses during anticipatory cues and receipt of drops of milkshake in 52 pre-bariatric surgery men and women with severe obesity (OW, BMI = 35–60 kg/m2) (23 sleeve gastrectomy (SG), 24 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), 3 laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB), 2 did not undergo surgery) and 21 healthy-weight (HW) controls (BMI = 19–27 kg/m2). One-year post-surgery weight loss ranged from 3.1 to 44.0 TWL%. Compared to HW, OW had a stronger response to milkshake cues (compared to water) in frontal and motor, somatosensory, occipital, and cerebellar regions. Responses to milkshake taste receipt (compared to water) differed from HW in frontal, motor, and supramarginal regions where OW showed more similar response to water. One year post-surgery, responses to high-fat milkshake cues normalized in frontal, motor, and somatosensory regions. This change in brain response was related to scores on a composite health index. We found no correlation between baseline response to milkshake cues or tastes and%TWL at 1-yr post-surgery. In RYGB participants only, a stronger response to low-fat milkshake and water cues (compared to high-fat) in supramarginal and cuneal regions respectively was associated with more weight loss. A stronger cerebellar response to high-fat vs low-fat milkshake receipt was also associated with more weight loss. We confirm differential responses to anticipatory milkshake cues in participants with severe obesity and HW in the largest adult cohort to date. Our brain wide results emphasizes the need to look beyond reward and cognitive control regions. Despite the lack of a correlation with post-surgical weight loss in the entire surgical group, participants who underwent RYGB showed predictive power in several regions and contrasts. Our findings may help in understanding the neuronal mechanisms associated with obesity.