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Yael Yagur,1– 3 Sarah Choi,1,2 Jessica A Robertson,1,2 Orla Donohoe,1,2 Mohammed Almoqren,1,2 Danny Chou,1,2 David MB Rosen1,2 1Sydney Women’s Endosurgery Centre (SWEC), St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; 2University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; 3School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, IsraelCorrespondence: Yael Yagur, Sydney Women’s Endosurgery Centre (SWEC), Suite 10b, Level 3, St George Private Hospital, 1 South St Kogarah, Sydney, NSW, 2217, Australia, Tel +610434174885, Email yaelyagur@gmail.comObjective: We aimed to explore the abnormal pathology findings in appendix specimens removed based on intraoperative abnormal appearance during elective surgery for benign gynaecological conditions by a minimally invasive gynaecologist, as well as the associated complication rate.Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary referral surgical centre for benign gynaecological conditions between the years 2004– 2023. It included patients who underwent appendicectomy by a trained minimally invasive gynaecologist based on observations during surgery for benign gynaecological conditions. Data included demographic, clinical, surgical and pathological information followed by postoperative complication data obtained from electronic medical records and direct communication with surgical colleagues. The primary outcome was the evaluation of the abnormal pathological findings in the appendix. The secondary outcome was the complication rate associated with appendicectomy in these cases.Results: The study cohort included 34 women who met inclusion criteria and underwent a laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis, chronic pelvic pain or a benign ovarian mass. Indications for appendicectomy included twelve cases (38.2%) with apparent appendiceal immobility (stiffness), fourteen cases (41.2%) with an appendix adherent to ovaries or the pelvic side walls, and seven cases (20.6%) with an abnormal appearance (large, wide, long, coiled, or curved). Pathological findings revealed six cases (17.6%) of acute or chronic appendicitis, four cases (11.8%) of endometriosis, five cases (14.7%) of abnormal pathological conditions, and three cases (8.8%) of cancer (two cases of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma and one case of low-grade appendiceal mucinous cystadenoma). Postoperative complication rate was 5.8% (two cases).Conclusion: This study supports incorporating appendicectomy by trained gynaecological specialists during gynaecological elective surgery when abnormal findings are encountered. Further research and guidelines in this area can provide even greater clarity and direction for the future of gynaecological surgical practice.Keywords: appendicectomy, cancer, minimally invasive gynaecology surgery, training

Objective: To determine the clinical and pathological findings of rabbits diagnosed with lymphoma., Animals: 16 rabbits., Procedures: The medical and pathology records database of the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of California, Davis was searched for rabbits diagnosed with lymphoma from 1996 to 2019., Results: Mean age of the 16 rabbits was 8 years (range, 4.5 to 12 years). Immunophenotyping was performed in 14 cases. Diffuse, large, B-cell lymphoma was most common (n = 7) followed by epitheliotropic, T-cell lymphoma (2); type II enteropathy-associated, T-cell lymphoma (2); marginal-zone, B-cell lymphoma (1); peripheral, T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (cutaneous nonepitheliotropic lymphoma; 1); primary, mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma (1), and unclassified (cytology only with no immunophenotyping; 2). Multiple chemotherapy protocols were used on the basis of each individual animal's disease state. Initial clinical improvement was reported for most rabbits receiving chemotherapy (5/6), with diffuse B-cell lymphoma responding most favorably to treatment. The 11 rabbits included in the survival analysis had a median survival time of 60 days (range, 1 to 480 days), and those diagnosed with B- and T-cell lymphoma had a median survival time of 8 and 36 days (range, 1 to 150 and 1 to 90 days), respectively., Clinical Relevance: Rabbits develop a range of lymphoma subtypes and, similar to humans and dogs, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma appears to be the most common. Chemotherapy treatments followed multiple protocols, which were mostly well tolerated and had a highly variable response. Further research into chemotherapy protocols is needed to optimize treatment of lymphoma in rabbits.

Background: Mutations in the ubiquitin ligase scaffold protein Cullin 3 ( CUL3 ) gene cause the disease familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt). In the kidney, mutant CUL3 ( CUL3-Δ9 ) increases abundance of With-No-Lysine (K) Kinase 4 (WNK4), inappropriately activating sterile 20/SPS-1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK), which then phosphorylates and hyperactivates the Na + Cl - cotransporter (NCC). The precise mechanism by which CUL3-Δ9 causes FHHt is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that reduced abundance of CUL3 and of Kelch-like 3 (KLHL3), the CUL3 substrate adaptor for WNK4, is mechanistically important. Because JAB1, an enzyme that inhibits CUL3 activity by removing the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8, cannot interact with CUL3-Δ9, we also determined whether Jab1 disruption mimicked the effects of CUL3-Δ9 expression., Methods: We used an inducible renal tubule-specific system to generate several mouse models expressing CUL3-Δ9 , mice heterozygous for both CUL3 and KLHL3 ( Cul3 +/- /Klhl3 +/- ), and mice with short-term Jab1 disruption (to avoid renal injury associated with long-term disruption)., Results: Renal KLHL3 was higher in Cul3 -/- mice, but lower in Cul3 -/-/Δ9 mice and in the Cul3 +/-/Δ9 FHHt model, suggesting KLHL3 is a target for both WT and mutant CUL3 . Cul3 +/- /Klhl3 +/- mice displayed increased WNK4-SPAK activation and phospho-NCC abundance and an FHHt-like phenotype with increased plasma [K + ] and salt-sensitive blood pressure. Short-term Jab1 disruption in mice lowered the abundance of CUL3 and KLHL3 and increased the abundance of WNK4 and phospho-NCC., Conclusions: Jab1 -/- mice and Cul3 +/- /Klhl3 +/- mice recapitulated the effects of CUL3-Δ9 expression on WNK4-SPAK-NCC. Our data suggest degradation of both KLHL3 and CUL3 plays a central mechanistic role in CUL3-Δ9-mediated FHHt., (Copyright © 2022 by the American Society of Nephrology.)